Antarctica |Svalbard |Franz Josef Land
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Meddelelser120.Pdf (2.493Mb)
MEDDELELSER NR. 120 IAN GJERTZ & BERIT MØRKVED Environmental Studies from Franz Josef Land, with Emphasis on Tikhaia Bay, Hooker Island '-,.J��!c �"'oo..--------' MikhalSkakuj NORSK POLARINSTITUTT OSLO 1992 ISBN 82-7666-043-6 lan Gjertz and Berit Mørkved Printed J uly 1992 Norsk Polarinstitutt Cover picture: Postboks 158 Iceberg of Franz Josef Land N-1330 Oslo Lufthavn (Ian Gjertz) Norway INTRODUCTION The Russian high Arctic archipelago Franz Josef Land has long been closed to foreign scientists. The political changes which occurred in the former Soviet Union in the last part of the 1980s resulted in the opening of this area to foreigners. Director Gennady Matishov of Murmansk Marine Biological Institute deserves much of the credit for this. In 1990 an international cooperation was established between the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (MMBI); the Arctic Ecology Group of the Institute of Oceanology, Gdansk; and the Norwegian Polar Research Institute, Oslo. The purpose of this cooperation is to develope scientific cooperation in the Arctic thorugh joint expeditions, the establishment of a high Arctic scientific station, and the exchange of scientific information. So far the results of this cooperation are two scientific cruises with the RV "Pomor", a vessel belonging to the MMBI. The cruises have been named Sov Nor-Poll and Sov-Nor-Po12. A third cruise is planned for August-September 1992. In addition the MMBI has undertaken to establish a scientific station at Tikhaia Bay on Hooker Island. This is the site of a former Soviet meteorological base from 1929-1958, and some of the buildings are now being restored by MMBI. -
Statement by Denmark on Behalf of Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark
Statement by Denmark on behalf of Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark 75th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations Debate in the General Assembly Agenda item 74: Report of the International Court of Justice Delivered by: Counsellor Rasmus Jensen, Denmark New York 2 November 2020 Check against delivery E-mail: [email protected] http://fnnewyork.um.dk 1 M(r/s) Chair, I have the honour to speak on behalf of Finland, , Iceland, Norway, Sweden - and my own country - Denmark. The Nordic countries would like to thank the President of the International Court of Justice for his report on the Court’s work over the past year (A/75/4) and for his presentation today. The big amount of cases indicate the trust and confidence States place in the Court by referring disputes to it for resolution. The Nordic countries would in particular like to note the case filed by The Gambia against Myanmar regarding application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, where the Court indicated provisional measures on January 23rd. In addition to being important for the gravity of the issues The Gambia’s application seeks to address, the case is also an opportunity for the Court to develop its jurisprudence regarding obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes. All States parties share an interest in compliance with the obligations under the Genocide Convention by all States parties. We applaud the Court and its personnel for continuing to discharge its judicial functions as described by the President in his report, despite the difficult circumstances following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. -
The Antarctic Treaty System And
The Antarctic Treaty System and Law During the first half of the 20th century a series of territorial claims were made to parts of Antarctica, including New Zealand's claim to the Ross Dependency in 1923. These claims created significant international political tension over Antarctica which was compounded by military activities in the region by several nations during the Second World War. These tensions were eased by the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58, the first substantial multi-national programme of scientific research in Antarctica. The IGY was pivotal not only in recognising the scientific value of Antarctica, but also in promoting co- operation among nations active in the region. The outstanding success of the IGY led to a series of negotiations to find a solution to the political disputes surrounding the continent. The outcome to these negotiations was the Antarctic Treaty. The Antarctic Treaty The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve nations that had been active during the IGY (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR). It entered into force on 23 June 1961. The Treaty, which applies to all land and ice-shelves south of 60° South latitude, is remarkably short for an international agreement – just 14 articles long. The twelve nations that adopted the Treaty in 1959 recognised that "it is in the interests of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord". -
