Special Edition of the Water Policy Journal ’s Case Study Lessons Learned from Mega Disasters and Future Policy Development on Water-related Disaster Management in Japan

Oct 17th 2014 Hideo Tokuyama Vice Minister for Engineering Affairs, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Japan

1 Initial response after the Great East Japan Disaster operation room of the Tohoku Regional Development Bureau of MLIT on March 11 7:53 p.m., the night of the disaster

2 東日本大震災の発災時（宮城県石巻市） Flow of the operation after the earthquake

37minuts after the earthquake The Bureau’s Helicopter for disaster prevention “Michinoku” emergency takeoff

Disaster Emergency Recovery Reconstruction Response

・Road clearing ・Emergency drainage Rescue ・Securing communication

3 Securing Routes for Rescue and Relief Before clearing

Rikuzen- Takada city

4 Operation “Comb” First Step Secured vertical routes (Tohoku Expressway Map of Operation Comb and National Route 4) Second Step Secured east-west routes (enable access Legend Accessible from to the coastal areas) Inaccessible March 12th ： 11 of 16 routes cleared March 15th ： 15 routes cleared Third Step Secured coastal routes March 18th ： 97% of coastal National Routes 45 & 6 cleared （operation completed） Step 2 Step 3 Step 1 Kuji

MIyako

Kamaishi

Ofunato

Rikuzentakata

Kesennuma

Pacific OceanPacific

PacificOcean Pacific OceanPacific

Minamisanriku

and National Route 4 Route National and 4 Route National and

The Tohoku Expressway Tohoku The Expressway Tohoku The

and National Route 4 Nationaland Route

Ishinomaki Expressway Tohoku The

1 day after 4 days after 7 days after disaster disaster disaster 5 Securing Routes for Rescue and Relief After clearing

Rikuzen- Takada city

6 Drainage operation across disaster affected areas

Location排水対策実施箇所 of drainage operation

： 2

Inundated Area Approx. 170km Yamada山田町 Town IwatePref. Inundation Volume ： Approx. 112 million m3 岩 手 Drainage Volume ： Approx. 56 million m3 Rikuzentakada陸前高田市 City 県

Miyako気仙沼市 City

（※16 municipalities, 67 locations） Minamisanriku南三陸町 City Estimated Drainage Volume at each municipality (thousand m3) City東松島市 Ishinomaki石巻市 City Airport(Natori City, City) Sendai仙台市 City 宮

Yamada City MiyagiPref. Rikuzentakada City 城 Natori名取市 City City City七ヶ浜町 Minamisanriku Ctiy 県 Watari亘理町 Town City Tagajo多賀城市 City

Higashimatsushima City Shichigahama Town Iwanuma City Yamamoto山元町 Town 岩沼市

Tagajo City FukushimaPref. Sendai City Shinchi新地町 Town Watari Town 福 Yamamoto Town Shinchi Town Soma City相馬市 島 Soma City Minamisoma南相馬市 City Minamisoma City 県

7 Emergency Drainage Operation

Minami Soma City

8 Cycle of Disaster Management

The Cycle of Disaster Management

Preparation Reconstruction

Lesson Disaster occurring Recovery

Record Initial Response

Preparedness Cycle Recovery Cycle (Response to a future disaster) (Response to this disaster) 9 First Message to be conveyed to the world through HELP (1) 「予防」のための防災投資の強化 Strengthening disaster management investment for “disaster prevention” for protection of economic development gains and consistent progress of the economic growth ○Based on the experience of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, seismic reinforcement of road bridges were implemented across the country. ○Reinforced bridges were prevented from critical damage(i.e. fallen or collapsed). 【落橋防止装置】（震度5弱） March 2011 January 1995 “the Great East Japan Earthquake” “the Great Hanshin- Anti-falling device Awaji Earthquake “ 【橋脚補強（鋼板巻立）】（震度6弱）

Pier Reinforcement

国道13号福島西道路吾妻高架橋 Hanshin National Highway Route 3, Kobe Line Kamaishi elevated bridge of National Highway Route 4510 Second Message to be conveyed to the world through HELP (2) ハード対策とソフト対策の最適な組合せ Appropriately combining structural and non-structural measures for protecting human lives and properties from disasters ○In the Great East Japan Earthquake, many human lives were lost in many of the coastal regions while the coastal floodgate protected the urban areas in Fudai village in Iwate prefecture.

Urban area

Inundation area

11 Third Message to be conveyed to the world through HELP Incorporating disaster risk reduction, not only in “disaster (3) あらゆる分野における防災への取り組み management” projects but also in all other sectors for minimizing disaster impacts

○7 to 10 meters high road embankment stopped tsunami at about 4km inland ○Lots of local residents evacuated to the top of road embankment

（Sendai, the Great East Japan Earthquake）

↑

↓

City side City

Sea side Sea

12 4th Message to be conveyed to the world through HELP Reconstruction and recovery based on the principal of preventing (4) 被害軽減につながる復旧・復興計画 recurrence of future disasters in order to enhance long-term safety against disasters ○River improvement after a disaster, aiming to prevent disaster recurrence, contributed to dramatically reducing flood damage. (Igarashi and Karita Rivers of Shinano River System)

（平成22年12月 撮影） 五十嵐川の堤防決壊による浸水状況（新潟県三条市） （平成17年8月 River Widening & 撮影） Riverbed Excavation ○ 平成１６年７月洪水後に再度災害防止を目的に、直接被害のあった信濃川水系五十嵐川・刈 谷田川において、築堤、河道掘削、遊水地の整備等を実施。 ○ 平成２３年７月洪水では、平成１６年７月洪水の１．４倍の雨量を記録したにも関わらず浸水 Flood Disaster in 2004 被害は激減。 2days basin average rainfall Number of Inundated houses (Teiseki Bridge) 14,439 houses 流域平均２日間雨量 一般資産等被害額 被災建物数 Reduced by （mm） （帝石橋上流域） （百万円） （棟） 1.4times greater 500.0 160000 150230150,230 16000 1443914,439 90% 388.4388.4 400.0 約1.4倍 120000 12000 277.0277.0 300.0 約98％減 80000 8000 約93％減 200.0 40000 4000 100.0 3,4263426 10621,062 0.0 0 0 平成１６年７月洪水H16.7洪水 平成２３年７月洪水H23.7洪水 平成１６年７月洪水H16.7洪水 平成２３年７月洪水H23.7洪水 平成１６年７月洪水H16.7洪水 平成２３年７月洪水H23.7洪水 1,062 houses

2004 2011 2004 2011 13 Fifth Message to be conveyed to the world through HELP

(5) 被災実態の把握・記録 Introducing a mechanism for continuously accumulating disaster records and statics for promoting disaster management

White Paper on Disaster record of Disaster Management the Great East Japan Earthquake 14 Summary Message to be conveyed to the world through HELP •Strengthening disaster management investment for “disaster prevention” for protection of economic development gains and consistent progress of the economic growth

•Appropriately combining structural and non-structural measures for protecting human lives and properties from disasters

•Incorporating disaster risk reduction, not only in “disaster management” projects but also in all other sectors for minimizing disaster impacts

•Reconstruction and recovery based on the principal of preventing recurrence of future disasters in order to enhance long-term safety against disasters

•Introducing a mechanism for continuously accumulating disaster records and statics for promoting disaster management 15