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Fertilité Des Petites Ceintures De Roches Vertes Archéennes

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Fertilité Des Petites Ceintures De Roches Vertes Archéennes Fertilité des petites ceintures de roches vertes archéennes PROJET 2004-01 PAR : VITAL PEARSON, M.SC. A, ing. AVRIL 2007 AVERTISSEMENT Ce document présente certains résultats des travaux de recherche du CONSOREM (Consortium de Recherche en Exploration minérale) rendus publics pour le bénéfice de l’ensemble de la communauté géologique, ceci après la période de confidentialité prévue aux règlements généraux du CONSOREM. Bien que ce document ait subi un processus d’évaluation interne, des erreurs ou omissions peuvent s’y retrouver et seul CONSOREM en assume la responsabilité. Le contenu du document demeure la propriété de son auteur et du CONSOREM et peut être reproduit en totalité ou en partie à des fins non-commerciales en citant la référence suivante : Pearson, V. 2007. Fertilité des petites ceintures de roches vertes archéennes, Rapport, projet CONSOREM 2004-01, 134 p. Toutefois, la reproduction multiple de ce document, en tout ou en partie, pour diffusion à des fins commerciales est interdite, sauf avec la permission écrite de CONSOREM. CONSOREM Université du Québec à Chicoutimi 555, boulevard de l’Université Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 2B1 Tél. : (418) 545-5011 poste 5634 Courriel : [email protected] Site Web: www.consorem.ca PROJET 2004-01 : FERTILITÉ DES PETITES CEINTURES DE ROCHES VERTES ARCHÉENNES ii RÉSUMÉ Les cratons archéens sont constitués d’une multitude de ceintures de roches vertes possédant différents attributs d’odres géométrique (taille et forme), lithologiques (assemblages) et chronologique. Le territoire du Québec ne fait pas exception et la Sous-province géologique d’Abitibi, la plus grande ceinture de roches vertes au monde est bien connue pour sa nature prolifique en termes de minéralisations en métaux de base et en métaux précieux. Toutefois, le territoire contient également des ceintures de taille plus modeste particulièrement dans les territoires de la Baie James et même tout un cortège de petites ceintures qui occupent le Grand Nord québécois. La question qui est posée est de savoir si la taille des ceintures de roches vertes constitue un facteur important pour retrouver des minéralisations significatives. Afin de répondre à cette question, une base de données a été développée afin de sonder les relations entre les minéralisations, les lithologies et les dimensions de ceintures de roches vertes provenant de l’ensemble des cratons du monde. Ainsi, plus de 330 ceintures dont les âges varient d’archéen à paléoprotérozoïque ont été documentées. Une part importante de l’information a été extraite à partir d’une revue de la littérature comprenant plus de 500 références et de bases de données gouvernementales et universitaires. Parallèlement à la documentation sommaire de la lithostratigraphie des ceintures, une attention particulière a été portée à la documentation de leurs minéralisations. Il existe entre 400 à 450 ceintures de roches vertes à travers le monde et l’échantillonnage de cette étude est donc considéré comme étant statistiquement représentatif. Les ceintures de roches vertes occupent un large spectre de dimensions dont 95% de la distribution (log-normal) est située entre 70 et 30,000 km2. Les représentants de l’extrêmité inférieure sont qualifiés de septa, alors que ceux excédant la limite supérieure sont qualifiés de grandes ceintures De plus, la portion centrale de la distribution, que l’on qualifie de « petites ceintures », est subdivisée en trois sous-classes. La comparaison de plusieurs paramètres en fonction d’un état de connaissance sur les minéralisations permet de dire que les dimensions d’une ceinture n’ont aucune incidence sur son potentiel minéral. Plusieurs petites ceintures sont hôtes de systèmes d’altérations hydrothermales rivalisant avec ceux des grandes ceintures. De plus, la charge métal de ces petites ceintures ne souffre nullement de l’absence de grands volumes de roches. L’analyse multivariable sur les assemblages lithologiques indique que les trois principales composantes pouvant expliquer une part importante de la variance sont les roches felsiques, ultramafiques et les roches sédimentaires (silico-clastique et chimique). La classification des ceintures selon cette méthode permet de reconnaître les principaux environnements géotectoniques (arc océanique, arc en marge continentale, rift continental; lesquels sont généralement proposés en utilisant des approches lithogéochimiques). L’occurrence de ces trois types de roches semble « favoriser » le potentiel aurifère. En regard de la présence des roches ultramafiques, il n’y a toutefois pas de relation simple entre l’abondance de cette lithologie et le contenu en or ; la seule « présence » suffit. Il paraît qu’au-delà de la présence d’une caractéristique lithologique particulière, les ceintures qui présentent des minéralisations importantes sont celles qui contiennent les plus grandes diversités lithologiques. PROJET 2004-01 : FERTILITÉ DES PETITES CEINTURES DE ROCHES VERTES ARCHÉENNES iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Avertissement ...........................................................................................................................................................ii Résumé ....................................................................................................................................................................iii Table des matières ..................................................................................................................................................iv Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................................................v Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................................................................vi 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Problématique des ceintures de roches vertes du territoire québécois ................................................... 1 1.2 Objectif......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Méthodologie ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Généralités sur les ceintures de roches vertes................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Fertilité des ceintures de roches vertes...................................................................................................... 3 3 Caractéristiques de la base de données du CONSOREM ............................................................................. 4 3.1 Considérations sur les éléments de la base de données ......................................................................... 5 3.1.1 Géométrie...................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1.2 Morphologie................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.3 Lithologie ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.4 Métamorphisme ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.1.5 Minéralisation ................................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Fonctionnement de la base de données.................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Requêtes paramétrées ............................................................................................................................... 9 4 Classification des données sur les ceintures de roches vertes..................................................................... 10 4.1 Classification en fonction de la superficie ................................................................................................ 10 4.2 Classification en fonction de la productivité ............................................................................................. 12 5 Analyse des données sur les ceintures de roches vertes ............................................................................. 15 5.1 Facteur d’échelle : ressource versus ceinture ......................................................................................... 16 5.2 Analyse des relations lithologiques .......................................................................................................... 17 5.2.1 Analyse factorielle des lithologies .............................................................................................. 17 5.2.2 Fertilité et roches ultra-mafiques (UM)....................................................................................... 21 5.3 Géométrie des ceintures versus métallogénie ........................................................................................ 24 5.4 Phylogénie des ceintures.......................................................................................................................... 26 5.4.1 Variablilité entre les cratons.......................................................................................................
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