DOCSLIB.ORG

Adaptive Memory: Survival Processing in Ancestral and Fictional Scenarios

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adaptive Memory: Survival Processing in Ancestral and Fictional Scenarios EXAMENSARBETE Våren 2015 Sektionen för lärande och miljö Psykologi Adaptive Memory: Survival Processing in Ancestral and Fictional Scenarios Författare Marcus Asplund Brattberg Handledare Tobias Johansson Examinator Lilly Augustine Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the function behind adaptive memory by comparing groups of participants processing information in ancestral and fictional scenarios related to survival. The thesis was that participants would retain information to a higher extent if processing occurred in a fictional, threatening scenario compared to scenarios based on pleasantness and survival in grasslands. There were four different scenarios, whereas three acted as experimental and one as a control. The comparison was measured by the number of recalled words after a rating process which consisted of rating the relevance of words to survival in respective scenario. Seventy-one participants of differing age were recruited from different parts of the world through social media. They participated by completing a memory experiment on Explorable.com. The results showed that there were no significant differences between groups and the number of rated words recalled. The thesis could therefore not be confirmed. No significant difference could be found in rating of the words in the different scenarios. Much research made on the topic of adaptive memory has suggested that participants remember better when processing information in scenarios described as threatening survival in grasslands and during a zombie outbreak. It seems that simple threat to survival does not increase the retention of information. The increased retention found in scenarios related to zombies may not be due to the popularity this subject has in film and games. Keywords: adaptive memory, fictional scenarios, survival, recall, evolution. Contact info: Marcus Asplund Brattberg, e-mail: [email protected] Adaptive Memory: Survival Processing in Ancestral and Fictional Scenarios It has been argued by several researchers in the natural sciences that: “The theory of evolution (Darwin, 1859) arguably represents the most influential scientific idea to date” (Soderstrom & McCabe, 2011). During the early 21st century, a new branch of memory research was introduced to psychology called adaptive memory. It is defined as the study of memory systems that has evolved to help retain survival- and fitness-related information (Nairne, Thompson & Pandeirada, 2007). To start with, the research was focused around the retention of information in relation to human kind’s early survival and adaptation to early environments (Nairne et al., 2007). The focal idea of the theory is that due to Homo sapiens’ strife for survival on the savannah and grasslands of Africa during the Pleistocene 1.8 million years ago, it was easier for us to remember vital information if our life was at stake (Tooby & Cosmides, 2012; Nairne et al, 2007; Soderstrom & McCabe, 2011). Our potential for survival would supposedly be greater if we had high-functioning memory systems. The focus of the theory has shifted towards other possibilities than survival and fitness; more specifically, the possible proximal mechanisms that lie behind our improved memory function when processing information through the lens of survival (e.g. Nairne & Pandeirada, 2010; Sandry, Marks, Rice & Trafimow, 2013). One of the central researchers in the field is James S. Nairne, who has written several papers on the subject. In one of his books he argues that: Human memory evolved subject to the constraints of nature’s criterion - differential survival and reproduction. Consequently, our capacity to remember and forget is likely tuned to solving fitness-based problems, particularly those prominent in the ancestral environments in which memory evolved (Nairne, 2010, p. 1). The main question of the theory of adaptive memory is connected to how and why the memory of the human species evolved the way it did. Since we cannot investigate how memory functioned in humans that lived in the past, long ago, we cannot be certain if our memory functions in the same way as it did then. Nairne mentions that our memory and its functions “did not emerge from the mind of a memory theorist – it evolved through a tinkering process called natural selection” (Nairne, 2010, p. 2; Darwin, 1859). By stating this, we can conclude that we are dealing with the rogue element of evolution which leaves us with the task of finding out how memory works without a finished blueprint to guide us. The memory function is still a great mystery when it comes to the proximal mechanisms that drives the improved memory functions in relation to survival. It is argued by many evolutionary biologists and psychologists that memory evolved because it enhanced our possibility to procreate and reproduce. In evolutionary theory, it is argued that all possible mutations that aides a species in its reproduction will be retained by the natural selection criterions (Berkeley University). Therefore, memory functions that helps us in reproduction are valuable and thus maintained. This can of course be considered to be an inductive argument due to our limited knowledge of the earlier memory capacity of our brains. A central thesis of evolutionary psychology is the idea that our mind, and how it functions, can be compared to the rest of our body and the organs within it that has a special purpose hammered out by the process of natural