e-ISSN: 2502-5783 p-ISSN:1412-9418 Humanika Vol. 27 no 1 Copyright @2020 Available online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika

KRONIK FILMEDIA’S RECEPTION TOWARDS FLORIAN GALLENBERGER’S COLONIA

Muhammad Luthfan Hanifi1, Redyanto Noor2 Literature Department, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia12

[email protected]*, [email protected]

Abstract

This paper analyzes the audience’s reception of Colonia, a 2016 film by Florian Gallenberger. As a popular work, Colonia is a docudrama film that presents historical events happened in Chile during the coup of General Augusto Pinochet in 1973. The problems analyzed in this article are the reception process of respondents and the quality of Colonia as popular films. The film is chosen for the study as it received five nominations from German Film Awards 2016 and won Bavarian Film Awards 2016 for Best Production category, but it only has a rating of 26% from 47 reviews by Rotten Tomatoes. The respondents involved in this study are members of Kronik Filmedia of Diponegoro University. Kronik Filmedia is the university film club that focuses on producing short films and appreciating films by conducting film discussions. The purpose of the study is to describe the reception processes of respondents who are affected by their horizon of expectations and to prove that not all of popular works are low literature. The theory used in this paper is the Aesthetic of Reception theory by Hans Robert Jauss. The main concept of this theory is horizon of expectations. Horizon of expectations is a reader’s preferences from the previous experiences or readings. For the methodology, this paper uses qualitative research and focus group discussion as the data collecting method. Focus group discussion is a gathering data method by means of interviewing respondents in a forum consisted of five to eight people. Focus group discussion is an effective method to observe a social phenomenon or a case study. The data obtained is then analyzed as texts to draw a conclusion. The research involves eight members of Kronik Filmedia as respondents. The results of the research show the reception of Kronik Filmedia as Colonia can satisfy and even surpass seven out of eight respondents’ horizon of expectations as the film goes to be more ‘interesting’ and ‘thrilling’. All respondents also view that Colonia is worth to be studied and discussed as those of high literature.

Keywords: Reception; Film; Docudrama; Audiences

Introduction Totawad Nagnath Ramrao (Ramrao, 2016) mentioned in his journal that “film is Along with the development of technology, considered as a branch of literature” (p. film has become one of the most popular 151). Film shares many similar elements works among the society. Almost every city with drama. in the world has theaters or cinemas. Film Film as a literary work is interesting has become more popular because they for literary experts and academics to make are produced in large quantities and it an object of research. Almost every time distributed globally. This makes the film as a new film is released, academics and one part of popular literary works. Dr. literary experts will make it as the object of

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e-ISSN: 2502-5783 p-ISSN:1412-9418 Humanika Vol. 27 no 1 Copyright @2020 Available online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika their researches. Even so, there are many audience is an important factor to decide people who view films as popular literary whether a work can be accepted or not by works think that film is less serious as an the audience. Of course, works that can object of a study. Many people belittle meet the horizon of expectations of the popular literary works and underestimate reader or the audience can be accepted by the function of popular literary works the society (Jauss, 1982). because they think that popular literature Every reader or audience of a work is not aesthetic. cannot be separated from their horizon of Those who belittle popular works expectations. Work that approaches the ignore that popular works are part of horizon of expectations of the reader or popular culture. Guerin (Guerin, 2019) audience will certainly be well received. explains this view as “the cinema is often This relates to the history or knowledge of considered the bastard child of other arts the reader or audience with the work they and visual media” (p. 107). Popular works have just received (Jauss, 1982). There is like films may influence the audience and one formula that is quite popular among directly or indirectly give birth to new readers or audience which is docudrama habits in popular culture. These works can films or films that are based on true stories. create new or shift the existing patterns in For example, Habibie Ainun (2012), Rudy a society. In relation with this, Civelek Habibie (2016), and Soe Hok Gie (2005) are (Civelek, 2012) in his thesis Food in Film: A very popular in Indonesia. Study on Audience Reception explains his The film that will be the object of findings: study in this research is Colonia (2015). This film is one of many films that use the “Nevertheless, though they docudrama formula. The film is based on a [participants] refer to different true story and set on a coup attempt in films, different film scenes, whilst Chile against General Augusto Pinochet in narrating the meanings they 1973. However, the film is underrated as it assigned and poached within these only has a rating of 26% from 47 reviews by scenes, in their particular stories a Rotten Tomatoes. In the other hand, the shared aspect and emphasis come film won Bavarian Film Awards 2016 as into prominence, which is – self- Best Production film and received five formation and stylization of life” (p. nominations from German Film Awards 81). 2016. In this study, Colonia will not be In other words, popular works are studied using an objective approach but not just works which functions as pragmatic approach. This research will use entertainment and do not contain values Hans Robert Jauss's literary reception other than pleasure. theory which is the aesthetics of reception Although considered as low to study the audience reception of the film. literature, more or less popular works have Respondents involved in this study their own beauty and have value that they are members of Kronik Filmedia of convey to the audience. Since many Diponegoro University. Kronik Filmedia is studies of popular works only focus on the the university film club for students. Kronik work itself, there is not much research that Filmedia also the oldest film club emphasizes on the readers. The registered in Semarang, Indonesia. They relationship between the work and the focus their activity on producing short film or appreciating film. The members of

