Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India

IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 08 | February 2016 ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Arvind Prasad Dwivedi Indra Prasad Tripathi Lecturer Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Dean Govt. Indira Gandhi Home Science Girls College Shahdol, Faculty of Science and Environment M.P M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot, Satna (Madhya Pradesh) 485780

Abstract

Madhya Pradesh literally means’ central province’ and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.20N- 26.870N and longitude 74002’-82049’E. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in the country by area. We assume Madhya Pradesh as a central India (study area) which is divided in to two zones (a) East Zone of Central India (b) West Zones of Central India. In the present study we are intended to find out the diffuse chemical pollution in Central India on the basis of residential area an industrial area atmospheric air and surface water bodies. The metals like Cd, Pb and Fe were found 50% samples are higher than the permissible limit during all the seasons of the study area. It is concluded that the ground water and surface water of these areas are contaminated there is an indication of increasing pollutants due to discharge of industrial effluents, Agricultural wastes, solid waste dump, municipal waste domestic sewage and on land and surface water bodies. Keywords: Diffuse Chemical Pollution, Heavy Metals, Groundwater, Surface water, Central India ______

I. INTRODUCTION

The central India plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian bio-diversity and diffuse chemical pollution. It is well known that India is a densely populated country, very large fractions of this population live in rural communities, and very large parts of the total area are under agriculture and cattle population. Concentration over pollution sources in integrated water and air quality management has growing recently. There are many small sites which can release pollutant to ground water, and they usually do, this is because on average, the management of chemical on small sites is worse and less regulated than on sites owned by large, sometime multinational, companies. Even though the sites are small, they are large in numbers. Acting together, these many point sources can be considered to be equivalent to diffuse pollution [1]. The central India plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian biodiversity and diffuse chemical pollution. Madhya Pradesh literally means’ central province’ and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.20N-26.870N and longitude 74002’-82049’E. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in the country by area. It borders the state of Uttar Pradesh to the north-east, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the North West. Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot dry summer (April- June), followed by monsoon rains (July-September) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The state has 50 district hospitals, 333 community health centre’s, 1,115 primary health centers and 8,860 subcentres[2] There are several states in India where more than 90% populations are dependent on ground water for drinking and other purpose . In India, there are over 20 million private wells in addition to the government tube wells [3]. The wells are generally considered as the worst types of ground water sources in term of physico-chmical contamination due to the surrounding drainage and waste water disposal system [4]. Over burden of the population pressure, unplanned urbanization, unrestricted exploration and dumping of the polluted water at appropriate place enhance the infiltration of harmful compounds to the ground water [5]. In India most of the population is dependent on surface water (damp water) as the only sources of drinking water supply. The Ground water is believed to be comparatively much clean and free sewage and free from pollution than surface water. But prolonged discharged of industrial effluents solid waste dump causes the ground water to become polluted and created health problem [6]. The numbers of problems worldwide related with the lack of clean and fresh water are well known 1.2 billion people lack access to safe on clean drinking water; 2.6 billion have little or no sanitation a day, from diseases transmitted through unsafe water or human faces [7]. The extensive use of fertilizers, agrochemicals, fuel and other chemicals, along with growing industrial and urban activities have put in severe strain on the river ecosystem. Generally, increasing population and subsequently, Industrial and urban activities are main cause of unabated pollution of water sources in the world. About 40% population of the world resides in the urban areas which occupy only about 0.30% of the worlds geographical area Das et a l[8]. Rapid industrial development in the last few decades has added huge loads of pollutants to our rivers [9]. Out of these pollutants, heavy metals are of major concern because of their persistent and bio-accumulative nature. These heavy metals may be of geological origin entering into the river system by weathering and erosion or anthropogenic due to mining, industrial processing, agricultural run-off and sewage disposal [10]. In the aquatic system a rapid removal of these heavy metals from the water to sediments may occur by settling particles while some of these pollutants can be mobilized by getting accumulated into the biota from the sediments sink [11-15]. Studied the hydrological Zones in a few places in India and indicated that the chemical composition of ground water was affected by the surrounding industries [16]. Studied water quality of Kolar River which receive discharge from koradi thermal power station situated in Nagpur districts [17]. The domestics' sewage and industrial waste are the

