How Dinosaurs Looked

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Fossilized Fashion: How Dinosaurs Looked Fancy frills, sharp horns, pointy spikes, massive sails on their backs—dinosaurs had them all! The question is: Why did dinosaurs sport these far-out features? For clues, scientists often compare dinosaur designs with those of modern animals. Check out this album of animal fashions. Try to guess what the features are for! 1. What is the function of the armor on these animals? Clues Weighing in at over 3.5 tons, Edmontonia had relatively short and muscular legs that supported a heavy load on its back. It also sported hornlike spikes on its sides. A. Edmontonia B. Armadillo 2. What is the function of these horns and frills? A young Triceratops typically had smaller horns and frills. These features became fully developed only when the animal reached maturity. A. Triceratops B. Rhinoceros 3. What function did the Hadrosaur crest serve? Scientists think that the crest on the Hadrosaur’s head may have been brightly colored. They also think it may have looked different in males and females. A. Hadrosaur B. Cassowary t: Fac Wrap-Up! llyWhat color were dinosaurs? We don’t know Design your own dinosaur. Think about the fea- ri for sure, but scientists look to dinosaurs’ closest tures you would like your dinosaur to have. F relatives for clues. Reptiles and birds are often very col- First, list its traits, then draw a sketch on orful, so dinosaurs probably were, too! paper. Why does your dinosaur look that way? recognize members of its own species, and possibly distinguish males from females. from males distinguish possibly and species, own its of members recognize crests were used to attract mates, attract to used were crests Hadrosaur attract mates and compete with rivals; 3. 3. rivals; with compete and mates attract horns and frills were to were frills and horns Triceratops 2. self-defense; for was back armored Edmontonia’s 1. 1. ANSWERS © 2005 American Museum of Natural History. All Rights Reserved. .

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And the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis
Pelvis of Gargoyleosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis Kenneth Carpenter1,2*, Tony DiCroce3, Billy Kinneer3, Robert Simon4 1 Prehistoric Museum, Utah State University – Eastern, Price, Utah, United States of America, 2 Geology Section, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America, 3 Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, United States of America, 4 Dinosaur Safaris Inc., Ashland, Virginia, United States of America Abstract Discovery of a pelvis attributed to the Late Jurassic armor-plated dinosaur Gargoyleosaurus sheds new light on the origin of the peculiar non-vertical, broad, flaring pelvis of ankylosaurs. It further substantiates separation of the two ankylosaurs from the Morrison Formation of the western United States, Gargoyleosaurus and Mymoorapelta. Although horizontally oriented and lacking the medial curve of the preacetabular process seen in Mymoorapelta, the new ilium shows little of the lateral flaring seen in the pelvis of Cretaceous ankylosaurs. Comparison with the basal thyreophoran Scelidosaurus demonstrates that the ilium in ankylosaurs did not develop entirely by lateral rotation as is commonly believed. Rather, the preacetabular process rotated medially and ventrally and the postacetabular process rotated in opposition, i.e., lateral and ventrally. Thus, the dorsal surfaces of the preacetabular and postacetabular processes are not homologous. In contrast, a series of juvenile Stegosaurus ilia show that the postacetabular process rotated dorsally ontogenetically. Thus, the pelvis of the two major types of Thyreophora most likely developed independently. Examination of other ornithischians show that a non-vertical ilium had developed independently in several different lineages, including ceratopsids, pachycephalosaurs, and iguanodonts.
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The Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Thyreophoran Dinosaur Paranthodon Africanus, and the Use of Basal Exemplifiers in Phyl
1 The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, 2 and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis 3 4 Thomas J. Raven1,2 ,3 and Susannah C. R. Maidment2 ,3 5 61Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, UK 72School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, UK 8 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK 9 10Corresponding author: Thomas J. Raven 11 12Email address: [email protected] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21ABSTRACT 22 23The first African dinosaur to be discovered, Paranthodon africanus was found in 1845 in the 24Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Taxonomically assigned to numerous groups since discovery, 25in 1981 it was described as a stegosaur, a group of armoured ornithischian dinosaurs 26characterised by bizarre plates and spines extending from the neck to the tail. This assignment 27that has been subsequently accepted. The type material consists of a premaxilla, maxilla, a nasal, 28and a vertebra, and contains no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. Several features of the maxilla 29and dentition are reminiscent of Ankylosauria, the sister-taxon to Stegosauria, and the premaxilla 30appears superficially similar to that of some ornithopods. The vertebral material has never been 31described, and since the last description of the specimen, there have been numerous discoveries 32of thyreophoran material potentially pertinent to establishing the taxonomic assignment of the 33specimen. An investigation of the taxonomic and systematic position of Paranthodon is therefore 34warranted. This study provides a detailed re-description, including the first description of the 35vertebra. Numerous phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the systematic position of 36Paranthodon is highly labile and subject to change depending on which exemplifier for the clade 37Stegosauria is used.
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EUOPLOCEPHALUS ANKYLOSAURUS TSAGANTEGIA GASTONIA GARGOYLEOSAURUS - -- PANOPLOSAURUS 7,8939, (6, - Edmontonla 1L,26,34)
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(Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Mid-Cretaceous (Late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia Lucy G
This article was downloaded by: [Steven Salisbury] On: 07 June 2013, At: 16:18 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/talc20 First evidence of ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia Lucy G. Leahey & Steven W. Salisbury Published online: 07 Jun 2013. To cite this article: Lucy G. Leahey & Steven W. Salisbury (2013): First evidence of ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 37:2, 249-257 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.743703 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
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