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Kronik Filmedia are active in attending a was caused by “latar belakang sosial- film discussion or even conducting one. budaya informan yang berbeda-beda” (p. Some members even have experience in 34) or the differences in socio-cultural making a documentary film or conducting background of the informants. Different a documentary seminar. Viewing their theories will produce different data. In experiences in film activities, Kronik contrast to Yushar's research, to determine Filmedia members prove as competent the position of the audience, Fathurizki and candidates to participate in the study. Malau uses Stuart Hall's theory of three While there are not many studies reading positions instead of encoding and on docudrama film, previous study on decoding. documentary film had been conducted by The problem that will be studied in Nur Inayah Yushar (Yushar, 2016) in her this research is how the horizon of thesis entitled Resepsi Mahasiswa UIN expectations of an audience affects the Alaudin Makassa Terhadap Film reception experience in watching or Dokumenter Sicko. Yushar uses Stuart enjoying a work. The next problem is how Hall's reception theory, namely encoding the audience interprets a popular work and decoding, and the focus group that is often seen as low literature. Based discussion method as a data collection on the problems above, the purpose of this method in her thesis. Data variation occurs research is to describe the audiences’ according to Yushar because it is reception experience of Colonia. influenced by one’s interpretative ability as Furthermore, this research is also intended she stated in her thesis: to prove that not all popular works are easy and meaningless. “Dua informan yang memiliki Theoretically, this research can give perhatian pada satu adegan yang new insights in the application of literary sama menginterpretasi film secara reception theory. This research is expected berbeda. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh to help other researchers who try to apply daya interpretasi … Informan reception theory in their research. As for dengan latar belakang keilmuan the practical benefits, this research yang berbeda secara otomatis attempts to answer the accusation that memiliki daya interpretatif yang popular works are works that can be berbeda pula” (p. 87). enjoyed without deeper thoughts. On the other hand, the horizon of This study uses Hans Robert Jauss's expectations or can be called the reception aesthetic theory so that the preferences of previous experiences research conducted becomes more becomes the main variable in this study to focused and specific. While the method to determine the position of the audience in be used is a qualitative research method perceiving a work. Few differences can be based on John W. Creswell's research found in Fathurizki and Malau's study design in his book, Research Design: which shows that socio-cultural Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed backgrounds become the main variable of Methods Approaches (Creswell, 2014). As their study. Fathurizki and Malau for the data collection method, this study (Fathurizki & Malau, 2018) stated that the will use focus group discussions. difference in the position of the audience Literary works require the role of the society in its development. A good

