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Cocoyam [Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott]: Exploring the Production, Health and Trade Potentials in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Cocoyam [Colocasia Esculenta (L.) Schott]: Exploring the Production, Health and Trade Potentials in Sub-Saharan Africa sustainability Review Cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott]: Exploring the Production, Health and Trade Potentials in Sub-Saharan Africa Olutosin A. Otekunrin 1,* , Barbara Sawicka 2 , Abigail G. Adeyonu 3, Oluwaseun A. Otekunrin 4 and Leszek Racho ´n 2 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FU NAAB) 110124, Nigeria 2 Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodity Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13 str., 20-950 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (L.R.) 3 Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Landmark University, Omu Aran 370102, Nigeria; [email protected] 4 Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 900001, Nigeria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +234-80-32-44-10-39 Abstract: Cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] also known as taro is regarded as an important staple crop in the Pacific Islands, Asia and Africa. But, Africa has been unpopular in the taro international market though it accounted for the highest share of the global taro production level in the last two decades. Therefore, this study explores the global taro production outlook in two decades (2000–2019) with a special focus on African countries noting their challenges and limitations. Also, Citation: Otekunrin, O.A.; Sawicka, industrial, nutritional and health benefits of taro were discussed to showcase other viable potentials B.; Adeyonu, A.G.; Otekunrin, O.A.; of the crop beyond its usefulness as a food security crop on the African continent. Racho´n,L. Cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott]: Exploring the Keywords: Colocasia esculenta; cocoyam; food security; Africa; exports; imports Production, Health and Trade Potentials in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084483 1. Introduction Taro (Cocoyam) [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is an important tropical root crop Academic Editors: Laura McKinney, grown purposely for its starchy corms or underground stem [1]. It is regarded as one Kelly Zering, Ahad Pezeshkpoor and of the most important staple crops in the Pacific Islands, Asia and Africa [1–4]. It is one Edward Kick of the oldest world’s food crops believed to have been first domesticated in Southeast Asia before its eventual spread to other parts of the world [5,6]. The two most commonly Received: 25 February 2021 cultivated species of Taro (Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium) belong to the Accepted: 9 April 2021 Published: 16 April 2021 Araceae family and are extensively cultivated in Africa. Taro is an herbaceous monocotyledonous plant of 1–2 m height. The plant consists Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral of central corm (below the soil surface) making the leaves grow upwards, roots grown with regard to jurisdictional claims in downwards, while cormels, daughter corms and runners (stolons) grow laterally. The root published maps and institutional affil- system is fibrous and lies mainly at a depth of up to one meter of soil [3,7]. iations. In most Pacific Island countries (PICs) where taro is widely cultivated and consumed, two species of Colocasia are recognized. They are C. esculenta var. esculenta, commonly called dasheen, and C. esculenta var. antiquorum, often referred to as eddoe [3,8]. The dasheen variety possesses large central corms, with suckers and/or stolons, while eddoes have somewhat small central corm and a large number of smaller cormels [3,9,10]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. In Africa, Taro is commonly produced by smallholder, resource-limited and mostly This article is an open access article female farmers [3]. Taro ranks third in importance, after cassava and yam, among the class distributed under the terms and of root and tuber crops cultivated and consumed in most African countries [3]. The crop conditions of the Creative Commons is underutilized in the areas of export, human consumption, industrial uses, nutritional Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and other health benefits in Africa. Thus, the objective of this review is to provide a critical creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ assessment of the leading players in the taro sub-sector globally and continentally with the 4.0/). most recent datasets useful for policy intervention and planning. Also, this study explores Sustainability 2021, 13, 4483. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084483 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 4483 2 of 19 the nutritional, health and economic benefits of taro highlighting the role it can play in enhancing sustainable livelihoods especially in Africa. This review relied largely on secondary data freely available at the Food and Agricul- ture Organisation of the United Nations Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) and Tridge.com (an online resource for agricultural crops’ international trade data). Other sources include selected peer-reviewed journal articles (from google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Mendeley etc), handbooks, conference proceedings, bulletins, and online materials that are germane to this study. 2. Global Taro Production Outlook (2000–2019) In many parts of the world, roots and tubers such as cassava, sweet potato, yam, and cocoyam are important staple crops. They are commonly cultivated by smallholder farmers and used as food security and income crops especially in Africa. According to FAOSTAT [11], global taro production stood at 9.76 million tonnes in 2000 and reached 10.54 million tonnes in 2019 (Table1) with Nigeria, Cameroon, China (mainland) and Ghana ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th respectively (Table2). Table 1. World Taro Production (2000–2019). Year Production (Tons) Area Harvested (Ha) Yield (Tons/Ha) 2000 9,763,562 1,400,008 6.97 2001 9,947,668 1,434,219 6.94 2002 10,525,900 1,508,598 6.98 2003 10,799,794 1,514,534 7.13 2004 10,981,473 1,521,614 7.22 2005 11,509,450 1,546,206 7.44 2006 11,905,642 1,604,675 7.42 2007 11,619,775 1,615,377 7.19 2008 12,13,3765 1,562,163 7.77 2009 9,611,224 1,319,917 7.28 2010 9,441,809 1,351,094 6.99 2011 9,535,315 1,252,564 7.61 2012 9,852,145 1,428,827 6.90 2013 9,627,651 1,414,931 6.80 2014 10,274,254 1,519,899 6.76 2015 10,282,311 1,725,630 5.96 2016 10,378,696 1,780,637 5.83 2017 10,524,371 1,831,379 5.75 2018 10,460,010 1,881,127 5.56 2019 10,541,914 1,957,358 5.39 Source: Authors’ compilation from FAOSTAT 2021 [11]. Table 2. Top 10 Taro Producers in 2019. Percent of Global Global Rank Country Total Production (Tons) Production 1 Nigeria 2,860,909 27.14 2 Cameroon 1,909,738 18.12 3 China (mainland) 1,908,830 18.11 4 Ghana 1,518,436 14.40 5 Papua New Guinea 271,981 2.58 6 Madagascar 226,438 2.15 7 Burundi 217,510 2.06 8 Rwanda 171,803 1.63 9 Lao People’s DR 154,644 1.47 10 Central African Republic 140,957 1.34 Rest of the world 1,160,668 11.00 World 10,541,914 100.00 Source: Authors’ Compilation using data from FAOSTAT 2021 [11]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4483 3 of 19 According to FAOSTAT 2021 [11], there are 47 major taro producing countries in 2019. These countries are from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania regions (Table3). Nigeria is the highest producer of taro (cocoyam) globally with about 2.86 million tonnes and 27.14% (Table2) share of world total production in 2019 while Maldives had the least production level of 8 tonnes [11]. Nigeria, Nicaragua, China (mainland) and Papua New Guinea had the highest production level in Africa, Americas, Asian and Oceanian regions respectively in 2019 [11]. Globally, taro production in terms of total area harvested has increased substantially in the last two decades, moving from 1.40 million tonnes in 2000 to 1.96 million tonnes in 2019 (Table1). Asian region had its highest average yield of taro in 2019 (Table3) from Palestine (37.00 tons/ha) while the average yield of 9.60 tons/ha from Madagascar was Africa’s highest. From the Americas, the highest average yield was from St. Lucia (25.00 tons/ha) while the highest yield of Oceania was 17.57 tons/ha from Kiribati. Table 3. World Taro Producing regions and countries 2019. Region Country Production (Tons) Area Harvested (Ha) Yield (Tons/Ha) Benin 1050 335 3.13 Burundi 217,510 28,832 7.54 Cameroon 1,909,738 230,760 8.28 Central African 140,957 42,366 3.33 Republic Chad 25,136 11,533 2.18 Comoros 11,029 1,504 7.33 Côte d’Ivoire 81,049 69,428 1.17 DR Congo 69,134 17,846 3.87 Egypt 122,274 5,094 3.90 Africa Gabon 94,776 15,521 3.13 Ghana 1,518,436 232,028 7.54 Guinea 110,042 28,854 8.28 Liberia 27,927 3,060 3.87 Madagascar 226,438 37,640 9.60 Mauritius 827 94 8.80 Nigeria 2,860,909 994,644 2.88 Rwanda 171,803 28,163 6.10 Sao Tome and 9570 2008 4.77 Principe Sierra Leone 2730 1070 2.55 Togo 17,340 5563 3.12 Antigua and 39 10 3.90 Barbuda Barbados 79 23 3.43 Dominica 12,758 1329 9.60 Guyana 7137 205 3.32 America Honduras 5499 911 2.18 Nicaragua 24,359 2230 10.92 Saint Lucia 300 12 25.00 Trinidad and 2657 357 7.44 Tobago United States of 1283 123 10.43 America China (mainland) 1,908,830 95,950 19.89 China (Taiwan 45,920 2614 17.57 Province) Japan 138,730 11,045 19.89 Lao People’s DR 154,644 12,709 7.33 Asia Lebanon 738 49 1.17 Maldives 8 1 8.00 Palestine 37 1 37.00 Philippines 104,943 14,877 7.05 Thailand 107,989 11,958 9.03 Turkey 903 52 17.37 Sustainability 2021, 13, 4483 4 of 19 Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 20 Table 3.
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