DOCSLIB.ORG

IAAF Ethics Commission Decision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IAAF Ethics Commission Decision Decision Number 02/2016 PANEL OF THE IAAF ETHICS COMMISSION 7 January 2016 The Honourable Michael J Beloff QC (Chairman) Mr Akira Kawamura Mr Thomas Murray In the matter of: (1) Valentin Balakhnichev, (2) Alexei Melnikov, (3) Gabriel Dollé and (4) Papa Massata Diack and the IAAF Code of Ethics DECISION Introduction 1) The central issue in this case is whether each of the Defendants was in breach of various provisions of the IAAF’s Code of Ethics (the “Code’’) by their involvement in the suppression of findings of anti-doping violations by the female Russian marathon runner, Lilya Shobukhova (“LS”), and the exaction of monies from her as the price to pay for enabling her, by virtue of such suppression, to compete in athletics competitions. The Panel has come to the clear conclusion that the alleged breaches are made out. 2) The Defendants are: a) Valentin Balakhnichev (“VB”), former President of the All-Russia Athletic Federation (“ARAF”) and Honorary Treasurer of the IAAF; b) Alexei Melnikov (“AM”), former Senior ARAF Coach for long distance walkers and runners; c) Gabriel Dollé (“GD”), former Director of the IAAF’s Anti-Doping Department; and d) Papa Massata Diack (‘’PMD’’), former marketing consultant to the IAAF and son of the IAAF’s then President, Lamine Diack (“LD”). 3) The case comes before the Panel in the manner prescribed by the statutes and procedural rules of May 20151 (the “Rules”) of the IAAF’s Ethics Commission (the “EC”) (to be renamed the Ethics Board)2 as hereinafter set out. 1 Revised on 26th November 2015 (the “revision”). 2 For convenience the former name will be used in this Decision. 1 Procedural Background 4) In April 2014, the EC received a complaint3 in relation to the matter referred to in paragraph 1 above from Sean Wallace-Jones (‘’SWJ’’) who is the Senior Manager, Road Running of the IAAF. 5) On 1 July 2014, the Chairman of the EC, the Honourable Michael J Beloff QC, determined that there was a case fit for investigation and appointed the Right Honourable Sir Anthony Hooper, (“Sir Anthony”), a former Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, to investigate the allegations made and issues raised by the complaint. 6) On 5 August 2015, Sir Anthony submitted his investigation report to the EC recommending that disciplinary charges be brought against all four Defendants for various alleged breaches of the Code. 7) On 14 August 2015, Kevan Gosper, a member of the EC, who had reviewed the outcome of the investigation and the investigator’s recommendations, endorsed the recommendations, in consequence of which the Chairman directed that adjudicatory proceedings be commenced. 8) On 14 September 2015, the Chairman appointed the Panel consisting of himself, Mr Akira Kawamura and Mr Thomas Murray. 9) On 14 September 2015, charges (the “Charges”) were sent to the Defendants, who thereafter submitted their defences and supporting evidence in accordance with a schedule directed by the Chairman of the Panel: a) In accordance with the Chairman’s directions, and a subsequent extension of time, GD’s defence was provided on 25 October 2015 but his defence was embellished in further correspondence with Sir Anthony up to and including on 15 December 2015. b) AM’s defence and exhibits were provided on 26 October 2015. He provided further documentation on 5 November 2015. c) VB’s defence and exhibits were provided on 26 October 2015. d) PMD’s defence was provided on 26 October 2015; his supporting evidence was provided on 6 November 2015. Law Procedure and Approach 10) Generally, the Rules appear to be based on an inquisitorial rather than an adversarial model; notably there is no provision requiring, as distinct from permitting, appointment 3 A complaint was at that time necessary for the initiation of EC disciplinary procedures but has not been so since the revision. 2 of a separate prosecutor4 . Specifically as regards the Panel’s adjudicatory function, Rule 13(16) provides: “The Panel shall in each proceeding (i) determine its procedure in accordance with these Rules and (ii) determine any other procedural matters arising in the course of the Proceedings that are not set out in the Rules, in accordance with the principles of natural justice. In particular, the Panel may in appropriate cases appoint a prosecutor or counsel to the Panel to present the case against the parties, or invite the investigator to present his or her conclusions to the Panel. The Panel may also conduct the Proceedings in an inquisitorial manner.” The Panel has directed itself in accordance with that provision. 