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e-ISSN: 2502-5783 p-ISSN:1412-9418 Humanika Vol. 27 no 1 Copyright @2020 Available online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika society is a society that respects and loves The reception of the reader or art. Works such as novels and poetry audience is greatly influenced by the depend on sales. Works such as drama and horizon of expectations. The horizon of film depend on the audience to survive. expectations is a collection of readers or The social structure’s role is to affirm the audiences' experiences of the previous aesthetic aspects of works so they can be works they have encountered. The appreciated. society’s acceptance of a work is It is very clear that the society must influenced by things that have been be involved in the development of literary revealed by Jauss above. This is important works. When literary works are presented because each reader has a different to the society and well appreciated, surely horizon of expectations. the literary works can develop and survive. From the explanation presented It is different when a literary work is above, the approach that will be used in offered to people who do not have this research is the sociology of literature appreciation and love for literary works, approach. The sociology of the reader is then the work will not develop and the most ideal concept in sociology of gradually lose its existence. literature to be applied in this research. From the descriptions above, the Using this approach, the reception of the reception theory is a theory that can be reader will be assessed from his or her used in this research. Reception theory social background. Grundstorm emphasizes the attention on the reception (Grundström, 2018) stated that “empirical of the reader or audience. Jauss (Jauss, analysis of cinema originates from 1982) in Toward an Aesthetic of Reception sociology” (p. 8). The sociology of the reveals: reader focuses on the relationship between the work and its reader. The “The new text evokes for the scope of this approach covers the impact of reader (listener) the horizon of a literary work and its acceptance based on expectations and rules familiar a social conditions. from earlier texts, which are then The results of this research are varied, corrected, altered, or even expected to be able to explain how the just reproduced. Variation and horizon of expectations of the reader or correction determine the scope, audience that influences the experience of whereas alteration and perceiving a work. The negotiations reproduction determine the between the audience and the work borders of a genre-structure. The happen in the horizon of expectations interpretative reception of a text which is an accumulation of previous always presupposes the context of experiences and social knowledge. experience of aesthetic perception: Negotiations can result in reception of a the question of the subjectivity of work or rejection of a work by the audience. the interpretation and of the taste In addition, the results of this research can of different readers or levels of show that popular works are worthy to be readers can be asked meaningfully discussed in educational forums and not only when one has first clarified just lower-class literature. which transsubjective horizon of understanding conditions the influence of the text” (p. 23).

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Research Method consensual, so that it can be considered to represent the group’s opinions. In The research method used in this research qualitative research methods, the data is is a qualitative research method using considered as text so that it can be focus group discussions as data collection analyzed for meaning and conclusions can method. Qualitative research is considered be drawn from the analysis. more suitable for this research. Creswell (Creswell, 2014) in Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches explained that Results and Discussion “qualitative research is an approach for Synopsis of Florian Gallenberger’s Colonia exploring and understanding the meaning of individuals or groups ascribe to a social Daniel (Daniel Bruhl) was an international or human problem” (p. 2). Qualitative journalist who supported the revolution in research is more appropriate to be used in Chile and Lena (Emma Watson) was a flight a research that seeks to understand or attendant. They are lovers. The conflict examine the understanding of an began with the arrest of supporters of the individual or a group of social phenomena. revolution made by Augusto Pinochet's The data examined in this study army. Daniel and Lena were involved in the was the process of audience reception in riots, but Daniel was caught while he was interpreting Colonia (2015). To obtain this secretly trying to take pictures of data, a focus group discussion was Pinochet's atrocities. Daniel was then conducted. The film was screened to taken to Colonia Dignidad, a camp of students who are members of the Kronik extreme religious sects led by Paul Schafer Filmedia of Diponegoro University. The (Michael Nyqvist). Kronik Filmedia is a film club for students Lena followed Daniel to Colonia who are interested in both the production Dignidad and pretended to join for of short films and film appreciation at religious reasons. Lena then found that Diponegoro University. After the Paul Schafer's doctrines were heresies. The respondents' watched Colonia, an followers were forbidden to marry. Men interview was conducted in the focus and women were separated. Paul Schafer group discussion format. The discussion himself turned out to be a pedophile and involved eight students of Filmedia Kronik homosexual. Children in Colonia had to members and took place at the Kronik serve the lust of Paul Schafer. Women had Filmedia’s secretariat on December 15, to work in the fields with unreasonable 2019. working hours, while men only prayed and One of the advantages of focus did easy works. group discussion is the data obtained are With her intelligence, Lena not too personal. Second, the questions managed to find Daniel, who pretended to asked are open-ended questions and do be an idiot after being tortured by not limit the opinions of the respondents. Pinochet's army. The two then made a plan Using focus group discussion, the data to escape from Colonia before Daniel was gained are expected to be able to targeted as a biological weapons represent each respondent and be experiment. After the two escaped, Daniel and Lena asked for protection from the