selection (Nairne, 2010). With that said, there are several potential candidates for “domain-specific mnemonic processes” proposed by Nairne (2010). These are listed as fitness-relevant selection pressures and are divided into five distinct categories: survival-related events, navigation, reproduction, social exchange and kin (Nairne, 2010). A study made by Öhman and Mineka (2001) have found in a consistent manner that people easily 1 associate stimuli that is fitness-relevant with aversive events. These are often connected with survival and presents themselves in forms of danger or threats. Öhman and Mineka specifically looked at fear and phobias connected to evolution, and how activation in the fear module in humans and non-human primates can assist in remembering locations and situations where fear- inducing or threatening stimuli might occur. Wurm (2007) also found that people are faster at recognizing words that are highly rated on a scale of usefulness to survival relative to matched controls. One important aspect of researching survival-processing is the use of words unrelated to the actual event. A study done by Guillet and Arndt (2009) used taboo-words, which in themselves often have a positive effect on remembering during a free recall-test due to salience. By exposing participants to words or sentences including neutral, negative-valence, or taboo words they found that the memory for taboo words was enhanced in relation to the other two types. In order to see if survival has anything to do with retention of information, one should use unrelated words in order to avoid conflation of two separate domains of memorization. What is important is how the information is being processed prior to a memory test, and what is relevant is how the information is processed in terms of survival or fitness. This demands a kind of “deep” processing for participants which can yield relevant results separated from other kinds of processing when compared to control conditions. The control conditions in these types of studies are more often than not a rating of pleasantness of the words presented which do not require the same kind of deep processing as more elaborate scenarios (Nairne, 2010). In Nairne et al. (2007) three conditions were used with a between-subjects design in order to begin the serious research in this field. The three conditions each contained a separate scenario which was to be used for processing words seemingly unrelated to survival. These scenarios was “Survival” and” Moving” used as the experimental conditions, while a rating of “Pleasantness” was used as the control condition. Words processed in the “Moving”-scenario resulted in the lowest rate of memory retention, while “Survival” yielded the highest recall rate. “Pleasantness” resulted in a ca 1 percent higher retention than “Moving”. Survival processing yielded significantly higher retention compared to the other two which are considered to be meaningful processing (Nairne et al., 2007). In the same paper a second experiment was presented using the same conditions but instead using a within-subjects design. The results still showed that “Survival” yielded greater retention, even though the words in this condition and the “Moving” condition was almost rated as equally important to the scenario. The free-recall test lasted for ten minutes for each condition. Nairne et al. expected that the survival scenario would yield higher retention due to the fact that “our memory systems may be tuned or biased to help us remember information in a survival context” (2007, p. 269). The important aspect of the pleasantness and moving conditions was that these are targeted towards self-reference which has been shown to be an effective method of retaining information (Nairne et al., 2007). The retention of information was measured in correct words recalled during a free-recall test. A second study by Nairne, Pandeirada and Thompson (2008) implemented additional conditions in order to get a broader view of how effective survival processing is. There was six different conditions in this study where Survival and Pleasantness was kept from the study mentioned above, with the addition of “Imagery”, “Self-reference”, “Generation” and “Intentional”. The Imagery-condition asked participants to rate the word according to the ease or difficulty these words arouse mental imagery; the Self-reference condition according to the ease or difficulty these words brought important personal experiences to mind; the Generation condition where pleasantness was rated but the first two letters in every word had switched places; and the Intentional learning condition where the participants were simply asked to 2 memorize the words (Nairne et al., 2008).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adaptive Memory Programming for Global Optimization
