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Advancing the Description and Management of the Nation's U.S. National Vegetation Classification: Advancing the Description and Management of the Nation’s Ecosystems A Data-Driven Method for Assembling Map Classes from Vegetation Associations in WA State National Parks Rachel Brunner (Portland State University) , Eric Nielsen (Portland State University), Catharine Copass (National Park Service) Background Map Classification Results M43W Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shallon–Holodiscus discolor Forest M21 Alnus viridis/Pteridium aquilinum–Athyrium filix-femina Shrubland Alnus viridis–Oplopanax horridus Shrubland The large national parks of Washington State are large, rugged, and ecologically Pacific Madrone–Douglas- Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shallon–Mahonia nervosa/Polystichum munitum High Elevation Deciduous Alnus viridis–Rubus spectabilis/(Athyrium filix-femina) Shrubland Map Class Separability Fir Forest Forest and Mixed Tall Shrubland 10 We ended up with 44 separable, vegetated complicated; exhaustive field mapping of plant communities would be Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shallon–Vaccinium parvifolium Forest Alnus viridis–Sambucus racemosa/(Thalictrum occidentalis) Shrubland Pseudotsuga menziesii/Holodiscus discolor–Rosa gymnocarpa/Festuca occidentalis Cupressus nootkatensis–Alnus viridis–(Oplopanax horridus)/(Erythronium montanum) Hierarchial map classes, listed in the central chart with prohibitively expensive. Therefore, our plant community maps rely on Forest Shrubland 8 Pseudotsuga menziesii/Mahonia nervosa/Achlys triphylla Forest Rubus spectabilis–Ribes bracteosum–(Oplopanax horridus) Shrubland Pseudotsuga menziesii–Tsuga heterophylla/Gaultheria shallon–Holodiscus discolor Forest Salix sitchensis–Alnus viridis/(Chamerion angustifolium–Heracleum maximum) Shrubland Data-Driven their component mapping associations. This modeling to extend field data across remote areas. We model with predictor M01 6 M43E Betula papyrifera–(Thuja plicata)/Acer circinatum/Mahonia nervosa Forest M61 Heracleum maximum–(Thalictrum occidentale–Saussurea americana) Herbaceous classification represents a significant increase Vegetation layers derived (in-house) from satellite data, air photos, lidar, and climate data. Dry Western Hemlock– Pseudotsuga menziesii–(Abies grandis)/Acer circinatum/Paxistima myrsinites Forest Mesic Tall Forbs M01 Acer macrophyllum/Oxalis oregana Forest Rubus parviflorus/Pteridium aquilinum–Chamerion angustifolium Shrubland Douglas-fir Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii–(Tsuga heterophylla)/Acer circinatum–Paxistima myrsinites Forest 4 in the two metrics of mapability that we Deciduous Floodplain and Alnus rubra/Oxalis oregana Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii/Acer circinatum/Mahonia nervosa Forest Symphoricarpos albus–Malus fusca Shrubland Figure 1. Swamp Forest Alnus rubra/Athyrium filix-femina–Lysichiton americanus Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii/Holodiscus discolor/Calamagrostis rubescens Forest Alnus rubra/Elymus glaucus Forest M52 Antennaria lanata Herbaceous Vegetation Separable Percent 2 worked to maximize. The map class an Location of Alnus rubra/Oplopanax horridus–Rubus spectabilis Forest Mixed Forb and Graminoid Danthonia intermedia Herbaceous Vegetation Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis/Carex obnupta–Lysichiton americanus Woodland Herbaceous Meadow Festuca viridula–Lupinus arcticus Herbaceous Vegetation association was assigned to received 5.3% Mount Rainier Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis Forest Juncus parryi–(Polygonum bistortoides) Herbaceous Vegetation 0 (MORA), North Alnus rubra/Stachys chamissonis–Tolmiea menziesii Forest more model votes than its second best fit, a Populus balsamifera/Cornus sericea Forest M62 Eucephalus paucicapitatus Herbaceous Vegetation Modeling Floristics Cascades Populus balsamifera–Alnus rubra/Carex obnupta Forest Olympic Mountain Aster Map Accuracy Field Separability more than 10 fold improvement over Populus balsamifera–Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis Forest Herbaceous Meadow (NOCA), and Populus balsamifera–Picea sitchensis–(Acer macrophyllum)/Oxalis oregana Forest Figure 2. Comparison of map class modeling based on NVC hierarchy. Floristic Olympic (OLYM) M33 M67E Festuca viridula–(Phlox diffusa–Arenaria capillaris) Herbaceous Vegetation M19 Acer macrophyllum–(Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Symphoricarpos albus–(Cornus Green Fescue–Cascade Festuca viridula–Eucephalus ledophyllus Herbaceous Vegetation separability by classification method. Our National Parks Debris Apron Deciduous nuttallii)/Pteridium aquilinum Forest Aster Dry Herbaceous Paxistima myrsinites–Phlox diffusa Dwarf–Shrubland separability also improved markedly: floristics M33 Abies lasiocarpa–(Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Vaccinium membranaceum/Calamagrostis Vaccinium deliciosum–Festuca