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German embassy, which was their Grant (Grant, 2007) stated that “nearly all nationality, in Chile. Unfortunately the Hollywood films were hybrids insofar as embassy was also the accomplice of they were tended to combine one type of Pinochet and Paul Schafer. Lena then generic plot - a romance - with others” (p. called her partner who is a pilot to help 23). Romance is the most often genre Daniel and Lena getting out of Chile combined with other genres. On the other (Gallenberger, 2015). hand, the thriller is a sub-genre that often colors the main genres. Colonia took up religious theme or Kronik Filmedia Diponegoro University rather heretical or extreme religious sect. Reception of Colonia The issues presented are also very diverse. Colonia is a film by Florian Gallenberger Some of the issues presented in this film which is a romance-thriller genre with a include pedophilia, homosexual, historical background of the coup attempt patriarchal system, women exploitation, against Augusto Pinochet in 1973. Roman- politic, and heresy. thriller genre is a genre that is rarely used There are some important points in popular literary works. The formula used from focus group discussions related to the in this film is docudrama, a formula that reception of Colonia. First, the documents historical events then presents expectations of most respondents are low them as drama. at the beginning of the film. This is because Docudrama according to Hoffer the sequence or plot using in Colonia is and Nelson (Hoffer & Nelson, 1978) in their considered too long from the introduction article "Docudrama on American to the conflict. In film, this terms better Televisions" is: known as a slow pace or tempo. One respondent, AF, thought that Colonia was “While the documentary per se is in “film sejarah yang membosankan, tapi many ways subjective, it still akhirnya menjadi menarik dan depicts individuals and events as menegangkan” (AF, 2019). As said by AF, they actually occured in real, non- the film feels too slow at the beginning but mediated time and space. The then becoming more interesting and docudrama, on the other hand, intense. Films with slow tempo like Colonia may provide realism, but the do tend to feel boring at the beginning of events portrayed are recreated and the film. restructured” (p. 21). Colonia has a unique tempo, which feels slow at the beginning but then it gets Docudrama film is slightly different faster as it goes to resolution. The from the documentary film because what experience of watching Colonia is like it is shown has been restructured or riding a roller coaster, going slowly at the arranged in such a way as a drama film by start and slowly climbing to the peak then adding or removing certain parts of the glide quickly toward resolution. This is such original story to make it more interesting a tempo that found generally on thriller to watch. films. James Mangold's Identity (2003), for As a romance-thriller genre, example, is a thriller that also has a slow Colonia combines two different genres tempo in the beginning and a fast pace in that are very contradictory. This is the end like Colonia. The problem is, not all common in the film industry. Barry Keith audiences like the slow tempo at the

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beginning of films like some respondents Another reason is the title itself. of Colonia. Some audiences will feel bored Most respondents even think that Colonia because the information presented is is a film about colonial era or colonialism limited at the beginning. Yet what is based on the title. AQ for example, one of presented at the end of the film is very the respondents who thought this film was interesting. “film tentang kolonial Belanda ... film Most of the respondents begin to Indonesia jaman dulu. Ternyata film baru be interested when the film began to enter dan masih oke” (AQ, 2019). This is caused the conflict phase. Films that use tempo by the respondent's understanding of like Colonia have the risk of not being well English. In English, Colony means a country received in the community. All or area under a full or partial political respondents agreed that the tempo of control of another country. On the other Colonia takes too much time from hand, the colony meant by the title of the introduction to arrive at the conflict with film is a location or rather a community in too little information. NA for example, said Chile named Colonia Dignidad. that “awalnya tidak minat sama sekali, Interestingly, the low expectations mau saya tinggal, terus ada adegan yang of respondents changed as Colonia kompleks yang membuat saya lanjut progressed. This is where the reception nonton” (NA, 2019). As well as NA, AF also process takes place where a dialogue said that an interesting part of this film was happens between the horizon of when it began to enter into conflict (AF, expectations of the respondents and what 2019). is offered by the film. In the end, the Some other reasons that led respondents can accept Colonia with respondents to not expect much in the film better meaning. LF for example, one were the setting or background of the film respondent who was not into a historical or which was taken in the 1970s. To adjust the war films said that the film was “akhirnya actual background of the event, the color bagus, makin menarik dan menarik” (LF, composition displayed on the film must 2019). Whereas AD, another respondent give a classic impression. NA, one of the who is in the same page with LF, said that respondents said “saya kira akan he had thought that this film “roman-nya membosankan, saya tidak tertarik dengan lebih banyak, ternyata thrillernya yang film perang dengan look jadul” (NA, 2019). banyak dan saya suka” (AD, 2019). The NA said that he thought the film will be interests of the respondents grow more boring to watch because of its classic look. and more as the film goes. The background of a film is an important Of course in an open discussion like element, especially for docudrama films or this, not all respondents have the same historical films. Social background and opinions. This is because each respondent historical conditions must be appropriate has differences in their watching and consistent in a film. All scenes and experience. One respondent, TM, has a interactions in the film must logically different opinion from other respondents. follow the background of the film. As According to him, Colonia failed to live up stated above by the respondent, there are to his expectations because there were indeed some people who do not like films historical restrictions. Despite that, TM with historical background. knew that the docudrama film is supposed to be within historical boundaries. Another