    Hybrid Scatter Tabu Search for Unconstrained Global Optimization ABRAHAM DUARTE Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain. [email protected] RAFAEL MARTÍ Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de Valencia, Spain [email protected] FRED GLOVER University of Colorado, Boulder, and OptTek Systems, Inc. [email protected] ORIGINAL VERSION: OCTOBER 6, 2007 FIRST REVISION: MAY 14, 2008 SECOND REVISION: JAN 14, 2009 Abstract The problem of finding a global optimum of an unconstrained multimodal function has been the subject of intensive study in recent years, giving rise to valuable advances in solution methods. We examine this problem within the framework of adaptive memory programming (AMP), focusing particularly on AMP strategies that derive from an integration of Scatter Search and Tabu Search. Computational comparisons involving 16 leading methods for multimodal function optimization, performed on a testbed of 64 problems widely used to calibrate the performance of such methods, disclose that our new Scatter Tabu Search (STS) procedure is competitive with the state-of-the-art methods in terms of the average optimality gap achieved. Key words: Adaptive Memory Programming, Metaheuristics, Hybridization. Hybrid STS for Global Optimization / 2 1. Introduction The unconstrained continuous global optimization problem may be formulated as follows: (P) Minimize f(x) subject to l ≤ x ≤ u , x ∈ℜn , where f(x) is a nonlinear function and x is a vector of continuous and bounded variables. We investigate Adaptive Memory Programming (AMP) methods for P based on the Scatter Search (SS) and Tabu Search (TS) methodologies, and perform comparative computational testing against currently leading methods for unconstrained global optimization on a widely used benchmark set of problems for which global optima are known.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adaptive Nature of Memory
    2.15 The Adaptive Nature of Memory Lael J Schooler, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States John R Anderson, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Adapted from Anderson, John R., Schooler, Lael J., 2000. Tulving, Endel, Craik, Fergus I. M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory, (pp. 557–570). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, vol. xiv, 700 pp. 2.15.1 Introduction 265 2.15.2 The Analysis of Need Probability 266 2.15.2.1 The History Factor 267 2.15.2.1.1 Speech to Children 268 2.15.2.1.2 New York Times 268 2.15.2.1.3 Authors of Electronic Mail 268 2.15.2.2 The Rational Analysis of Primate Memory 272 2.15.2.3 The Contextual Factor 272 2.15.3 Effects of Content 273 2.15.4 Conclusions 276 References 277 2.15.1 Introduction Most research on the human memory has focused on the question of understanding what memory does and not on why memory does what it does. However, we may be able to gain insights into human memory by considering the functions of memory and how memory achieves those functions. Neisser (1976, 1978, 1982) argued that the field should adopt an “ecological approach” to memory and study how memory is used in the real world. He suggested that the principles of memory in the real world might be different than the ones uncovered in the laboratory. Bruce (1985) made a serious effort to define what such an ecological approach would amount to.
    [Show full text]
  • Hippocampus Guides Adaptive Learning During Dynamic Social Interactions
    Research Articles: Behavioral/Cognitive Hippocampus guides adaptive learning during dynamic social interactions https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0873-20.2020 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2020; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0873-20.2020 Received: 16 April 2020 Revised: 2 December 2020 Accepted: 7 December 2020 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2020 the authors 1 Hippocampus guides adaptive learning during dynamic social interactions 2 3 Running Title: Hippocampus and adaptive social decision-making 4 5 Oriel FeldmanHall1,2, David F. Montez3, Elizabeth A. Phelps4, Lila Davachi5, Vishnu P. Murty6 6 7 1. Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 8 02912, USA 9 2. Carney Institute of Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA 10 3. Department of Neurology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA 11 4. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA 12 5. Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, 10027, USA 13 6. Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA 14 15 Corresponding Authors: 16 Oriel FeldmanHall 17 Brown University 18 Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Science 19 e: [email protected] 20 21 Vishnu Murty 22 Temple University 23 Department of Psychology 24 e: [email protected] 25 26 Introduction Word Count: 650 27 Discussion Word Count: 1495 28 Figures: 6 29 Table: 3 30 31 Acknowledgements: The research was funded by internal grants from New York University’s 32 neuroimaging center.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Spatial Memory and Cognitive Flexibility Trade-Offs: to Be Or Not to Be Flexible, That Is The
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 1 Spatial memory and cognitive flexibility trade-offs: to be or not to be flexible, that is the 2 question 3 4 Maria Cristina Tello-Ramos1, Carrie L Branch2, Dovid Y Kozlovsky2, Angela M Pitera2, 5 and Vladimir V Pravosudov1 6 7 8 Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation 9 Biology 10 University of Nevada, Reno 11 Reno, NV 89557 12 13 14 15 1Corresponding authors 16 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] 17 2Equal contribution 18 19 Word count: 5,833 20 1 21 Abstract 22 Cognitive flexibility allows animals to readily acquire new information even when learning 23 contingencies may rapidly change, as is the case in highly variable, but predictable 24 environments. While cognitive flexibility is broadly thought to be beneficial, animals 25 exhibit inter- and intra-specific variation, with higher levels of flexibility associated with 26 reduced memory retention and vice versa. In this review, we discuss when and why such 27 variation may exist and focus specifically on memory and memory flexibility. We argue 28 that retained memories may negatively affect the acquisition of new information, most 29 likely via proactive interference, and available data suggest that there may be a trade-off 30 between memory retention and acquiring new memories. We discuss neurogenesis- 31 mediated forgetting as the mechanism reducing memory interference, as new neurons 32 enhance learning new information, but also cause forgetting of older memories.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Memory Distortions Are Predicted by Feature Representations in Parietal Cortex
