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Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India

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Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 08 | February 2016 ISSN (online): 2349-784X Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India Arvind Prasad Dwivedi Indra Prasad Tripathi Lecturer Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Dean Govt. Indira Gandhi Home Science Girls College Shahdol, Faculty of Science and Environment M.P M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot, Satna (Madhya Pradesh) 485780 Abstract Madhya Pradesh literally means’ central province’ and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.20N- 26.870N and longitude 74002’-82049’E. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in the country by area. We assume Madhya Pradesh as a central India (study area) which is divided in to two zones (a) East Zone of Central India (b) West Zones of Central India. In the present study we are intended to find out the diffuse chemical pollution in Central India on the basis of residential area an industrial area atmospheric air and surface water bodies. The metals like Cd, Pb and Fe were found 50% samples are higher than the permissible limit during all the seasons of the study area. It is concluded that the ground water and surface water of these areas are contaminated there is an indication of increasing pollutants due to discharge of industrial effluents, Agricultural wastes, solid waste dump, municipal waste domestic sewage and on land and surface water bodies. Keywords: Diffuse Chemical Pollution, Heavy Metals, Groundwater, Surface water, Central India ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION The central India plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian bio-diversity and diffuse chemical pollution. It is well known that India is a densely populated country, very large fractions of this population live in rural communities, and very large parts of the total area are under agriculture and cattle population. Concentration over pollution sources in integrated water and air quality management has growing recently. There are many small sites which can release pollutant to ground water, and they usually do, this is because on average, the management of chemical on small sites is worse and less regulated than on sites owned by large, sometime multinational, companies. Even though the sites are small, they are large in numbers. Acting together, these many point sources can be considered to be equivalent to diffuse pollution [1]. The central India plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian biodiversity and diffuse chemical pollution. Madhya Pradesh literally means’ central province’ and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.20N-26.870N and longitude 74002’-82049’E. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in the country by area. It borders the state of Uttar Pradesh to the north-east, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the North West. Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot dry summer (April- June), followed by monsoon rains (July-September) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The state has 50 district hospitals, 333 community health centre’s, 1,115 primary health centers and 8,860 subcentres[2] There are several states in India where more than 90% populations are dependent on ground water for drinking and other purpose . In India, there are over 20 million private wells in addition to the government tube wells [3]. The wells are generally considered as the worst types of ground water sources in term of physico-chmical contamination due to the surrounding drainage and waste water disposal system [4]. Over burden of the population pressure, unplanned urbanization, unrestricted exploration and dumping of the polluted water at appropriate place enhance the infiltration of harmful compounds to the ground water [5]. In India most of the population is dependent on surface water (damp water) as the only sources of drinking water supply. The Ground water is believed to be comparatively much clean and free sewage and free from pollution than surface water. But prolonged discharged of industrial effluents solid waste dump causes the ground water to become polluted and created health problem [6]. The numbers of problems worldwide related with the lack of clean and fresh water are well known 1.2 billion people lack access to safe on clean drinking water; 2.6 billion have little or no sanitation a day, from diseases transmitted through unsafe water or human faces [7]. The extensive use of fertilizers, agrochemicals, fuel and other chemicals, along with growing industrial and urban activities have put in severe strain on the river ecosystem. Generally, increasing population and subsequently, Industrial and urban activities are main cause of unabated pollution of water sources in the world. About 40% population of the world resides in the urban areas which occupy only about 0.30% of the worlds geographical area Das et a l[8]. Rapid industrial development in the last few decades has added huge loads of pollutants to our rivers [9]. Out of these pollutants, heavy metals are of major concern because of their persistent and bio-accumulative nature. These heavy metals may be of geological origin entering into the river system by weathering and erosion or anthropogenic due to mining, industrial processing, agricultural run-off and sewage disposal [10]. In the aquatic system a rapid removal of these heavy metals from the water to sediments may occur by settling particles while some of these pollutants can be mobilized by getting accumulated into the biota from the sediments sink [11-15]. Studied the hydrological Zones in a few places in India and indicated that the chemical composition of ground water was affected by the surrounding industries [16]. Studied water quality of Kolar River which receive discharge from koradi thermal power station situated in Nagpur districts [17]. The domestics' sewage and industrial waste are the All rights reserved by www.ijste.org 291 Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055) leading causes of ground water pollution. In most of the industrialized areas ground water is the first victim of the local contamination as effluents are more often let into open abandoned wells, which is a type of point source contamination. Many researchers have focused on hydro chemical characteristics and contamination of ground water in different basins as well as in urban areas that resulted due to anthropogenic intervention and domestic west water [18].Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms and earthquakes also cause major change in water quality and the ecological statues of water [19]. The state is blessed with bountiful mineral resources including coal, bauxite, limestone, dolomite, rock phosphate, copper, lead, Zinc manganese, iron, ores diaspora prophylite and diamond. More than half of the country manganese production comes from the state. The state is bestowed with huge reserves of coal in Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Umariya and Chhindwara Districts. Presently the only demand producing mines in India are located in Pannna District. Establishing resources for copper deposits in malanjkhand in Balaghat District is the most significant contribution of GSI to the National mineral wealth. Prospects to base metals have been proved by GIS in recent year in the Betul Belt. Sizeable resources of gold associated with copper, silver and lead have also been established recently in the lmaliya bock of Katni District. A large economically viable reserve of refractory, SMS and BF grade and low-silica dolomite proved by GIS of sager and Chhatarpur district is a boon to the iron and steel industries. The industries of Madhya Pradesh provides of firm basis to the economy of Madhya Pradesh. In fact, industries of Madhya Pradesh are paying up with all the other states of India. Some of the important and major industries of Madhya Pradesh that are supporting Madhya Pradesh with all the might are beverage and soft drink industries, food processing based industries, forest based industries, Electronics Engineering based industries, mechanical engineering based industries, Drug and pharmaceutical, based industries, chemical based industries, petro chemical based industries, Agro based industries, Basic metal based industrial non metallic minerals based industries, textile based industries, leather based industries, rubber and plastics based industries, and cement Industries II. MATERIAL AND METHODS We assume Madhya Pradesh as a central India (study area) which is divided in to two zones (a) East Zone of Central India (b) West Zones of Central India. In the present study we are intended to find out the diffuse chemical pollution in Central India on the basis of residential area an industrial area atmospheric air and surface water bodies. We have designed twenty sampling stations district for this study in east zones i,e. Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Umaria, Katni, Panna, Chhatarpur, Jabalpur, Mandala, Dindori, Siwani, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur, Hosangabad, Betul, Damoh, Sagar, Bhopal and twenty district in west zone i,e. Gawaliar, Shivpuri, Ashok Nagar, Datiya, Muraina, Bhind, Guna, Tikamgarh, Vidisha, Raisen, Sihora, Rajgarh, Sajapur, Dewash,Ujjain, Ratlam, Indore, Khandawa, Burhanpur and Harda of Central India. Hundred Twenty sampling locations consisting of bore wells, hand pumps, Ponds, Lake and
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