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055) leading causes of ground water pollution. In most of the industrialized areas ground water is the first victim of the local contamination as effluents are more often let into open abandoned wells, which is a type of point source contamination. Many researchers have focused on hydro chemical characteristics and contamination of ground water in different basins as well as in urban areas that resulted due to anthropogenic intervention and domestic west water [18].Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms and earthquakes also cause major change in water quality and the ecological statues of water [19]. The state is blessed with bountiful mineral resources including coal, bauxite, limestone, dolomite, rock phosphate, copper, lead, Zinc manganese, iron, ores diaspora prophylite and diamond. More than half of the country manganese production comes from the state. The state is bestowed with huge reserves of coal in Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Umariya and Chhindwara Districts. Presently the only demand producing mines in India are located in Pannna District. Establishing resources for copper deposits in malanjkhand in Balaghat District is the most significant contribution of GSI to the National mineral wealth. Prospects to base metals have been proved by GIS in recent year in the Betul Belt. Sizeable resources of gold associated with copper, silver and lead have also been established recently in the lmaliya bock of Katni District. A large economically viable reserve of refractory, SMS and BF grade and low-silica dolomite proved by GIS of sager and Chhatarpur district is a boon to the iron and steel industries. The industries of Madhya Pradesh provides of firm basis to the economy of Madhya Pradesh. In fact, industries of Madhya Pradesh are paying up with all the other states of India. Some of the important and major industries of Madhya Pradesh that are supporting Madhya Pradesh with all the might are beverage and soft drink industries, food processing based industries, forest based industries, Electronics Engineering based industries, mechanical engineering based industries, Drug and pharmaceutical, based industries, chemical based industries, petro chemical based industries, Agro based industries, Basic metal based industrial non metallic minerals based industries, textile based industries, leather based industries, rubber and plastics based industries, and cement Industries

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

We assume Madhya Pradesh as a central India (study area) which is divided in to two zones (a) East Zone of Central India (b) West Zones of Central India. In the present study we are intended to find out the diffuse chemical pollution in Central India on the basis of residential area an industrial area atmospheric air and surface water bodies. We have designed twenty sampling stations district for this study in east zones i,e. Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Umaria, Katni, Panna, Chhatarpur, Jabalpur, Mandala, Dindori, Siwani, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur, Hosangabad, Betul, Damoh, Sagar, Bhopal and twenty district in west zone i,e. Gawaliar, Shivpuri, Ashok Nagar, Datiya, Muraina, Bhind, Guna, Tikamgarh, Vidisha, Raisen, Sihora, Rajgarh, Sajapur, Dewash,Ujjain, Ratlam, Indore, Khandawa, Burhanpur and Harda of Central India. Hundred Twenty sampling locations consisting of bore wells, hand pumps, Ponds, Lake and River Sampling location were selected in the study area. Sampling was done during summer, rainy and winter seasons (of year 2013 to 2014). The month of April-May, July- August and December-January, were selected as representative month of summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively. Sampling was done in accordance with grab sampling methods in polyethylene bottles of one-liter capacity. To avoid leaching of metals and interaction with the surface wall of the container, bottles were first cleaned with detergent and then with 1:1 HNO3 for 24 hours. Finally, bottles were cleaned and rinsed with the distilled water. During sampling bottles were rinsed two to three times with the sample to be examined before finally filling with it. Samples were collected by immersing the rinsed bottles in river water [20-21]. During sampling from hand pumps and bore wells, the water pumped to waste for about five minutes and sample was collected directly. All the samples were refrigerated at 40C in the laboratory [21, 22-23], and procedures were followed as per the standard method [24] (APHA, 1998). Heavy metals were analyzed; the digested samples were analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The locations of sampling stations are shown in Table-A, B and C.