    Research Articles: Behavioral/Cognitive Adaptive memory distortions are predicted by feature representations in parietal cortex https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2875-20.2021 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2021; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2875-20.2021 Received: 12 November 2020 Revised: 26 January 2021 Accepted: 27 January 2021 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2021 the authors 1 Adaptive memory distortions are predicted by 2 feature representations in parietal cortex 3 4 Yufei Zhao (赵雨菲)1, Avi J. H. Chanales2, & Brice A. Kuhl1 5 Department of Psychology, University of Oregon1, 97401 6 Department of Psychology, New York University2, 10016 7 1 8 Abbreviated title: Memory distortions in parietal cortex 9 Corresponding author email address: Yufei Zhao ([email protected]) or Brice Kuhl 10 ([email protected]) 11 Pages: 35 12 Figures: 4 13 Tables: 1 14 Number of words: Abstract (152), Introduction (696), discussion (1448) 15 16 Acknowledgements: This work was supported by NIH grant NINDS R01-NS107727 and NSF CAREER 17 Award BCS-1752921 to B.A.K. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 The authors declare no competing financial interests. 1 25 ABSTRACT 26 27 Similarity between memories is a primary cause of interference and forgetting. Exaggerating subtle 28 differences between memories is therefore a potential mechanism for reducing interference.
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidation of Associative and Item Memory Is Related To
    7326 • The Journal of Neuroscience, May 13, 2015 • 35(19):7326–7331 Brief Communications Consolidation of Associative and Item Memory Is Related to Post-Encoding Functional Connectivity between the Ventral Tegmental Area and Different Medial Temporal Lobe Subregions during an Unrelated Task Alexa Tompary,1* Katherine Duncan,3* and Lila Davachi1,2 1Department of Psychology and 2Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003 and 3Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 It is well established that the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (PrC) encode associative and item representations, respectively. However, less is known about how item and associative memories are consolidated. We used high-resolution fMRI in humans to measure how functional connectivity between these distinct medial temporal lobe regions with the ventral tegmental area (VTA) after a paired associate encoding task is related to both immediate and 24 h item and associative memory performance. We found that the strength of post-encoding functional connectivity between the VTA and CA1 selectively correlated with long-term associative memory, despite subjects actively engaging in an unrelated task during this period. Conversely, VTA–PrC functional connectivity during the same period correlated with long-term item memory. Critically, connectivity between VTA and these MTL regions were only related to memory tested at a 24 h delay, implicating midbrain connectivity in the consolidation of distinct forms of memory. Key words: consolidation; functional connectivity; high-resolution fMRI; medial temporal lobe; VTA Introduction spectively (Staresina et al., 2013; Tambini and Davachi, 2013). Some elements of our rich experiences persist as long-term mem- However, it remains unclear how post-encoding processes relate ories, whereas others are forgotten.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Memory: Independent Effects of Survival Processing and Reward Motivation on Memory
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 10 December 2020 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.588100 Adaptive Memory: Independent Effects of Survival Processing and Reward Motivation on Memory Glen Forester 1*, Meike Kroneisen 2,3, Edgar Erdfelder 3 and Siri-Maria Kamp 1 1Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany, 2Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany, 3Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany Humans preferentially remember information processed for their survival relevance, a memorial benefit known as the survival processing effect. Memory is also biased towards information associated with the prospect of reward. Given the adaptiveness of these effects, they may depend on similar mechanisms. We tested whether motivation drives both effects, with reward incentives that are known to boost extrinsic motivation and survival processing perhaps stimulating intrinsic motivation. Accordingly, we manipulated survival processing and reward incentive independently during an incidental-encoding task in which participants chose between pairs of words concerning their relevance for a scenario, and examined the effects on encoding event-related potentials (ERP) activity and later performance on a surprise recall test. We hypothesized that if Edited by: Praveen K. Pilly, survival processing fosters intrinsic motivation, it should reduce the beneficial effects HRL Laboratories, United States of extrinsic motivation (reward incentive). In contrast to this prediction, we found that Reviewed by: reward incentive and survival processing independently improved memory and that the Michael Serra, P300, a measure of lower-level cognitive resource allocation, was increased by reward Texas Tech University, United States Josefa N. S. Pandeirada, incentive independent of survival processing. Further, survival processing and reward University of Aveiro, Portugal incentive independently increased the frontal slow wave (FSW), a measure of higher- Haiyan Wu, University of Macau, China level elaboration.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Spatial Memory Implicitly Prioritizes High-Calorie Foods