11) Over 16-18 December 2015, a hearing took place in London. None of the Defendants appeared in person at the hearing: a) VB appeared by video link and was represented by Mr Artem Patsev, also by video- link. b) AM appeared by video link as did his two witnesses5. c) GD appeared by video link. d) PMD was represented at the hearing by Mr Christopher Moore and Ms Hannah Rogers of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP. e) Sir Anthony attended in his capacity as investigator and, at the invitation of the Panel, made an opening statement duly drawing attention to the salient features of his report and his conclusions. f) VB, AM (and his witnesses) and GD were all questioned by the Panel. LS and her husband Igor Shobukhov (“IS”) also appeared by video link and were questioned by the Panel and cross-examined by Mr Patsev. g) The Panel was assisted before and during the hearing by the two Legal Secretaries to the EC, Mr Tom Mountford and Ms Jana Sadler-Forster. 12) The charges against each of the Defendants are set out in Appendix A to this decision. 13) In order to determine whether the charges are made out the Panel must direct itself in accordance with the Rules which are themselves governed by and to be construed in accordance with Monegasque law (Procedural Rule 17(5)). They establish the following relevant principles: (i) The burden of proof lies upon the EC; 4 The relative merits of each are discussed in J.R.S. Forbes Justice in Tribunals, 3rd ed., pp. 199-204. 5 Whose evidence is discussed in ¶28) below. 3 (ii) The standard proof is set out in Rule 11(7) which provides that, “The standard of proof in all cases shall be determined on a sliding scale from, at minimum, a mere balance of probability (for the least serious violation) up to proof beyond a reasonable doubt (for the most serious violation). The Panel shall determine the applicable standard of proof in each case”; (iii) The approach to evidence is that set out in Rule 11 which provides, so far as material: “Types of evidence (1) The Ethics Commission shall not be bound by rules governing the admissibility of evidence. Facts relating to a violation of the Code may be established by any means deemed by the “Panel” hearing the case (the Panel) to be reliable. (2) Types of evidence shall include: the investigator’s report and other forms of evidence such as admissions, documents, oral evidence, video or audio evidence, evidence based on electronic media in any form and any such other form of proof as the Panel may deem to be reliable. Inadmissible evidence (3) Evidence that obviously does not serve to establish relevant facts shall be rejected. Evaluation of evidence (4) The Panel shall have the sole discretion regarding evaluation of the evidence. (5) […] (6) The Panel may draw an inference adverse to the party if the party, after a reasonable request to attend a hearing, answer specific questions or otherwise provide evidence, refuses to do so.” 14) In application of those principles in their legal context, the Panel determines as follows: (i) The charges against VB, AM and PMD are of the most serious kind involving as they do a form of blackmail. They must therefore under the present rules be proved beyond reasonable doubt, albeit the conventional standard for sports disciplinary proceedings is that of “comfortable satisfaction” which in the context of sports law, has its origins in Andrei Korneev v International Olympic Committee’6. (ii) The charge against GD is of a lesser degree of seriousness. It must therefore be proved to the standard of comfortable satisfaction, which is lower than the criminal but higher than the civil standard of proof7. 6CAS OG 003-4, 1996 (see discussion, in Beloff et al on Sports Law, 2nd edition (“Beloff”) ¶¶7.89-7.96. 7 Beloff, cit sup; see also World Anti-Doping Code, (“WADC”) Article 3.1. 4 (iii) Although the burden of proof in point of law lies upon the EC, the evidential burden may shift if the Investigator’s report (or other admissible and reliable evidence) establishes a case for a Defendant to answer. (iv) An unjustified refusal by a Defendant to attend a hearing may give rise to the Panel drawing an adverse inference against him. The importance of that provision is that it partly compensates for the circumstance that, unlike criminal courts, the Commission’s investigators have no powers to compel documents or cooperation and a Panel of the Commission has no power to compel a defendant to appear before it. Such provision is not incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (“ECHR”), which was ratified by Monaco on 30 November 2005 and came into effect in the Principality on the same date. There is a consistent line of jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights (‘’ECtHR’’) that the right to silence or the privilege against self-incrimination, in so far as either applies to disciplinary proceedings8, does not prevent a court or tribunal from drawing inferences from the failure of a defendant to provide an explanation for strong circumstantial evidence against him.9 Nor is the presumption of innocence in criminal proceedings enshrined in Article 180 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Monaco infringed by the drawing of such inference.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2020 Yearbook