viridula Dwarf-Shrubland percent separability metrics are the Forest Acer macrophyllum/Maianthemum stellatum Forest Meadow with respect to Acer macrophyllum/Rubus parviflorus–(Cornus sericea)/(Maianthemum racemosa) Forest Douglas Fir–Subalpine Fir rubescens Forest Pseudotsuga menziesii/Paxistima myrsinites–Spiraea betulifolia Woodland geometric mean of the margin of victory were 8.0% more similar to their assigned class Woodland M67W Dasiphora fruticosa–(Phlox diffusa) Dwarf-Shrubland Washington Pseudotsuga menziesii/Vaccinium membranaceum Forest M20C Alnus rubra/Polystichum munitum Forest Roemer's Fescue Dry Festuca roemeri–(Phlox diffusa–Arenaria capillaris) Herbaceous Vegetation across all associations and map classes. than to their second best fit (up from 3.6%). State ecoregions Coastal Bluff Deciduous Picea sitchensis–(Alnus rubra)/Rubus spectabilis/Polystichum munitum Forest Juniperus communis–(Phlox diffusa) Dwarf-Shrubland M35 Pinus contorta/Paxistima myrsinites/Calamagrostis rubescens Forest Herbaceous Meadow Forest Juniperus communis Shrubland Lodgepole Pine–Douglas- Pinus contorta/Vaccinium membranaceum Woodland Phlox diffusa–(Lomatium martindalei– Carex phaeocephala) Herbaceous Vegetation Fir Forest Pinus contorta–Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shallon Forest Saxifraga bronchialis Lithomorphic Vegetation Our revised classification also highlights and maintains the key ecological Pseudotsuga menziesii–(Pinus contorta)/Arctostaphylos uva–ursi/Racomitrium canescens Woodland communities that local ecologists and NPS staff expect in these maps. To reflect Training data were collected at more than 6000 field plots representing 294 Pseudotsuga menziesii–Pinus contorta/Arctostaphylos nevadensis Woodland these expert opinions and expectations, our final classification is a compromise distinct vegetation associations—far too many to map. National Park Service M36 Pseudotsuga menziesii–(Pinus ponderosa)/Symphoricarpos albus Forest Ponderosa Pine–Douglas- Pseudotsuga menziesii–Pinus ponderosa/Arctostaphylos nevadensis Woodland Pseudotsuga menziesii–Pinus ponderosa/Calamagrostis rubescens Forest between a pure data-driven agglomeration process and previous methods based methods suggest mapping at higher levels of the vegetation hierarchy, such as Fir Forest M20I alliances or even groups (Natureserve 2010). Based on this approach, we M07 Abies amabilis–(Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Achlys triphylla–Tiarella trifoliata Forest on manual assignment based on user expectations and local ecology alone. M20I Acer macrophyllum–(Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Polystichum munitum Forest Warm Silver Fir–Western Abies amabilis–Pseudotsuga menziesii/Achlys triphylla Forest M86 Upland Deciduous Forest Acer macrophyllum/Polystichum munitum–Tolmiea menziesii Forest Hemlock Forest Abies amabilis–Tsuga heterophylla/Oplopanax horridus Forest initially lumped associations into 40 alliance and group level map classes. Acer macrophyllum/Rubus spectabilis Forest Abies amabilis–Tsuga heterophylla/Depauperate Forest Carex spectabilis–(Lupinus arcticus–Polygonum bistortoides Herbaceous Vegetation Alnus rubra/Acer circinatum/Claytonia sibirica Forest Abies amabilis–Tsuga heterophylla/Rubus pedatus–Tiarella trifoliata Forest M86 Spiraea splendens/Carex spectabilis–(Polygonum bistortoides) Shrubland We retained parts of the hierarchical classification that were important to Populus balsamifera–Acer macrophyllum/Acer circinatum/Polystichum munitum Forest Tsuga heterophylla–(Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Vaccinium alaskaense/Cornus Showy Sedge–Sitka Valeriana sitchensis–Carex spectabilis Herbaceous Vegetation Populus tremuloides/Cornus nuttallii Forest unalaschkensis Forest Valarian Mesic Subalpine Valeriana sitchensis–Ligusticum grayi Herbaceous Vegetation Tsuga heterophylla–Abies amabilis–(Pseudotsuga menziesii)/Vaccinium alaskaense Forest Meadow managers, in some cases despite an alternative that increased both measures of Unfortunately, this hierarchical lumping did not produce well distinguished Valeriana sitchensis–Veratrum viride Herbaceous Vegetation M82 Agrostis (capillaris, stolonifera) Herbaceous Vegetation Tsuga heterophylla–Abies amabilis–(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium alaskaense/Blechnum spicant Forest separability. For example, we retained the alpine heather map class (M74S) as Ruderal Meadow Sorbus sitchensis/Phyllodoce empetriformis–Vaccinium deliciosum Shrubland map classes. On average, the map class an association was assigned to Tsuga heterophylla–Abies amabilis/Vaccinium alaskaense/Rubus pedatus Forest M85 Vaccinium spp./Xerophyllum tenax Shrubland Tsuga heterophylla–Abies amabilis/Vaccinium alaskaense/Tiarella trifoliata Forest High Elevation Dry Picea sitchensis/Gaultheria shallon Forest Vaccinium membranaceum–(Sorbus sitchensis–Paxistima myrsinites) Shrubland distinct from the alpine sparsely vegetated map class (M63) because of
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