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Appraisal of Britain's Jewish Population David The socio-spatial boundaries of an ‘invisible’ minority: a quantitative (re)appraisal of Britain’s Jewish population David J Graham Thesis submitted for the degree of DPhil in Geography St Catherine’s College University of Oxford Michaelmas Term 2008 Abstract The socio-spatial boundaries of an ‘invisible’ minority: a quantitative (re)appraisal of Britain’s Jewish population David J Graham St Catherine’s College, University of Oxford DPhil Geography Michaelmas Term 2008 This study, located in the disciplines of human geography and demography, explores the socio-spatial boundaries encapsulating Britain’s Jewish population, particularly at micro-scales. It highlights and challenges key narratives of both Jewish and general interest relating to residential segregation, assimilation, partnership formation, exogamy and household living arrangements. It presents a critical exploration of the dual ethnic and religious components of Jewish identity, arguing that this ‘White’ group has become ethnically ‘invisible’ in British identity politics and, as a consequence, is largely overlooked. In addition, the key socio-demographic processes relating to Jewish partnership formation are addressed and a critical assessment of data pertaining to the decline of marriage, the rise of cohabitation and the vexed topic of Jewish exogamy, is presented. The analysis culminates by linking each of these issues to the micro-geographical scale of the household and develops a critical assessment of this key unit of Jewish (re)production. Jewish population change is contextualised within the framework of the second demographic transition. This deliberately quantitative study is designed to exploit a recent glut of data relating to Jews in Britain. It interrogates specially commissioned tables from Britain’s 2001 Census as well as four separate communal survey data sources. It highlights and challenges recent geographical critiques of quantitative methodologies by presenting a rigorous defence of quantification in post-‘cultural turn’ human geography. It emphasises the importance and relevance of this fruitful shift in geographical thought to quantitative methods and describes the role quantification can now play in the discipline. Above all, it synthesises two disparate sets of literature: one relating to geographical work on identity and segregation, and the other to work on the identity, demography and cultural practices of Jews. As a result, this thesis inserts the largely neglected ethno-religious Jewish case into the broader geographical literature whilst developing a critical quantitative spatial agenda for the study of Jews. Acknowledgements This project could never have come to fruition without the contribution of many generous people. I am indebted to Peter Levy, OBE for his early and pivotal support and the following organisations for their financial assistance: the Rothschild Foundation Europe (formerly the Hanadiv Charitable Foundation); the Shoresh Foundation; the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR); and the Board of Deputies of British Jews. I am grateful to the following people for assisting me with data access. For the commissioning of data from the 2001 Census: Marlena Schmool (formerly at the Board of Deputies); Rob Lewis and Gareth Piggott at the Greater London Authority; and Caroline Packer at the Office for National Statistics. For providing me with access to the datasets held by communal organisations: Professor Barry Kosmin (formerly at JPR); Anthony Lerman at JPR, and Jonathan Benjamin at the Board of Deputies. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the following people: To my supervisors, Professor Ceri Peach and Dr Stefan Buzar, without both of whom I could not possibly have reached this point. For their time and patience reading and re-reading my drafts, their invaluable advice and, above all, their encouragement and support, I will always be indebted. To Professor Stanley Waterman, friend, confidant, geographer. To Rosemary Radley-Smith FRCP and Sir Magdi Yacoub FRCS for being in the right place at the right time and saving my life. To Michael, Damian and Alon for 56 years of friendship and counting. Finally to my parents, Judy and Colin, for supporting me and being there, always. And to the endlessly tolerant Deborah; our future is endogamous. Census output is Crown copyright and is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland. Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 5 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables............................................................................................................. 13 List of Figures ........................................................................................................... 15 List of Acronyms....................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................... 19 The socio-spatial boundaries of an ‘invisible’ minority: a quantitative (re)appraisal of Britain’s Jewish population................................................................................... 19 1 Situating the thesis............................................................................................. 19 1.1 Key issues and debates.............................................................................. 20 1.2 Key arguments........................................................................................... 25 1.3 Addressing these arguments...................................................................... 27 1.4 Justifying the choices made in this study.................................................. 28 1.4.1 Why study human geography?.......................................................... 29 1.4.2 Why study Jews?............................................................................... 32 2 Aim and objectives of the thesis........................................................................ 38 2.1 Aim............................................................................................................ 38 2.2 Objectives.................................................................................................. 38 3 Thesis outline .................................................................................................... 41 page 7 Chapter 2....................................................................................................................45 Quantitatively analysing the social world: knowledge, methods and sources...........45 1 How do we know? .............................................................................................46 2 Quantitative methods in qualitative times..........................................................52 2.1 Geography: out with the ‘old’, in with the ‘new’?.....................................52 2.1.1 The trouble with quantification..........................................................53 2.1.2 Critiquing ‘new’ geography...............................................................54 2.1.3 In defence of the quantitative method and the new ‘old’ geography.57 2.2 A critique of the 2001 Census data............................................................62 3 Sources, positionality and materials ..................................................................76 3.1 Data watershed: from drought to deluge....................................................76 3.2 My positionality.........................................................................................80 3.3 Materials: 2001 Census data......................................................................81 3.3.1 Standard Output .................................................................................81 3.3.2 Privately commissioned Census material ..........................................82 3.3.3 Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs).........................................82 3.4 Materials: ‘official’ and ‘communal’ datasets ...........................................83 3.4.1 ONS Series FM2................................................................................83 3.4.2 JPR survey datasets............................................................................83 3.4.3 Datasets from the Board of Deputies of British Jews........................87 4 Summary: in defence of quantitative methods...................................................88 page 8 Table of Contents Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................... 91 Residential ‘segregation’ and the assessment of socio-spatial boundaries: individuals, partnerships, households ........................................................................................... 91 1 Assimilation and residential ‘segregation’........................................................ 93 1.1 The ‘received wisdom’.............................................................................. 93 1.2 Not so wise? Critiquing the ‘received wisdom’...................................... 101 2 Identity, geography and Jews.........................................................................
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