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055)

Table – 1 Name of District in Central India S. No East Zone of Central India For Study West Zone of Central India For Study 1 Rewa Gawaliar 2 Satna Shivpuri 3 Sidhi Ashok Nagar 4 Singrauli Datiya 5 Shahdol Muraina 6 Umaria Bhind 7 Katni Guna 8 Panna Tikamgarh 9 Chhatarpur Vidisha 10 Jabalpur Raisen 11 Mandala Sihor 12 Dindori Rajgarh 13 Siwani Shajapur 14 Chhindwara Dewash 15 Narsinghpur Ujjain 16 Hosangabad Ratlam 17 Betul Indore 18 Damoh Khandawa 19 Sagar Burhanpur 20 Bhopal Harda Table - 2 Location of Sampling Station with Code for Ground and Surface Water in East Zone Central India (of year 2013 to 2014) Residential Area Industrial Area Surface Water Area 1 R1= Rewa Near Bus Stand, I1= Near J.P. Cement Plant Rewa, S1=Bihar River Rewa City Near Cholipur, 2 R2= Satna Near District Hospital, I2= Near Birla Cement Plant Satna, S2= Bichhiya River Rewa City near Bichhiya, R3= Sidhi Near Sanjay Gandhi P.G. I3= Near Madariya Industrial area 3 S3= Tamas River Satna City near Madhogarh, College, Sidhi, R4= Singrauli Near Railway 4 I4= Near N.T.P.C. Singurauli, S4= Gopad River Near Sidhi City, station, I5= Near Ramnagar Coal Mince area 5 R5= Shahdol Near New Bus Stand, S5= Sone River Near Singarauli, Shahdol, R6= Umaria Near Govt. R.V.P.S. I6= Near beersinghpur Coal Mince area 6 S6= Ban Ganga Shahdol City, College, Umaria,

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055)