    -2020- CONTENTS 03. 12. Chair’s Message 2021 Scholarship & Mentoring Program | Tier 2 & Tier 3 04. 13. 2020 Inductees Vale 06. 14. 2020 Legend of Australian Sport Sport Australia Hall of Fame Legends 08. 15. The Don Award 2020 Sport Australia Hall of Fame Members 10. 16. 2021 Scholarship & Mentoring Program | Tier 1 Partner & Sponsors 04. 06. 08. 10. Picture credits: ASBK, Delly Carr/Swimming Australia, European Judo Union, FIBA, Getty Images, Golf Australia, Jon Hewson, Jordan Riddle Photography, Rugby Australia, OIS, OWIA Hocking, Rowing Australia, Sean Harlen, Sean McParland, SportsPics CHAIR’S MESSAGE 2020 has been a year like no other. of Australian Sport. Again, we pivoted and The bushfires and COVID-19 have been major delivered a virtual event. disrupters and I’m proud of the way our team has been able to adapt to new and challenging Our Scholarship & Mentoring Program has working conditions. expanded from five to 32 Scholarships. Six Tier 1 recipients have been aligned with a Most impressive was their ability to transition Member as their Mentor and I recognise these our Induction and Awards Program to prime inspirational partnerships. Ten Tier 2 recipients time, free-to-air television. The 2020 SAHOF and 16 Tier 3 recipients make this program one Program aired nationally on 7mate reaching of the finest in the land. over 136,000 viewers. Although we could not celebrate in person, the Seven Network The Melbourne Cricket Club is to be assembled a treasure trove of Australian congratulated on the award-winning Australian sporting greatness. Sports Museum. Our new SAHOF exhibition is outstanding and I encourage all Members and There is no greater roll call of Australian sport Australian sports fans to make sure they visit stars than the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Media Table of contents Media information & fast facts ......................................................................................................... 3 Important media information ....................................................................................................................................................4 Race week Media Center..............................................................................................................................................................4 Race week schedule of events ..................................................................................................................................................7 Quick Facts ...........................................................................................................................................................................................8 Top storylines ......................................................................................................................................................................................10 Prize purse .............................................................................................................................................................................................13 Time bonuses ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Participant demographics ............................................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Marathon Charity Participant Waiver
    Chicago Marathon Charity Participant Waiver Branchiate and abbreviated Gardener coheres ascetically and poussette his Gerald titularly and onerously. Plushest Baillie still expired: spirituel and trapezial Clive obliged quite threateningly but ensphere her sazerac imminently. Teachable Saxe sometimes aromatise his purlins incisively and hae so nightly! If i saw governments closing down river bar which i saw belle in chicago marathon charity participant waiver. Team Blessons and help us spread awareness to as many women as possible in learning about our free services, celebrate lives, a company that helps arrange entry and travel for all six races. How can we feature you? The expo serves two purposes. Click amend to register my Team HFOT in the rub of America Chicago Marathon! Kipruto and extend your product images or buena vista drive past the event protect your finish of chicago marathon charity waiver. The marathon will step in participating in turku at a tropical trail blazers and. Squeeze glutes and lift torso up return your body forms a town line. Take part of charities, charity guaranteed entry into the postponement of our athletes master finisher medallions and participate in? The pairing of pounding the pavement while supporting others is deeply ingrained in running culture; but what if you wanted to take it to another level? Did you airborne to completethe Emergency Medical Information on her reverse because the bib? You participated in chicago marathon. He worked for marathon charity. London is the hardest race for Americans to serve into Adams says They received 400000 applicants for 42000 spots in 2019 and that is rose by 10 percent for 2020 with 45761 applicants registering.
    [Show full text]
  • “Breasts Are Getting Bigger”. Where Is the Evidence?