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Human spatial memory implicitly prioritizes high‑calorie foods Rachelle de Vries1,2,4*, Paulina Morquecho‑Campos1,4, Emely de Vet2, Marielle de Rijk1, Elbrich Postma1, Kees de Graaf1, Bas Engel3 & Sanne Boesveldt1 All species face the important adaptive problem of efciently locating high‑quality nutritional resources. We explored whether human spatial cognition is enhanced for high‑calorie foods, in a large multisensory experiment that covertly tested the location memory of people who navigated a maze‑ like food setting. We found that individuals incidentally learned and more accurately recalled locations of high‑calorie foods – regardless of explicit hedonic valuations or personal familiarity with foods. In addition, the high‑calorie bias in human spatial memory already became evident within a limited sensory environment, where solely odor information was available. These results suggest that human minds continue to house a cognitive system optimized for energy‑efcient foraging within erratic food habitats of the past, and highlight the often underestimated capabilities of the human olfactory sense. A recurring ftness-relevant task faced by all species is the efcient pursuit of nutritional resources1. A central theorem of optimal foraging theory is that an individual’s ftness is a direct function of the efciency with which one acquires energy, and natural selection pressures favour foraging traits that maximize the net rate of energy gain 1,2. Although this theory has been extensively referenced in relation to the foraging strategies of other animals2, the question of whether humans also inherently carry adaptations geared toward energy-efcient foraging has not been thoroughly assessed to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Constructive Processes and the Future of Memory
    Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. “Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory.” American Psychologist 67 (8): 603-613. doi:10.1037/a0029869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029869. Published Version doi:10.1037/a0029869 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11688794 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Adaptive constructive processes 1 Schacter, D.L. (2012). Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory. American Psychologist, 67, 603-613. Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory Daniel L. Schacter Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Address correspondence to: Daniel L. Schacter Department of Psychology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 phone: (617) 495-3856 fax: (617) 496-3122 e-mail: [email protected] Adaptive constructive processes 2 Abstract Memory serves critical functions in everyday life, but is also prone to error. This article examines adaptive constructive processes, which play a functional role in memory and cognition but can also produce distortions, errors, or illusions. The article describes several types of memory errors that are produced by adaptive constructive processes, and focuses in particular on the process of imagining or simulating events that might occur in one’s personal future.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms for Widespread Hippocampal Involvement in Cognition
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: General © 2013 American Psychological Association 2013, Vol. 142, No. 4, 1159–1170 0096-3445/13/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0034461 THEORETICAL REVIEW Mechanisms for Widespread Hippocampal Involvement in Cognition Daphna Shohamy Nicholas B. Turk-Browne Columbia University Princeton University The quintessential memory system in the human brain—the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe—is often treated as a module for the formation of conscious, or declarative, memories. However, growing evidence suggests that the hippocampus plays a broader role in memory and cognition and that theories organizing memory into strictly dedicated systems may need to be updated. We first consider the historical evidence for the specialized role of the hippocampus in declarative memory. Then, we describe the serendipitous encounter that motivated the special section in this issue, based on parallel research from our labs that suggested a more pervasive contribution of the hippocampus to cognition beyond declarative memory. Finally, we develop a theoretical framework that describes 2 general mechanisms for how the hippocampus interacts with other brain systems and cognitive processes: the memory modulation hypothesis, in which mnemonic representations in the hippocampus modulate the operation of other systems, and the adaptive function hypothesis, in which specialized computations in the hippocampus are recruited as a component of both mnemonic and nonmnemonic functions. This framework is consistent with an emerging view that the most fertile ground for discovery in cognitive psychology and neuroscience lies at the interface between parts of the mind and brain that have traditionally been studied in isolation. Keywords: memory, hippocampus, perception, learning, decision making Memory, in all its forms, is what enables cognition.