R7= Katni Near Swetamber 7 I7= Near Ardinance Factory Katni, S7= River Mudwara Near Katni City, Temple, 8 R8= Panna Near Bus Stand, I8= Near Majhgama Mince area Panna, S8= Ken River Near Panna City, R9= Chhatarpur Near Higher 9 I9= Near Mince area Chhatarpur, S9= Bari Pond Near Chhayarpur City, Secondary, R10= Jabalpur Near S.B.I. I10= Near Khamaria Industrial area 10 S10= Narmada Rivers Jabalpur City Near Bhedaghat, Chhorha, Jabalpur, R11= Near R.D. P.G College S11= Narmada Rivers Mandala City Near Polytechnic 11 I11= Maneri Industrial area Mandala, Mandala, College, R12= Dindori Near Main Post 12 I12= Mining area Dindori, S12= Kochouphung Lake Near Dindori City, Office, R13= Near Govt P.G. College I13 Near Kelori Tehsil Mince area 13 S13= Talab Siwani City Near Bus Stand, Siwani, Siwani, R14= Chhindwara Near State Bank I14= Near Amabana Coal Mince area 14 S14= Bohani Talab Near Harsinghpur City, of India, Chhindwada, R15= Narsinghpur Near Railway I15= Near Oil Mills Gadarwara S15= Narmada River Hosangabad City Near Govt. 15 Station, Narsinghpur, Girls P.G. College, R16= Near District Hospital I16= Near Itarsi Industrial area 16 S16= Tapti River Betul City Near Multai Bus Stand, Hosangabad, hosangabad, R17= Betul Near Excellence 17 I17= Near Oil Plant Betul, S17= Gandhi Sagar Risaviour Near Sagar City, School, I18= Near Gandhi Ashram Industrial 18 R18= Damoh Near Bus Stand, S18= Bhopal Talab Near Hamidiya Hospital, area Damoh, 19 R19= Sagar Near Railway Station, I19= Near Belai Industrial area Sagar, S19= Mandakin River Chitrakoot Near Ramghat, R20= Bhopal Near Hamidia I20= Near Manddeep Industrial area 20 S20= Narmada River Near Amarkantak City. Hospital. Bhopal. Table – 3 Location of Sampling Station with Code for Ground and Surface Water in West Zone Central India (of year 2013 to 2014) S. Residential Area Surface Water Area Industrial Area No R21= Near Gajaraja Medical College 21 S21= Gawalior,Near Madhav Sagar Lake I21= Near Taxtile Industry Gawalior Gawaliar 22 R22= Near Tatyatope Park Shivpuri S22= Sindha River Shivpuri I22= Shivpuri Near Kattha Factory I23= Near New Industrial Area Rawasar 23 R23= Ashok Nagar Near Busstand S23= Tulsi Sarovar Ashok Nagar District Tehsil,Ashok Nagar I24 = Datia Near Metal Industries Industrial 24 R24= Datia Near Pitamabra Temple S24= Sindha River Near Datia City Area ,Datia 25 R25= Muraina Near Railway Station S25= Sita Sagar Lake Near Muraina City I25 = Muraina, Near Banmaor Cement Plant 26 R26= Bhind ,Near Head Post Office S26= Balsamand Lake Bhind I26= Bhind Near Cotton Textile Industry 27 R27= Near Delhi Public School Guna S27= Ganga Sagar Lake Near Guna City I27= Near National Fartilizer Limited ,Guna. I28= Tikamgarh, Near Plastics , Rubber 28 R28= Civil Line Tikamgarh S28= Betwa River Near Tikamgarh Spectro Based Industry R29= Near S.A. Institute of 29 S29= Betwa River Near City Vidisha I29= Near Kurwai Industrial area Vidisha TechnologyVidisha R30= Raisen,Near Higher Secondary 30 S30= Dhasan River ,Near Raisen City I30= Near Obedulaganj Industrial area Raisen School S31= Bhojtal from Bhopal Division Shiore I31= Near Budani Industrial Area Sihore 31 R31= Sihore, Near Railway Colony District District. R32= Near Anjalilal Temple ,Rajgarh S32= Parvati River Near N.S.C.B. Govt, 32 I32= Near Jut Mils Rajgarh. Biora P.G, College Biora R33=Near Ghati Shajapur Housing I33= NearCauesting Foundry and Rerolling 33 S33 =Parvati River, Near Shajapur city Board Colony. mills. I34=Near renboxi Pharmaceutical industry 34 R34=Near Tilak Nagar Dewas S14= Kali Sindha river, Near Dewas City. Dewas 35 R35=Near Dussehra Maidan, Ujjain S35= Chhipra river near Mahakaleswer I35= Near Synthetic yarn industry Ujjain

36 R36= Near Sai Baba Mandir Ratlam S36=Chambal River Near Ratlam City I36=Drag and Pharmaceutical industry, Ratlam.

R37=Near Maheswari Higher Secondary 37 S37= NearJanapav River Chambal I37=Near Plastics industry, Indore. School, Indore. R38=Near Malviya Colony,lal chowki S38=Narmada river Near Omkareswar, 38 I38=Near cotton mills Khandwa. Khandwa. Khandwa 39 R39=Near Bus Stand Burhanpur District S39= Tapti River NearBurhanpur City I39=Near Papers mills NepaNagar,Burhanpur. R40=Near Harda Polytechhnique I40=Eknath Solvent Extraction Gram Pidgoan, 40 S40=Pond Near Khirkiya,Harda. College. Harda.

