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Ramón Serrano Suñer and Spanish Fascism During the Franco Regime Brian David Hill James Madison University

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Ramón Serrano Suñer and Spanish Fascism During the Franco Regime Brian David Hill James Madison University James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2011 The uprs eme brother-in-law: Ramón Serrano Suñer and Spanish Fascism during the Franco Regime Brian David Hill James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hill, Brian David, "The us preme brother-in-law: Ramón Serrano Suñer and Spanish Fascism during the Franco Regime" (2011). Masters Theses. 236. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/236 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Supreme Brother-in-Law: Ramón Serrano Suñer and Spanish Fascism during the Franco Regime Brian David Hill A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History May 2011 Acknowledgments Over the course of research and writing this thesis, I have come to owe a great deal to a number of people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis director, Dr. Jessica Davidson, for her constant willingness to meet with me to discuss my ideas and offer concrete commentary on the work as I have produced it. Towards this end, I would also like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Steven Guerrier and Dr. Christian Davis, for their comments and advice in helping me through this process. I would further like to thank Dr. Kevin Borg and Dr. Raymond Hyser for the encouragement which they offered to me as I began the early stages of this project. I would also like to offer some personal thanks to several friends and family whose support has been invaluable in the production of this work. I would like to thank my parents, Charles R. Hill II and Sarah Hill, for their support and encouragement which they have provided throughout my life. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support offered to me by my fiancée, Jenny, for her constant support to me in all of my academic endeavors. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: The Tumultuous Road to Salamanca, 1933-1937 ............................................20 Chapter 2: From Refugee to Cuñadísimo, 1937-1938 .......................................................47 Chapter 3: The rise of the serranistas, 1939-1941 ............................................................79 Chapter 4: The Caudillo‟s response, 1941-1942..............................................................102 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................127 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................133 iii Abstract This study focuses on the political career of Ramón Serrano Suñer, a Spanish politician whose career lasted from 1933 until 1942. Particularly, it addresses several pertinent questions about Serrano‟s career and the larger Franco government, including the extent to which it was truly authoritarian and the real strength of authentic fascism in post-Civil War Spain. From 1937-1941, Serrano was the second only to his brother-in- law, the dictator Francisco Franco, in terms of political prominence. Serrano used his personal connections with Franco and José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the fascist Falange party, to vault himself from wartime refugee to the heights of Spanish politics in 1938. By 1940, his power base included direct control of two influential government ministries, leadership within the sole party of Spain, the Falange Española Tradicionalista, and an unofficial position as Franco‟s chief political advisor. Serrano grew to love the glamour of his position, though, and constantly clamored for more power and influence. As a result, during the Spanish Civil War, he abandoned his sense of political neutrality between the various Nationalist factions under Franco‟s rule and gained a loyal personal following, later dubbed by historians as the serranistas. In so doing, he hoped to make his political career more well-balanced; however, his personal ambition convinced Franco that he was a danger to the dictator‟s power. Within a month, Franco either removed or reduced his power in three of his previous four sources of government influence, and would exclude him from government altogether in a year‟s time. In conclusion, this essay asserts that Serrano‟s dismissal from government was due to his own political maneuvers and an overestimation of the strength of fascism within the conservative Franco government. iv Introduction On June 24, 1941, Ramón Serrano Suñer stepped out on the balcony of the Falangist party headquarters in Madrid, Spain, to the cheers of thousands of assembled youths. Two days before, German troops began their invasion of the Soviet Union, and universities throughout the Spanish capital were bursting with restless young men who had been watching developments for the World War and were eager to become actively involved, especially if it meant fighting against the Soviet Union, the nation many Spaniards hated the most for its intervention against Franco during the Spanish Civil War. As a Falangist leader and as the Spanish Foreign Minister, Serrano‟s voice was one which carried special weight with the assembled mass. During his speech, Serrano appealed to the memories of the Civil War, which concluded only two years prior, and the crowd rose to a fever pitch as he loudly pronounced that “Russia is Guilty!” for the problems which had plagued the nation still devastated from three years of civil conflict. As he led the crowd in a Falangist hymn and instructed them to disperse, any common observer would have seen that this man had a special ability to rouse their emotion, a talent which combined with his position as Foreign Minister and personal connections with his counterpart ministers of Germany and Italy meant that he was perhaps the only politician other than Franco himself who could have a decided impact on whether or not Spain would join the larger war. Little could Serrano have known that in just over one year‟s time, his self-aggrandizing agitations on behalf of the Falange would result in his complete dismissal from government with no fanfare whatsoever. Ramón Serrano Suñer was born on September 12, 1901 and would live to be just short of one hundred and two years old, a remarkably long life considering his experience 2 in both the Spanish Civil War and World War II.1 Despite his long life, his political tenure in Spain encompassed just nine years from 1933 to 1942, during which he held a true position of leadership for only five of these. He was educated at the University of Madrid, where he was trained as a lawyer and distinguished himself as one of the brightest students in his class. However, like any good law student, his personal knowledge alone could not guarantee a place of prominence in Spanish politics. Instead, this position was secured through his network of connections, which few in Spain could rival, especially on the Nationalist side of the civil war. During this time at the University of Madrid, he became close and life-long friends with José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the son of the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, who dominated Spanish politics from 1923 to 1930. More importantly, José Antonio is best remembered as the charismatic founder of the Falange, the fascist party of Spain founded in the mid-1930s. Furthermore, in 1931 Serrano married Zita Polo, whose sister Carmen was married to the then-director of the military academy of Zaragoza, the General Francisco Franco.2 Serrano entered politics in 1933 out of a desire to protect the legal traditions of Spain and the Catholic Church from revision within the structure of the Second Republic of Spain, which held power from 1931 to the outbreak of war in 1936.3 Once the war 1The Telegraph, "Ramón Serrano Suñer," September 3, 2003, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440376/Ramon-Serrano-Suner.html#disqus_thread (accessed January 6, 2011). 2 The Telegraph, "Ramón Serrano Suñer," September 3, 2003, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440376/Ramon-Serrano-Suner.html#disqus_thread (accessed January 6, 2011). 3 In brief, the Catholic Church in Spain had always, up to that point, enjoyed a special relationship with the Spanish government, allowing it special privileges in its actions and allowing it to build a reservoir of power outside of the Spanish state structure. In 1931, a Liberal coalition came to power in the Republic and revoked virtually all of these privileges, driving conservative legalists throughout Spain to run for government office to help reverse these laws. This discussion will be further fleshed out as part of Chapter 1. 3 began, his personal ties with Franco and José Antonio, combined with his prestigious legal education, made him an ideal figure to help the Caudillo create the foundations of his state.4
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