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Reform Movements in the United States

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Reform Movements in the United States DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-C Module 16 Reform Movements in the United States Essential Question How successful were reformers at improving living conditions for Americans in the early 1800s? About the Photo: Busy port cities brought In this module you will read about changes in American society and the goods and people across the Atlantic. goals of social reformers. You will also learn about the leaders of social reform movements. What You Will Learn … Lesson 1: Immigrants and Urban Challenges . 508 Explore ONLINE! The Big Idea The population of the United States grew rapidly in the VIDEOS, including... early 1800s with the arrival of millions of immigrants. • Abolitionists and the Under- Lesson 2: American Arts. 513. ground Railroad The Big Idea New movements in art and literature influenced many Americans in the early 1800s. • Frederick Douglass Lesson 3: Reforming Society. .518 . The Big Idea Reform movements in the early 1800s affected religion, Document-Based Investigations education, and society. Lesson 4: Abolition. 524 . Graphic Organizers The Big Idea The movement to end slavery was the most prominent Interactive Games and divisive effort of reform in the United States in the mid-1800s. Lesson 5: Women’s Rights. .528 . Image with Hotspots: New York City, The Big Idea Reformers sought to improve women’s rights in Mid-1800s American society. Image Carousel: Transcendentalists Image Carousel: Abolitionist Leaders 504 Module 16 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Timeline of Events 1815–1855 Explore ONLINE! United States World 1815 1817 Thomas Gallaudet founds a school for people who have hearing impairments. 1824 British laws making trade unions illegal are repealed. 1829 French educator Louis Braille creates a writing system of raised dots for people who are blind. 1831 William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. 1835 1848 A major meeting for women’s rights—the Seneca Falls Convention—is held in New York. 1845 A potato famine in Ireland increases Irish immigration to the United States. 1848 Revolutionaries attempt to unify German-speaking peoples in central Europe. 1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes The Scarlet Letter. 1855 Reform Movements in the United States 505 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Reading Social Studies THEME FOCUS: Society and Culture The mid-1800s was a time of change in America. Society and culture changed for several reasons: thousands of immigrants arrived in America; women began to work hard for equal rights; and the North and South debated more and more over the slavery issue. Religious beliefs helped shape people’s views toward abolition—the move to end slavery—and women’s suffrage—the move to give women the right to vote. This module discusses these issues. READING FOCUS: Information and Propaganda Where do you get information about historical events and people? One source is this textbook and others like it. You can expect the authors of your textbook to do their best to present the facts objectively and fairly. But some sources of historical information may have a totally different purpose in mind. For example, advertisements in political campaigns may contain information, but their main purpose is to persuade people to act or think in a certain way. Recognize Propaganda Techniques Propaganda is created to change people’s opinions or get them to act in a certain way. Learn to recognize propaganda techniques, and you will be able to separate propaganda from the facts. Name Calling Using loaded words, “People who don’t support public words that create strong positive or education are greedy monsters negative emotions, to make who don’t care about children!” someone else’s ideas seem inappropriate or wrong “People all around the country are Bandwagon Encouraging opening free public schools. It’s people to do something because obviously the right thing to do.” “everyone else is doing it” “If we provide free education Oversimplification Making a for all children, everyone will be complex situation seem simple; a able to get jobs. Poverty and complex problem easy to solve unemployment will disappear.” 506 Module 16 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A You Try It! Key Terms and People Lesson 1 nativists The flyer below was published in 1837. Know-Nothing Party middle class Flyer from 1837 tenements Lesson 2 transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller Henry David Thoreau utopian communities Nathaniel Hawthorne Edgar Allan Poe Emily Dickinson Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Walt Whitman Lesson 3 Second Great Awakening Charles Grandison Finney Lyman Beecher temperance movement Dorothea Dix common-school movement After studying the flyer, answer the following questions. Horace Mann 1. What is the purpose of this flyer? Catharine Beecher Thomas Gallaudet 2. Who do you think distributed this flyer? Lesson 4 3. Do you think this flyer is an example of propaganda? abolition movement Why or why not? If you think it is propaganda, what Lucretia Mott kind is it? William Lloyd Garrison American Anti-Slavery Society 4. If you were the subject of this flyer, how would you Angelina and Sarah Grimké feel? How might you respond to it? Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth As you read Module 16, look carefully at all the pri- Underground Railroad mary sources. Do any of them include examples of Harriet Tubman propaganda? Lesson 5 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Lucy Stone Susan B. Anthony Matilda Joslyn Gage Reform Movements in the United States 507 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-B Lesson 1 Immigrants and Urban Challenges If YOU were there . The Big Idea It is 1850, and you are a German immigrant standing on the deck of a steamboat, crossing Lake Erie. Other immi- The population of the United States grew rapidly in the early grants are on board, but they are strangers to you. Soon, 1800s with the arrival of millions you will arrive at your new home in Cleveland, Ohio. of immigrants. You’ve been told that other Germans have settled there. Main Ideas You hope to find friends and work as a baker. Right now, America seems very big and very strange. ■ Millions of immigrants, mostly German and Irish, arrived in What would you expect from the United States despite anti- your new life in America? immigrant movements. ■ Industrialization led to the growth of cities. Millions of Immigrants Arrive In the mid-1800s, large numbers of immigrants crossed the ■ American cities experienced urban problems due to rapid Atlantic Ocean to begin new lives in the United States. More growth. than 4 million of them settled in the United States between 1840 and 1860, most from Europe. More than 3 million of Key Terms these immigrants arrived from Ireland and Germany. Many of nativists them were fleeing economic troubles in their native countries. Know-Nothing Party Some were seeking political or religious freedom. middle class tenements Fleeing the Irish Potato Famine Most immigrants from the British Isles during that period were Irish. In the mid-1840s, potato blight, a disease that causes rot in potatoes, left many families in Ireland with little food. More than a million Irish people died of starvation and disease. Even more fled to the United States. Most Irish immigrants were very poor and settled in north- eastern cities to look for work. By 1850 the Irish made up one-fifth of the population in seven major cities, including New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. They worked at unskilled jobs in the cities or on building canals and railroads. Irish women often worked as domestic servants for wealthy families, labor- ing 16 or more hours per day. In 1849 a Boston health commit- tee reported that low wages forced most Irish immigrants to live in poor housing. 508 Module 16 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A An Irish immigrant family could expect hardships in their adopted country, but they could also find greater opportunities for a new and better life. Still, many immigrants enjoyed a new feeling of equality. Patrick Dunny wrote home to his family about this situation. “People that cuts a great dash [style] at home . think it strange [in the United States] for the humble class of people to get as much respect as themselves.” —Patrick Dunny, quoted in Who Built America? by Bruce Levine et al. A Failed German Revolution Many Germans also came to the United States during this time. In the early 1800s, many Germans were attracted by the First Amendment protection of religious freedom and came to the United States to escape religious persecution. In 1848 some Germans had staged a revolution against harsh rule. Some educated Germans fled to the United States to escape persecution caused by their political activi- ties. Most German immigrants, however, were working class, and they came for economic reasons. The United States seemed to offer both greater economic opportunity and more freedom from government control. While most Irish immigrants were Catholics, German immigrant groups included Catholics, Jews, and Protestants. German immigrants were more likely than the Irish to become farmers and live in rural areas. They moved to midwestern states where more land was available. Unlike the Irish, a high percentage of German immigrants arrived in the United States with money. Despite their funds and skills, German immigrants often had to take low-paying jobs. Many German immigrants worked as tailors, seamstresses, bricklayers, servants, clerks, cabinetmakers, bakers, and food merchants. Anti-Immigration Movements Industrialization and the waves of people from Europe greatly changed the American labor force. While many immigrants went to the Midwest to get farmland, other immigrants filled the need for cheap labor in towns and cities.
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