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055)

III. RESULT DISCUSSION

The central India plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian biodiversity and diffuse chemical pollution. Madhya Pradesh literally means central province and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.20N and longitude 74002'- 82049' E. Madhya Pradesh as a central India (study area) which is divided in to two Zones (a) East Zones of central India (b) West Zones of central India. Hundred twenty sampling location consisting of bore wells, hand pumps ponds lake and river were selected in the study area. Sampling was done during summer, rainy and winter seasons. These water samples were subjected for the analysis of Heavy Metals like Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Iron, Chromium and Copper. All the results are shown in figure 2-7.

Copper: In the present study, Copper concentration was observed ranged between 0.002 to 1.8 ppm, and the maximum concentration of copper (1.8ppm) was detected at sampling station of I2 during summer season in Industrial area of East Zone Central India, which is much above the permissible limit set by WHO (1984) as 1.0 mg/l. Copper concentration was found at sampling station [25] I2, R21, R27, R37, I25, and S39 are higher than the permissible limit prescribed by WHO, during all the seasons. Bansal etal, 2011 studied the analysis, Assessment and mapping of ground water quality of Chandigarh (India) and copper content was found ranged between 0.2 to 1.59 mg/l.

Chromium: Chromium concentration ranged from 0.001 to 2.1 ppm, and some of the samples are showing slightly higher concentration with compared to the prescribed limit set by WHO (1984) as 0.05 mg/l. The maximum concentration of chromium (2.1 ppm) was observed at the location I1 during summer season in Industrial area of East Zone central India. Over all forty samples had Chromium concentration higher than the permissible limit, during all the seasons. Tripathi etal, 2014[26] worked characterization of diffuse heavy metals pollution in Vindhya Pradesh, India and found the Chromium concentration ranges 0.012 to 0.067 ppm.

Lead: In the present study the lead concentration ranged from 0.001 to 4.03 ppm. In the present investigation lead was found to be at a high concentration in the study area 50% of the samples had lead concentration higher than the permissible limit but it may causes problem in long term exposure. The maximum concentration of lead (4.03ppm) was detected at the sampling station I2, during summer seasons in Industrial area of East Zone Central India. Tripathi etal, 2013[27] studied the Characterization of diffuse Chemical pollution in satna district of vindhya region India and lead was found ranged from 0.046 to 9.04 ppm.

Nickel: In the present study the nickel concentration were found in the range of 0.0001 to 2.3 ppm. The maximum concentration of nickel (2.3ppm) was observed at sampling station of I4 during the winter season. Fourty one samples had nickel concentration higher than the permissible limit during all the seasons. BIS have not suggested any limiting value of nickel contents for drinking and domestic water. WHO (1993) and E1 (1998) have set 0.02 mg/l as the limiting value of Nickel in water. Dwivedi et al, 2015 [28] studied chemistry of soil and ground water in Panna district of Vindhya Pradesh and found nickel concentration varied from 0.272 to 0.466 ppm.

Iron: In the present study Iron concentration varied between 0.003 to 5.43 ppm, the maximum concentration of iron 5.43 ppm. The observed at sampling station I14 during summer seasons in industrial area of East Zone Central India. From the results it indicated that sixty-one samples showed concentration higher than the permissible limit prescribed by WHO, during all the seasons in both the Zones of Central India. Tripathi et al. 2013[29] studied Iron content in ground water of maihar region, Satna, India, and Iron was found ranged between 0.01 to 1.0 mg/l.

Cadmium: In the present work cadmium concentration raged between 0.0002 to 1.7 ppm. The maximum concentration was observed during the winter season in the samples I5 collected from Rammager mince area of Shahdol in Industrial area of East Zone Central India. From the results it indicated that 54% of the samples showed more than the permissible limit which may be attributed to the geological strata, industrial wastes municipal wastes and cadmium contending phosphate fertilizers etc. Kumar et al, 2006 [30]studied trace level determination of U, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in drinking water samples and found cadmium to be 1.21 to 49.04 mg/l.