Studying Changes of Ice Coasts in the European Arctic
Geo-Mar Lett (2005) 25: 153–166 DOI 10.1007/s00367-004-0197-7 ORIGINAL Aleksey I. Sharov Studying changes of ice coasts in the European Arctic Received: 22 September 2003 / Accepted: 2 August 2004 / Published online: 18 December 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract The present extent of European ice coasts, their recently been receiving closer scientific attention since spatial changes in the past 50 years and the velocities of their dynamic environment and interesting natural scen- ice flow in marginal parts of tidewater glaciers were ery is proving highly sensitive to climatic changes determined and mapped at a regional scale using space- (Koryakin 1988; Hanson and Hooke 2000). Seaward ice borne image data, both optical and radar. The methods cliffs rising 2–50 m and sometimes even 100 m above sea of satellite photogrammetry and radar interferometry level stand at the forefront of glaciomarine interactions provided efficient solutions to the integral estimation of and represent a unique object for comprehensive envi- ice-coast dynamics in the Franz Josef Land, Novaya ronmental research at the ‘‘cutting edge’’ of several sci- Zemlya and Svalbard archipelagos. Studies revealed entific disciplines such as oceanography, glaciology and significant degradation of the ice coasts (À7.7% by coastal geomorphology. Paleogeographers consider the length) compared to the situation represented in the present glaciomarine settings along ice cliffs as being available maps. The results obtained in the laboratory analogous to those in the Ice Age and find them useful for were verified during several field campaigns. retrospective reconstructions (Korsun and Hald 1998). Glacier ice is destroyed relatively fast, even in cold water, and ice shores are thus among the most varied elements of the arctic coastline. -
Eddy-Driven Recirculation of Atlantic Water in Fram Strait
PUBLICATIONS Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Eddy-driven recirculation of Atlantic Water in Fram Strait 10.1002/2016GL068323 Tore Hattermann1,2, Pål Erik Isachsen3,4, Wilken-Jon von Appen2, Jon Albretsen5, and Arild Sundfjord6 Key Points: 1Akvaplan-niva AS, High North Research Centre, Tromsø, Norway, 2Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and • fl Seasonally varying eddy-mean ow 3 4 interaction controls recirculation of Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, Institute of Geosciences, 5 6 Atlantic Water in Fram Strait University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Institute for Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway • The bulk recirculation occurs in a cyclonic gyre around the Molloy Hole at 80 degrees north Abstract Eddy-resolving regional ocean model results in conjunction with synthetic float trajectories and • A colder westward current south of observations provide new insights into the recirculation of the Atlantic Water (AW) in Fram Strait that 79 degrees north relates to the Greenland Sea Gyre, not removing significantly impacts the redistribution of oceanic heat between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic Water from the slope current simulations confirm the existence of a cyclonic gyre around the Molloy Hole near 80°N, suggesting that most of the AW within the West Spitsbergen Current recirculates there, while colder AW recirculates in a Supporting Information: westward mean flow south of 79°N that primarily relates to the eastern rim of the Greenland Sea Gyre. The • Supporting Information S1 fraction of waters recirculating in the northern branch roughly doubles during winter, coinciding with a • Movie S1 seasonal increase of eddy activity along the Yermak Plateau slope that also facilitates subduction of AW Correspondence to: beneath the ice edge in this area. -
Polartrec Teacher Joins Hunt for Old Ice in Antarctica
NEWSLETTER OF THE NATIONAL ICE CORE LABORATORY — SCIENCE MANAGEMENT OFFICE Vol. 5 Issue 1 • SPRING 2010 PolarTREC Teacher Joins Hunt for Old Eric Cravens: Ice in Antarctica Farewell & By Jacquelyn (Jackie) Hams, PolarTREC Teacher Thanks! Courtesy: PolarTREC ... page 2 WAIS Divide Ice Core Images Now Available from AGDC ... page 3 WAIS Divide Ice Dave Marchant and Jackie Hams Core Update Photo: PolarTREC ... page 3 WHEN I APPLIED to the PolarTREC I actually left for Antarctica. I was originally program (http://www.polartrec.com/), I was selected by the CReSIS (Center for Remote asked where I would prefer to go given the Sensing of Ice Sheets) project, which has options of the Arctic, Antarctica, or either. I headquarters at the University of Kansas. I checked the Antarctica box only, despite the met and spent a few days visiting the team at Drilling for Old Ice fact that I may have decreased my chances of the University of Kansas and had dinner at the being selected. Antarctica was my preference Principal Investigator’s home with other team ... page 5 for many reasons. As a teacher I felt that members. We were all pleased with the match Antarctica represented the last frontier to study and looked forward to working together. the geologic history of the planet because the continent is uninhabited, not polluted, and In the late summer of 2008, I was informed that NEEM Reaches restricted to pure research. Over the last few the project was cancelled and that I would be Eemian and years I have noticed that my students were assigned to another research team. -