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e-ISSN: 2502-5783 p-ISSN:1412-9418 Humanika Vol. 27 no 1 Copyright @2020 Available online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika point is the lack of the thriller element Colonia and Augusto Pinochet. Coppola shown in Colonia (TM, 2019). Whereas LF (Coppola, 2019) stated in his article that added that Colonia was less able to fulfill “films are often considered political when his expectations, because the ending of they narrativize social struggle, allegorize this film made him feel as this film had not the inner workings of government, or been completed due to the lack of explicitly take public policy as their depiction of what happened after the two subjects” (p. 105). For a film with romance main characters managed to escape (LF, thriller genre, the issues raised are more 2019). complex than usual thriller films. So for Based on the results of the some respondents, the thriller element of discussion, the respondents were able to Colonia is less prominent. recognize the issues raised in this film well. TM, one of the respondents All respondents agreed that the main issue mentioned that “pemain antagonisnya in this film was about heretical religious kurang diekspos, sehingga tidak simpati sect. As stated by NA (2019), “isu yang atau peduli dengan tokoh utama ... kalau paling menonjol adalah isu tentang agama, untuk drama oke, tapi thrillernya kurang” sekte keagamaan”. According to him, (TM, 2019). A thriller is always represented throughout the film was played, the issue by antagonist that intimidates the was continuously highlighted. For example, audience. This occurs because of the lack the followers in Colonia considered Pius to of motivation pinned on the character of be a messenger of God. Then they Pius. Orson Scott Card (Card, 1988) in his worshipped him like he was perfect and book Characters and Viewpoint, said that always right. Gender issues are also "a character is what he does, yes - but even strongly embedded in this film. Women more, a character is what he means to do" were pushed to work with unreasonable (p. 6). Pius' figure is considered as failure in working hours. If there were women who playing his role as an antagonist due to the had affair with men, then the woman was lack of understanding of the audience of considered like a prostitute and the way to the motivation behind Pius' actions. cleanse the woman's sin was by torturing Although the lack of thriller her. It is clear how men were considered elements felt by some respondents, it does superior to women in this film. Women not mean that the respondents cannot be representation on film explained by emotionally involved. Some respondents Kunsey (Kunsey, 2019) as “increased felt emotionally involved and worried numbers of women in the film industry about the fate of the two main may facilitate coalition, but sheer numbers protagonists in this film. For example, NA do not guarantee equal on-screen who said that he was emotionally involved representation, as women are not (NA, 2019) or AF that was carried a little guaranteed to represent other women in emotionally (AF, 2019). This indicates that gender issues” (p. 30). with the lack of thriller elements, Colonia is The issue of sexual harassment and still able to attract the sympathy of some abuse is also an issue highlighted in Colonia, viewers to get involved in the story. With a which shows how Pius harassed several little extra thriller element, maybe this film boys in turn. Some other issues are political can be appreciated even better. issues related to biological weapon experiments, war crimes, and collusion What is interesting about Colonia is between several parties who support the ability to attract the emotions of the