    [Show full text]
  • 24Th Annual International Conference on Comparative Cognition
    24th Annual International Conference on Comparative Cognition Sponsored by the Comparative Cognition Society April 19th to 22nd, 2017 Radisson Hotel Melbourne Beach, Florida CO3 - 2017 Program Summary Time Page Wednesday Welcome Reception and Check-In 3:30 2 Opening Remarks – Olga Lazareva, CCS President 7:00 2 Canine Cognition 7:05 2 Temporal Processing 8:04 3 Communication 8:32 4 Numerosity 9:17 5 Thursday CO3 Mentoring Program – Manatee Room 10:30 6 Ron Weisman Outstanding Student Presentation Competition 12:00 7 Choice 12:35 8 Cognitive Processes I 1:41 9 Serial Processes 2:23 10 Cognitive Processes II 3:35 11 Symposium in Honor of Stan Kuczaj 4:36 13 Poster Session I 8:30-11:00 27 Friday Workshop: Multilevel Modeling for Repeated Measures Analysis – Michael Young 9:00-11:00 14 Social Learning I 12:00 15 Spatial Cognition 1:29 16 Song 1:57 17 Memory 2:16 18 In Honor of the Contributions of Ralph Miller 3:30 18 Master Lecture: A Taxonomy of Forgetting and the Fates of Forgotten Memories – Ralph Miller 6:00 20 Group Photo Shoot 7:00 Banquet 7:30 Saturday Associative Learning 7:30 21 Social Learning II 8:40 22 Perception 9:25 23 Cognitive Processes III 10:28 24 Closing Remarks – Olga Lazareva, CCS President 11:31 25 Comparative Cognition Society Business Meeting 8:00 Poster Session II 8:30-11:00 36 PROGRAM NOTE Five-minute talks are designated by a Talk Number with a grey background. They are five minutes in duration followed by two minutes for discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Memory Jeffrey D
    Human Memory Jeffrey D. Karpicke, Melissa Lehman Introduction “Memory,” broadly defined, is the ability to use the past in the service of the present. Memory can manifest itself in a variety of ways. When people tie their shoelaces or ride bicycles, they rely on past experiences to execute sequences of motor behaviors that accomplish those tasks. Such skills are often considered examples of procedural memory. When people identify objects in the environment (e.g., knowing that a thing is a plant or an animal) or when they give the answer to a factual question, they draw upon stores of general knowledge about the world accumulated over time. This type of memory is often referred to as semantic memory. When people remember events, they must attempt to recollect the details of what occurred at a particular place and time. This type of memory, called episodic memory, has been the focus of a wealth of research and will receive most of the attention in this article. Cognitive psychologists have devised numerous ways to study memory. Many methods involve giving a person various materials (often lists of words in laboratory experiments) during a study episode and then assessing that person’s ability to remember the materials on a memory test. Consider the difference between episodic and semantic memory in this context. If the word “tiger” occurs on a list in a study episode, and a person in the experiment fails to remember it on a memory test, he or she did not momentarily forget that a tiger is a large cat with stripes and big teeth.
    [Show full text]