The South Polar Race Medal
The South Polar Race Medal Created by Danuta Solowiej The way to the South Pole / Sydpolen. Roald Amundsen’s track is in Red and Captain Scott’s track is in Green. The South Polar Race Medal Roald Amundsen and his team reaching the Sydpolen on 14 Desember 1911. (Obverse) Captain R. F. Scott, RN and his team reaching the South Pole on 17 January 1912. (Reverse) Created by Danuta Solowiej Published by Sim Comfort Associates 29 March 2012 Background The 100th anniversary of man’s first attainment of the South Pole recalls a story of two iron-willed explorers committed to their final race for the ultimate prize, which resulted in both triumph and tragedy. In July 1895, the International Geographical Congress met in Lon- don and opened Antarctica’s portal by deciding that the southern- most continent would become the primary focus of new explora- tion. Indeed, Antarctica is the only such land mass in our world where man has ventured and not found man. Up until that time, no one had explored the hinterland of the frozen continent, and even the vast majority of its coastline was still unknown. The meet- ing touched off a flurry of activity, and soon thereafter national expeditions and private ventures started organizing: the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration had begun, and the attainment of the South Pole became the pinnacle of that age. Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (1872-1928) nurtured at an early age a strong desire to be an explorer in his snowy Norwegian surroundings, and later sailed on an Arctic sealing voyage. -
The Jackson-Harmsworth North Polar Expedition
The Jackson-Harmsworth North Polar Expedition: An Account of Its First Winter and of Some Discoveries in Franz Josef Land Author(s): Arthur Montefiore Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6 (Dec., 1895), pp. 499-519 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774008 Accessed: 26-06-2016 20:45 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 129.219.247.33 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 20:45:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE JACESON--HARMSWORTH NORTH POL AR EXPEDITION. 499 session, after their adventurous journey in Tibet. We also anticipate the reception of several important papers of a more specially scientific character and the afternoon meetings in the Society's map-room, which were commenced in the last session, will bei continued. As President of the International Geographical Congress, it has becotne my duty, in compliance with the terms of a resolution, to re- present the importance of Antarctic exploration to the First Lord of the Admiralty. -
BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS from POLAR and SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W
BOLD ENDEAVORS: BEHAVIORAL LESSONS FROM POLAR AND SPACE EXPLORATION Jack W. Stuster Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Santa Barbara, CA ABSTRACT Material in this article was drawn from several chapters of the author’s book, Bold Endeavors: Lessons from Polar and Space Anecdotal comparisons frequently are made between Exploration. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1996). expeditions of the past and space missions of the future. the crew gradually became afflicted with a strange and persistent Spacecraft are far more complex than sailing ships, but melancholy. As the weeks blended one into another, the from a psychological perspective, the differences are few condition deepened into depression and then despair. between confinement in a small wooden ship locked in the Eventually, crew members lost almost all motivation and found polar ice cap and confinement in a small high-technology it difficult to concentrate or even to eat. One man weakened and ship hurtling through interplanetary space. This paper died of a heart ailment that Cook believed was caused, at least in discusses some of the behavioral lessons that can be part, by his terror of the darkness. Another crewman became learned from previous expeditions and applied to facilitate obsessed with the notion that others intended to kill him; when human adjustment and performance during future space he slept, he squeezed himself into a small recess in the ship so expeditions of long duration. that he could not easily be found. Yet another man succumbed to hysteria that rendered him temporarily deaf and unable to speak. Additional members of the crew were disturbed in other ways. -
Shadwick, E. H., Et Al. Seasonal Variability of the Inorganic Carbon