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audience to be involved with the fate of main characters and Ursel tried to get out the protagonists. According to Orson Scott of the camp, along with a heart-beating Card (Card, 1988), the element of suspense music made the respondents also furious. plays an important role in attracting the In this climax of the film, the three of them emotions of the audience. Card stated that are brought into obstacles that continue to “we may be drawn into the story, curious emerge. This was also expressed by AF, to learn more, yet we will also feel a tingle “adegan yang paling berkesan ketika of suspense, that tension that comes from melewati terowongan air kemudian Ursel the earliest stages of fear, the uncertainty tersangkut” (AF, 2019). For AF, the most of not knowing what this person will do, impressive scene is when Ursel get stuck at not knowing if we're in danger or not” (p. the gate of the flooded underground 8). Curiosity and the uncertainty of the tunnel. These dramatic scenes become protagonist's fate made the audience memorable for the audience as Benedikt emotionally involved after being Till (Till et al., 2011) stated that “emotion confronted with the tensions displayed in media processes and effects that earlier. Respondents’ emotions towards certainly deserve more attention is the the film can also be raised by issues impact film dramas can have on their presented in the film. Perdana (Perdana, viewers” (p. 149). 2020) in his study stated that the Different to the previous audiences’ emotions can be ignited if “the respondents, for LF the most memorable film is directly related to political views, scenes in Colonia are the scenes that show ideology, culture, and interests of audience” the power of Pius. Pius who held absolute (p. 87). power in the colony was able to do In Colonia, there are some anything to the members of the colony. As impressive scenes according to the an example, when he beat Gisela who was respondents. As mentioned by AR, the guardian of the women in the colony. according to him one of the impressive He also has the right to punish members scenes was when Ursel dies. When the two that he thought have done wrong. These main characters in Colonia tried to escape scenes made the respondent want to feel from Colonia camp, they asked Ursel to having the same power as Pius. LF said come along. When they made it out of the “Seandainya saya sebagai Pius saya akan electric fence around the camp, Ursel melakukan hal yang sama” (LF, 2019). accidentally stepped on a mine and was Other respondents argued that Colonia killed. Before she was killed, she thanks the could not present memorable scenes. The protagonists for being able to take her out multiple genres taken in the film actually of Colonia. At least she died as a free made the scenes feel less deep. This was as woman, AR said “Yang berkesan adalah expressed by TM, ZE, and AD (2019). paling tidak dia mati dalam keadaan merdeka, tidak mati di dalam koloni The results of the discussion tersebut” (AR, 2019). Another opinion was showed that seven of the eight expressed by NA. According to him, the respondents involved with this discussion most impressive scene is when the agreed that Colonia was worth to watch protagonists escaped, as he said “adegan and to recommend to others, while one yang paling berkesan itu ketika mereka respondent felt that this film was not lolos” (NA, 2019). The scene when the two worth to recommend to others. This

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e-ISSN: 2502-5783 p-ISSN:1412-9418 Humanika Vol. 27 no 1 Copyright @2020 Available online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika difference in acceptance occurred because discuss in educational forums. Films that the film was unable to negotiate the use the docudrama formula try to present horizon of the expectations of one historical events in a structured frame, so respondent who did have a lot of docudrama films have the potential as experience in watching films with the literary works that are worth to watch. thriller sub-genre. Colonia as part of a popular literary work Overall this film has several with the docudrama formula and roman- strengths according to respondents. Two thriller genre raises many issues and main characters who perform the role well historical data that need to be discussed become one of the strength of this film. and interpreted further. Colonia can be an The story filled with puzzles and example that a popular literary work is unpredictable events is also able to make worth to discuss since the issues presented respondents curious and get involved are taken from true stories. emotionally. The romance of the film is In this study there are several also the strength to attract audiences who problems encountered due to the limited like romance film. Although there are still time and also the lack of author's some weaknesses, such as the lack of experience in field research. This study thriller elements and the information only involved eight respondents where the presented, but this film can still be well number is too little for the author. It is received and recommended to others. recommended that similar research is able to attract more respondents in a longer time span. The next problem is the lack of Conclusions similar research. This happens because most studies only examine the work as the The results of this study indicate that the research object. The next suggestion is that reception of Colonia itself depends on the it would be better if there are more similar reception of its audiences. The audiences’ studies involving audiences or readers. reception is strongly influenced by their These studies have the potential to provide horizon of expectations. Seven out of eight references for authors or filmmakers in respondents involved in the focus group creating a work since a work without a discussion were able to receive Colonia reader is just a cultural artifact. In addition, well despite of the weaknesses of the film. it will also increase the references for On the other hand, one respondent was researchers and academics. less able to accept this film well. The differences in horizon of expectations between one respondent and another References respondent play an important role in the differences in reception of each Card, O. S. (1988). Characters and respondent. In this horizon of expectations, Viewpoint. Cincinnati: Writer’s Digest negotiations take place between the Books. audience and the work being watched based on previous experiences. Civelek, E. S. (2012). Food in Film: A Study This research also shows that on Audience Reception (İhsan popular literary works are not always easy Doğramacı Bilkent University). literary works. Issues raised in popular Retrieved from literature can be issues that are worthy to http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/000

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