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Mary's University Open Research Archive doi 10.4436/jass.94020 JASs Correspondence & Notes e-pub ahead of print Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 94 (2016), pp. 1-8 “Breasts are getting bigger”. Where is the evidence? Nicola Brown1 & Joanna Scurr2 1) School of Sport, Health & Applied Science, St. Mary’s University, Waldegrave Rd, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK e-mail: [email protected] 2) Research Group in Breast Health, University of Portsmouth, Cambridge Rd, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK Background they may be a different size in another which may impact bra sale statistics. It is also recog- Concerns over breast size have gained promi- nised that up to 100% of women are wearing the nence as progressively more research points to wrong-sized bra (Greenbaum et al., 2003). There an association between increased breast size is currently no objective, empirical evidence of and negative health implications. Larger breast secular increases in breast size. sizes are associated with a higher incidence of breast pain (Brown et al., 2014), postural issues (Findikcioglu et al., 2007) and body image dis- Review of available data satisfaction (Sarwer et al., 1998). It has been widely reported in the popular press that female In an attempt to investigate the evidence of breast size is increasing, however, empirical evi- a secular increase in breast size, we conducted a dence for this assertion is limited, with support comprehensive literature search to identify all for this notion stemming primarily from bra published bust circumference data, defined as sales.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceania National Olympic Committees Report to The
    OCEANIA NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES REPORT TO THE 2014 ANOC GENERAL ASSEMBLY Bangkok, Thailand ADMINISTRATION AND OPERATIONS The Executive Board of the Oceania National Olympic Committees was elected at the 2013 ONOC General Assembly held in Nadi, Fiji. President: Robin Mitchell (IOC Member in Fiji) Vice President: Barry Maister (IOC Member in New Zealand) Secretary General: Ricardo Blas (President Guam NOC) Executive Members: Craig Phillips (Secretary General, Australia NOC) Mrs. Baklai Temengil (Secretary General Palau NOC) Jim Tobin (Secretary General Federated States of Micronesia) Ken Tupua (President, American Samoa NOC) – resigned early 2014 replaced by Mrs Auvita Rapilla (Secretary General, Papua New Guinea NOC) The IOC Members in Oceania are also part of the ONOC Executive: Kevan Gosper (retired 2013) and John Coates (both from AUS) together with Barbara Kendall (NZL) who is also the ONOC Athletes Commission Chair and James Tomkins (AUS, IOC Athletes Commission). The Guam ONOC Office, where the Secretary General is based, is the primary administrative authority for ONOC and is responsible for the disbursement of Olympic Solidarity payments to ONOC members and development partners. The ONOC Technical Secretariat maintains its premises at 73 Gordon St. in Suva, FIJ. ONOC President, Dr. Robin Mitchell maintains an office here as well. ONOC COMMISSIONS & associate Organisations Athletes Commission Barbara Kendall NZL (Chair, IOC Member) Carl Probert FIJ (Vice Chair & Pacific Games Council Representative) James Tomkins (AUS, IOC Member)
    [Show full text]
  • Carey Pinkowski Illinois President Executive Race Director Bank of America Bank of America Chicago Marathon
    Table of contents Staff & sponsors Executive staff biographies .......................................................................................................................................254 Bank of America Chicago Marathon staff ........................................................................................................257 Sponsors ...............................................................................................................................................................................258 253 Executive staff biographies Executive staff biographies Tim Maloney Carey Pinkowski Illinois President Executive Race Director Bank of America Bank of America Chicago Marathon Timothy P. Maloney is the Illinois State President for Bank of America, leading the bank’s Carey Pinkowski has served as Executive Race Director of the Bank of America Chicago corporate, philanthropic, civic, and community affairs efforts across the state. Additionally, Marathon since 1990. During his tenure, he has grown the event into one of the largest Tim is the Central Division Executive for U.S. Trust, Bank of America Private Wealth marathons in the world with 45,000 participants representing all 50 states and more than Management. In this role, Tim leads the overall effort to serve the wealth management 100 foreign countries each year. needs of high net worth individuals and families within the Central Division. As Executive Race Director, Carey is responsible for all facets of the race, most notably Previously, Tim was president of Banc of America Investment Services, Inc. from 2005 to recruiting a field of world-class athletes that competes for the event’s $550,000 prize 2007. Prior to that, Tim was president of the Central Region for The Private Bank of Bank purse. Under his leadership, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon has posted three world of America, a role that he held beginning December, 2001. records: Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi (1999), Kenya’s Catherine Ndereba (2001) and Great Britain’s Paula Radcliffe (2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Iaaf Comments on Independent Commission's Report #1
