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Energy Efficiency in Buildings; Sonora State, Mexico

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Energy Efficiency in Buildings; Sonora State, Mexico AUGUST 2019 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS Sonora State, Mexico Photo by Brianda Maldonado on Unsplash STATUS AND TRENDS México, 2017b). Natural gas is another popular energy source in Sonora, as 278.4 million standard cubic feet per The Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora (Sonora State, day (MMSCFD) were consumed in 2016 only (ibid.). hereafter) is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. Located in the north-west of the country, Sonora borders In 2016, Sonora accounted for 4.4% of Mexico’s national with other Mexican states of Baja California, Chihuahua, electricity generation with the local installed electricity and Sinaloa, as well as with the United States. It is generation capacity being at the level of 3,140 MW. As per composed of 72 municipalities, whose capital and the Figure 1, clean energy sources have only a small share (ca. largest city is Hermosillo. The main climate is classified as 5%) in the local electricity mix (ibid.). dry desert, according to the Köppen climate classification. The population of Sonora is 2.58 million inhabitants, with 86% of them living in urban areas and 14% – in rural ones. Figure 1. Distribution of sources for electricity in Sonora has a surface of 184,934 km2 and is the second Sonora 5.2% 0.2% largest1,200 state of Mexico, as it represents 9.2% of the whole 1.3% Mexican territory (Gobierno de México, 2019). 1.7% 1,000 The state has a notable abundance of mineral resources and the local economy accounted for 3.5% of Mexico’s 800 national GDP in 2016, with manufacturing activities accounting for the largest share. Overall, the main economic 600 sectors are represented by mining, quarrying, oil and gas 36.7% 55% extraction, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and real400 estate (Pro México, 2017a). The state received USD 253 million in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in 2017, principally for the manufacturing industries (ibid.). 200 Sonora is considered as one of the largest consumers of 0 oil products2008 in2009 Mexico.2010 The local2011 demand2012 for oil2013 shows2014 that petroleum coke was the most demanded oil product, Combined Thermal Internal especially for the industrial sector. In fact, in 2016 the cycle power plant combustion demand for petroleum cokeElectricity was 290.4 consumption tonnes and the(in Gwh) Gas-turbine Hydro Solar and wind demand of other oil productsSubscribers was 56.8 (inMbbl/d. thousands) The local Source: Pro México (2017a) demand, however, has been diminishing since 2011 (Pro 1 16.3% 19.9% 2.7% 61.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Building sector Agriculture sector Residential sector Business SMEs Transport sector Industrial sector Public sector Pumping 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2011 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 20122013201420152016 5.2% 0.2% 1,200 1.3% 1.7% 1,000 800 600 36.7% 55% 400 200 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Combined Thermal Internal cycle power plant combustion Electricity consumption (in Gwh) Gas-turbine Hydro Solar and wind Subscribers (in thousands) 5.2% 0.2% 1,200 1.3% 1.7% 1,000 5.2% 0.2% 1,200 1.3% 800 1.7% Figure1,000 2. Percentage of energy consumption by The latest energy report (Balance de Energía del Estado de sector600 in Sonora in 2010 Sonora) dates back to 2010 and presents the data on local 36.7% 55% 800 energy consumption, energy sources, and distribution of energy demand amongst sectors. Due to the absence of 400 16.3% more recent statistics, the data from that report is used in 600 this paper despite being36.7% outdated, in order to 55%show the 19.9%200 2.7% building sector is the third most energy-consuming sector, 400 after transport and industry (Figure 2) (Gobierno del Estado 0 de Sonora; Comisión de Energía del Estado de Sonora, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 61.1% 200 2011). Combined Thermal Internal cycle power plant combustion Electricity consumption (in Gwh) As for electricity consumption, Small and Medium 0 Gas-turbine Hydro Solar and wind Enterprises (SMEs) followed by the residential sector have 2008 2009 2010Subscribers2011 (in2012 thousands)2013 2014 the largest sharesCombined in the State ofThermal Sonora. In fact, theInternal data cycle power plant combustion from 2015 show that these two sub-sectors combined cover Electricity consumption (in Gwh) more than theGas-turbine 80% of the local Hydroelectricity demandSolar (Figure and 3) wind 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Subscribers (in thousands) (Pro México, 2017b). Building sector Agriculture sector Residential sector Business SMEs Transport sector Industrial sector In 2016, the electricity consumption of residential units Public sector Pumping was 4488 kWh. The fact that residential buildings account Source: Gobierno del Estado de Sonora; Comisión de Energía for more than one third of electricity demand in the State del Estado de Sonora (2011) (Figure 3) and the residential floor area has been growing rapidly (Figure 4), indicates that without energy efficiency measures residential sector will continue to contribute 1000 Figure 3. Electricity demand by sector in Sonora significantly to increasing demand for for fossil fuels, State in 2015 which already represent more than 90% of the electricity 800 16.3% generation (Figure 1). Targeting energy efficiency for residential sub-sector is a crucial measure to mitigate local 600 fossil fuels consumption19.9% (CONUEE, 2019). 