Limnol. Oceanogr., 56(1), 2011, 303–322 E 2011, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0303 Seasonal variability of the inorganic carbon system in the Amundsen Gulf region of the southeastern Beaufort Sea E. H. Shadwick,a,* H. Thomas,a M. Chierici,b B. Else,c A. Fransson,d C. Michel,e L. A. Miller,f A. Mucci,g A. Niemi,e T. N. Papakyriakou,c and J.-E´ . Tremblayh a Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Go¨teborg, Sweden c Center for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada dDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Go¨teborg, Sweden e Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada f Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada g Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Que´bec, Canada hDepartment de Biologie, Universite´ Laval, Que´bec, Que´bec, Canada Abstract During a year-round occupation of Amundsen Gulf in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago dissolved inorganic and organic carbon (DIC, DOC), total alkalinity (TA), partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and related parameters were measured over a full annual cycle. A two-box model was used to identify and assess physical, biological, and chemical processes responsible for the seasonal variability of DIC, DOC, TA, and pCO2. Surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 throughout the year and constituted a net sink of 22 21 1.2 mol C m yr , with ice coverage and ice formation limiting the CO2 uptake during winter. -
Supplementary File For: Blix A.S. 2016. on Roald Amundsen's Scientific Achievements. Polar Research 35. Correspondence: AAB Bu
Supplementary file for: Blix A.S. 2016. On Roald Amundsen’s scientific achievements. Polar Research 35. Correspondence: AAB Building, Institute of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Selected publications from the Gjøa expedition not cited in the text Geelmuyden H. 1932. Astronomy. The scientific results of the Norwegian Arctic expedition in the Gjøa 1903-1906. Geofysiske Publikasjoner 6(2), 23-27. Graarud A. 1932. Meteorology. The scientific results of the Norwegian Arctic expedition in the Gjøa 1903-1906. Geofysiske Publikasjoner 6(3), 31-131. Graarud A. & Russeltvedt N. 1926. Die Erdmagnetischen Beobachtungen der Gjöa-Expedition 1903- 1906. (Geomagnetic observations of the Gjøa expedition, 1903-06.) The scientific results of the Norwegian Arctic expedition in the Gjøa 1903-1906. Geofysiske Publikasjoner 3(8), 3-14. Holtedahl O. 1912. On some Ordovician fossils from Boothia Felix and King William Land, collected during the Norwegian expedition of the Gjøa, Captain Amundsen, through the North- west Passage. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter 1, Matematisk–Naturvidenskabelig Klasse 9. Kristiania (Oslo): Jacob Dybwad. Lind J. 1910. Fungi (Micromycetes) collected in Arctic North America (King William Land, King Point and Herschell Isl.) by the Gjöa expedition under Captain Roald Amundsen 1904-1906. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter 1. Mathematisk–Naturvidenskabelig Klasse 9. Christiania (Oslo): Jacob Dybwad. Lynge B. 1921. Lichens from the Gjøa expedition. Videnskabs-Selskabets Skrifter 1. Mathematisk– Naturvidenskabelig Klasse 15. Christiania (Oslo): Jacob Dybwad. Ostenfeld C.H. 1910. Vascular plants collected in Arctic North America (King William Land, King Point and Herschell Isl.) by the Gjöa expedition under Captain Roald Amundsen 1904-1906. -
Representations of Antarctic Exploration by Lesser Known Heroic Era Photographers
Filtering ‘ways of seeing’ through their lenses: representations of Antarctic exploration by lesser known Heroic Era photographers. Patricia Margaret Millar B.A. (1972), B.Ed. (Hons) (1999), Ph.D. (Ed.) (2005), B.Ant.Stud. (Hons) (2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science – Social Sciences. University of Tasmania 2013 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ………………………………….. ………………….. Patricia Margaret Millar Date ii Abstract Photographers made a major contribution to the recording of the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration. By far the best known photographers were the professionals, Herbert Ponting and Frank Hurley, hired to photograph British and Australasian expeditions. But a great number of photographs were also taken on Belgian, German, Swedish, French, Norwegian and Japanese expeditions. These were taken by amateurs, sometimes designated official photographers, often scientists recording their research. Apart from a few Pole-reaching images from the Norwegian expedition, these lesser known expedition photographers and their work seldom feature in the scholarly literature on the Heroic Era, but they, too, have their importance. They played a vital role in the growing understanding and advancement of Antarctic science; they provided visual evidence of their nation’s determination to penetrate the polar unknown; and they played a formative role in public perceptions of Antarctic geopolitics.