    IAAF COMMENTS ON INDEPENDENT COMMISSION'S REPORT #1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On 9 November 2015, the Independent Commission issued a report (the IC Report) that set out evidence of widespread doping by Russian athletes, but also suggested that 'particular highly placed members and officials of IAAF' may have taken bribes to delay the bringing of anti-doping charges against certain athletes in 2012. On that basis, the Independent Commission suggested that it had 'identified systemic failures within the IAAF and Russia that prevent or diminish the possibility of an effective anti-doping program …'. These allegations of corruption by individuals formerly associated with the IAAF are truly abhorrent, and the IAAF cannot, and does not, seek to avoid or downplay them in any way. The IAAF wishes to salute the courage of the whistle-blowers (including its own staff members) who have helped to expose the wrongdoing described in the IC Report. It will do everything in its power to punish the wrongdoers and to reform its own systems to make sure that no one can ever again interfere improperly with its anti-doping procedures. However, the IAAF believes it is also important to point out that: ñ No doping case has been covered up by the IAAF. All cases that should have been pursued were pursued and all cases that should have been sanctioned were sanctioned in accordance with IAAF Rules and the World Anti-Doping Code. ñ The IAAF is aware of four cases where (as the Independent Commission suggests) there were unexplained and suspicious delays in the prescribed results management process.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Women with Smaller Breasts Perform Better in Long Distance Running?
    Do women with smaller breasts perform better in long distance running? Nicola Brown1 and Joanna Scurr2 1School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK T: +44(0)20 8240 4821 F: +44(0)20 8240 4212 E: [email protected] 2Research Group in Breast Health, University of Portsmouth, Cambridge Rd, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK. T: +44(0)23 9284 5161 E: [email protected] Corresponding author: Dr Nicola Brown Acknowledgments: This study was supported by funds received from St Mary’s University, Twickenham and the University of Portsmouth. We are grateful to the study volunteers for their participation. 1 Abstract Literature has established that a range of physiological, biomechanical and training variables influence marathon performance. The influence of anthropometric characteristics has also received attention. However, despite major marathons exceeding 40,000 participants and approximately a third of these runners being female, no data exist on the influence of the breast on running performance. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the impact of breast mass on marathon finish time. 168 of 321 female marathon runners contacted completed an on-line survey focusing on marathon performance during the 2012 London marathon. Participants were categorised as smaller (<500g, 54%) or larger breasted (>500 g, 46%). Regression analysis identified that 24% of marathon performance variance could be explained by BMI, but breast mass improved the model to explain 28% of performance variation. The model determined that for women with 32/34 or 36/38 underband, each increase in cup size equates to a performance decrement of 4.6 mins or 8.6 mins, equivalent to 34.4 minutes difference between a woman with 36A compared to 36DD breast size.
    [Show full text]
  • R Kevan Gosper AO
    R Kevan Gosper AO Kevan Gosper has an international reputation in sport and business. Born and schooled in Australia he is a graduate of Michigan State University (USA) with a Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree. He is the recipient of an Honorary DSc (Newcastle) and DAppSc (RMIT Melbourne) and an Honorary Professorship at the Renmin University of China. Kevan is an Olympic Silver and Commonwealth Gold and Bronze medallist. He was Captain of the 1958 Commonwealth Games team in Cardiff and the 1960 Olympic Games Athletics Team in Rome. He also captained the Athletics team at Michigan State University and was awarded the “Big Ten” Universities medal for sport and scholarship. He is a former Commonwealth Games and National record holder over 400 metres and National 400m Champion from 1956 through 1960. A member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 1977; he subsequently served as an EXecutive Board Member and Vice President for sixteen years (1986 – 2003) and was Chief of the IOC Press Commission for twenty five years (1989-2013). He is a former President of the Oceania National Olympic Committees (1989 – 2009), Honorary Chairman of the Oceania Australia Foundation since 2007, served as Deputy Chairman of the IOC Co-ordination Commission for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and was also a Vice President of the Organising Committee for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. He was Inaugural Chairman of the Australian Institute of Sport (1980-85), President of the Australian Olympic Committee (1985-1990) and continued to serve on its Executive Board until 2013, being awarded Life Membership for both entities.