2.7% 16.3% 400 The uptake of green or energy efficient buildings in Sonora 200 is limited. For example,61.1%19.9% there are two buildings registered 2.7% under the LEED certification, namely the Willis Towers 0 Watson and the TE Tangerine in Hermosillo. Another one, the BD Medical Nogales building, achieved the 2011 61.1% 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 20122013201420152016 Energy Star Challenge for Industry in 2012. In addition, in 2015, two commercial buildings received a gold and a silver certification from TripAdvisor GreenLeaders (The 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Green Building Information Gateway, 2019). Therefore, development of green buildingsBuilding in Sonora sector has started,Agriculture sector Residential sector Business SMEs though at a very small scaleTransport and only insector the capitalIndustrial city. sector Public sector Pumping 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: Pro México (2017b) Building sector Agriculture sector Residential sector Business SMEs INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKTransport sector Industrial sector Public sector Pumping As Mexico is a federal country, the State of Sonora enjoys 1000Figure 4. Number of residential buildings in Sonora (from 2000 to 2016) its own constitution, congress, and judiciary, similarly to other States of Mexico. With regards to the local institutions 800 working on energy efficiency for the building sector, the 1000 following are the most relevant ones in Sonora State: 600 – The Comisión de Energía del Estado de Sonora (Energy 800 400 Commission of the State of Sonora) is the principal institution working on energy efficiency in Sonora 600 200 established in 2009. Their goal is to research, innovate, and develop sustainable energy systems, as well as to 400 0 foster energy efficiency improvements (Gobierno del Estado de Sonora, 2019). 2011 20020002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 20122013201420152016 – The Energy Commission is part of the Foro Consultivo CENAGAS región Noroeste (CENAGAS Consultative 0 Forum for the Northwest region), which works on 2011 identifying the actual and potential demand of natural 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010 20122013201420152016 gas. CENAGAS is composed of authorities from Sonora, Source: CONUEE (2019) Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, 2 Durango, and Sinaloa (Centro Nacional de Control del to support development of energy efficiency projects, to Gas Natural, 2019). Through this Forum, Mexican states create a regulatory and coordination authority on energy can present to the national institutions data on their efficiency, and to incorporate smart and energy efficient local energy demand and supply, as well as to identify solutions into existing projects (e.g. installation of smart opportunities and challenges for distribution of natural metres and intelligent energy management data systems, gas at the national level. improvement of building insulation, etc.). It also promotes – The Comisión Sonora – Arizona (Commission Sonora good practices and the research into the Water-Energy- – Arizona) and the Arizona – Sonora Commission are Food Nexus (Pro México, 2017b). two public institutions, which were established in 1959 with the objective of fostering collaboration between In line with the goals for the Commission Sonora – Arizona, the two regions and within the megaregion of Sonora a roadmap for energy development of the megaregion (Mexico) and Arizona (the United States). Amongst 14 Sonora – Arizona was published in 2017. It focuses on committees, which constitute the Commission Sonora education and training on energy efficiency practices, – Arizona, the most relevant ones in relation to energy regulatory frameworks, and energy demand as means efficiency are the following: agriculture and wild life; to increase energy savings (Comisión Arizona-México, economic development; ecology, environment and Comisión Sonora-Arizona, 2017).This roadmap, however, water; energy. The goal of these organisations is to foster lacks the formulation of specific actions, as well as a the relations between the two regions, with a particular timeline for implementation. focus on sustainability issues (Gobierno del Estado de Sonora, 2017). – Other institutional actors in Sonora working on energy INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT efficiency in the building sector include the Secretaria de Economy (Secretary of Economy) and the Secretaria In the state of Sonora, the municipality of Hermosillo, de Infraestructura y Desarrollo Urbano (Secretary of which is considered to be one of the most active when Urban Infrastructure and Ecology) (INAFED, 2019). In it comes to design and implementation of projects, the 2016, they signed a memorandum of understanding Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) of with the Instituto Tecnológico de Hermosillo (Technical ESMAP’s Energy Efficiency Cities Program was used for Institute of Hermosillo) and the Energy Commission, in data collection in 2014-2015.
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