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055)

Fig. 2: Comparative Copper profiles of two different Zone of Central India

Fig. 3: Comparative Chromium profiles of two different Zone of Central India

Fig. 4: Comparative Lead profiles of two different Zone of Central India

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055)

Fig. 5: Comparative Nickel profiles of two different Zone of Central India

Fig. 6: Comparative Iron profiles of two different Zone of Central India

Fig. 7: Comparative Cadmium profiles of two different Zone of Central India

Diffuse Heavy Metals Pollution in Central India (IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 055)

* RECI = Residential Area of East Zone Central India ** RWCI = Residential area of West Zone Central India * IECI = Industrial area of East Zone Central India ** IWCI = Industrial area of West Zone Central India * SECI = Surgace water area of East Zone Central India ** SWCI = Surface water area of Weste Zone Central India

IV. CONCLUSION

The central India plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian biodiversity and diffuse chemical pollution. The results indicate that during the seasons (Monsoon, winter and summer) heavy metals concentration were exceeding the permissible limit and may affect the environment as well as the health of the in habitants of central India, who depends on Riner Beechar, Bichhiya, Tamas, Gopal, Sone, Banganga, Mudwara river, Ken, Sindha, Betwa, Dhasan, Parvati, Chambal, Narmada, Tapti and mandakini their sources of drinking water. The effluents from various industries and other minerals get admixture in surface as well as percolates in the ground water make it unsafe for various activities. Hundred twenty sampling location of bore wells, hand pumps, ponds, lake and rivers were selected in the study area. The ground water is believed to be comparatively much clean and free from pollution they surface water. But prolonged discharge of industrial effluents, domestics’ sewage and solid waste dump causes the ground water to become polluted and created health problems. The copper concentration in all the water samples was varied from 0.002 ppm to 1.8 ppm. The maximum concentration of copper 1.8 ppm was detected at the sampling station I2 during summer season in Industrial area of East zone central India, which is much above the permissible limit set by WHO as 1.0 Mg/l. Copper concentration was found at sampling station I2, R21, R27, R37, I25 and S39 are higher than the permissible limit prescribed by WHO during all the seasons. Chromium concentration of all the water samples of study area, during three seasons were varied from 0.001 ppm to 2.1 ppm and some of the samples are showing slightly higher concentration with compared to the prescribed limit set by WHO (1984) as 0.05 Mg/l. The highest concentration of chromium (2.1 ppm) was observed at the location I1 during summer season in industrial area of East zone central India. Thirty Four percent samples had chromium concentration more than the permissible limit during all the seasons. The concentration of nickel ranged from 0.001 ppm to 2.3 ppm, which highest in samples I4 (Near N.T. P.C. Singrauli) during winter seasons and lowest in samples I15 during monsoon seasons. Forty One samples had nickel concentration higher than the permissible limit during all the season. The metals like Cd, Pb and Fe were found 50% samples are higher than the permissible limit during all the seasons of the study area. On the basis of present study we observed that due to the excess quantity of Cd, Pb and Fe in central India the human beings of that study area are suffering with various diseases like gastrointestinal and thyroid and various types of water bond diseases. According to WHO, nearly 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. The findings are summarized and concluded below. It is concluded that the ground water and surface water of these areas are contaminated there is an indication of increasing pollutants due to discharge of industrial effluents, Agricultural wastes, solid waste dump, municipal waste domestic sewage and on land and surface water bodies. These contaminants may cause ground water and surface water pollution. Hence evaluation of ground water and surface water is a necessary and take immediate task for the present and future ground and surface water quality management in the study area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors were grateful to University Grant Commission (No.F41-855/2012(SR), New Delhi for the provision of financial support to carry out this research work. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Director, National Environmental Engineering research Institute (NEERI) Nagpur for providing the necessary facilities for carrying out this research work. Several suggestions were provided during data collection of this research work by Dr. Reeta Kori, Chief Scientific Officer, M.P. Pollution Control Board. Special thanks are due to Prof. K.B. Pandeya, Ex Vice-Chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) for his valuable guidance, support and inspiration during course of studies.

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