    [Show full text]
  • Honolulu Marathon Media Guide 2019
    HONOLULU MARATHON MEDIA GUIDE 2019 © HONOLULU MARATHON 3435 Waialae Avenue, Suite 200 • Honolulu, HI 96816 USA • Phone: (808) 734-7200 • Fax: (808) 732-7057 E-mail: [email protected] • URL: www.honolulumarathon.org 2019 Honolulu Marathon Media Guide Media Information Media team Fredrik Bjurenvall 808 - 225 7599 [email protected] Denise Van Ryzin 808 - 258 2209 David Monti 917 - 385 2666 [email protected] Taylor Dutch 951-847 1289 [email protected] Media Center Online https://www.honolulumarathon.org/media-center Media office We are located in the Hawaii Convention Center, room 306 during race week (December 5-7). See Accreditation section for hours. On race day, Sunday December 8, we will be in the Press Tent next to the finish line in Kapiolani Park. Athlete Photo Call All elite athletes will convene for interviews and a photo call: Time: 1pm Friday December 6. Place: Outrigger Reef on the Beach Hotel – near lobby Live Race Day Coverage KITV – ABC TV affiliate: http://www.kitv.com The official marathon broadcast will feature Robert Kekaula, Toni Reavis and Todd Iacovelli in the studio with live broadcast units reporting from the course. Radio - KSSK 92.3 Hawaii : 5am – 7am (Direct Link to feed) Post Race Press Conference Immediately after the male winner finishes. Approx Time: 7:30am Convene at 7am just outside Press Tent. HONOLULU MARATHON page 2 of 13 2019 Honolulu Marathon Media Guide Champions Autograph Session Male and female champions will sign autographs for the general public on Monday December 9 Place: Hawaii Convention Center, by Certificate Pick Up Time: 9am, Monday, December 9 Accreditation All media are asked to pre register for accreditation online at: https://www.honolulumarathon.org/media-accreditation Accreditation of all press will take place at the Media office during normal expo hours: • Thursday, December 5, 9AM-6PM • Friday, December 6, 9AM-7PM • Saturday, December 7, 10AM-1PM For accreditation we require proof of affiliation and valid id.
    [Show full text]
  • Fight for a National Bank
    The New Citizen April 2004 Page 1 THE NEW CITIZEN ® Official Publication of the Citizens Electoral Council of Australia Web: http://www.cecaust.com.au Email: [email protected] Vol 5 No 5 April 2004 $5.00 (inc GST) Print Post: 30601/00002 On the eve of the Crash: Defeat the Synarchy— Fight for a National Bank he world is now on the and Mussolini, and fostering Tverge of a financial crash the wars of aggression that far greater than that of the led into World War II. In the 1930s Depression. When it United States, President hits, there will be only one Franklin Delano Roosevelt question on the table: who fought the financiers, whom will eat the hundreds of tril- he called the “economist lions of dollars of bad debt? royalists”. He rallied the Will it be the general popu- people and institutions of lation, through unimagina- the U.S. to put the Common ble cuts in their living stand- Good above the interests of ards, health care and educa- the financiers, and to build tion, or will it be the global their way out of the Depres- financial oligarchy, whose sion; he directed credit into policies have caused this huge infrastructure projects crash? Living standards like the Tennessee Valley Au- have already been slashed thority (TVA) and so created through “IMF conditionali- millions of jobs. ties”, economic rationalism Roosevelt’s policies did and globalisation; far, far not go unchallenged. He was worse is still to come if the almost assassinated before oligarchy succeeds. he even took office, and the In the 1920s and 1930s Synarchists of Wall St., such collapse, City of London and as the Morgans, the Mellons Wall St.
    [Show full text]
  • Bank of America Chicago Marathon 1 Sunday, October 13, 2019 Media Course Record Progressions
    Media Table of contents Media ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Media information ............................................................................................................................................................................4 Race week schedule of events ..................................................................................................................................................7 Quick facts ............................................................................................................................................................................................9 By the numbers ..................................................................................................................................................................................10 Top storylines ......................................................................................................................................................................................11 Bank of America Chicago Marathon prize purse ...........................................................................................................13 Time bonuses ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Participant demographics ............................................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]