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Salar De Atacama Salar de Atacama Antecedentes Generales del Sistema Salino: Región: Antofagasta Provincia: El Loa Comuna: San Pedro de Atacama UTM 19S HUSO Este: 569.775 UTM 19S HUSO Norte: 7.397.613 Proyección: PSAD 56 Altura: 2.300 m s.n.m Descripción General: Salar preandino compuesto por costras salinas de cloruros y sulfatos y por lagunas, algunos con salmueras ricas en boratos. Está emplazado en una cuenca tectónica rellenado por sedimentos clásticos y evaporitas, limitada por la Cordillera de Domeyko al oeste y por la Cordillera de los Andes al este, las serranías del Tatio al norte, y la serranía de Lila al sur. Actualmente, es el único salar en explotación de litio y boratos. Datos Morfológicos y Climáticos del Sistema Salino: Morfología: Ovalada o corazón invertido con eje mayor en dirección NS y eje menor en dirección WE, aumentando 49 km de largo más al sur a la latitud de las plantas de tratamiento. Superficie del Sistema Salino: 3.000 km2 Superficie de la Cuenca: 18.100 km2 Superficie de las Lagunas: 12,6 km2 Precipitación: 25 (Salar) - 300 (Cordillera) mm/año Evaporación Potencial: 2.000 (Salar) - 1.600 (Cordillera) mm/año 1 ATACAMA Observaciones: Uno de sus sistemas hidrológicos, Soncor, pertenece a la Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos, junto con las lagunas Miscanti y Miñique, los salares Tara, Pujsa, Aguas Calientes Norte ó 1 y los sectores Valle de La Luna y Tambillo. Adicionalmente, Soncor está en la lista internacional de humedales Ramsar desde el año 1996. Potencial Litio: Alto. Datos Ambientales del Sistema Salino Sitio RAMSAR Sistema Hidrológico Soncor del Salar de Atacama Código RAMSAR N° 05/0876 Fecha_Designación 02 de Diciembre de 1996 Tipo_Humedal Lagunas salobres permanentes, asociadas a salares andinos (altiplánicos). Superficie (Ha) 67.133 Flora Grama Salada (Distichlis spicata); Brea (Pluchea absinthioides); Cachiyuyo (Atriplex atacamensis); Junco (Juncus balticus); Pingo-Pingo (Ephedra breana) Fauna REPTILES: Lagartija de Fabián (Liolaemus fabiani); AVES: Flamenco Chileno (Phoenicopterus chilensis); Flamenco de James (Phoenicoparrus jamesi); Flamenco Andino (Phoenicoparrus andinus); Playero de Baird (Calidris bairdi); Pollito de Mar Tricolor (Phalaropus tricolor); Pollito de Wilson (Steganopus tricolor); Gaviota Andina (Larus serranus); Guallata (Chloephaga melanoptera); Suri (Pterocnemia pennata); MAMÍFEROS: Zorro Culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus); Vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) Amenazas Minería; Alteración de acuíferos; Turismo no controlado. Entidad Responsable_Manejo/Administración Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Ciudad de Antofagasta, Región de Antofagasta: Comunidades indígenas atacameñas de Toconao en la gestión turística. FUENTE: Carrasco-Lagos, P.; Moreno, R.; Figueroa, A.; Espoz, C.; de la Maza, C. 2015. Sitios Ramsar de Chile. Secretaría Regional Ministerial (SEREMI) del Medio Ambiente de la Región Metropolitana-Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático y Centro Bahía Lomas de la Universidad Santo Tómas-Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza de la Universidad de Chile-Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF): 56p. Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos Fecha_Designación 17 de Octubre del 1990 Tipo_Humedal Lagunas salobres permanentes, asociadas a salares andinos (altiplánicos). Superficie (Ha) 67.133 Descripción Salar preandino con costras salinas cloruradas y sulfatadas y con un sistema hidrológico compuesta por una serie de canales superficiales y cuerpos lagunares. El sistema se considera un hábitat preferente de aves acuáticas, la mayoría con problemas de conservación. El flamenco andino (Phoenicoparrus andinus) tiene su centro reproductivo más importante a nivel mundial en las lagunas Barros Negros, Chaxas y Puilar. Flora Grama Salada (Distichlis spicata); Brea (Pluchea absinthioides); Cachiyuyo (Atriplex 2 ATACAMA atacamensis); Junco (Juncus balticus); Pingo-Pingo (Ephedra breana) Fauna REPTILES: Lagartija de Fabián (Liolaemus fabiani); AVES: Flamenco Chileno (Phoenicopterus chilensis); Flamenco de James (Phoenicoparrus jamesi); Flamenco Andino (Phoenicoparrus andinus); Playero de Baird (Calidris bairdi); Pollito de Mar Tricolor (Phalaropus tricolor); Pollito de Wilson (Steganopus tricolor); Gaviota Andina (Larus serranus); Guallata (Chloephaga melanoptera); Suri (Pterocnemia pennata); MAMÍFEROS: Zorro Culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus); Vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) Actividades_Recreativas Trekking en senderos de Lagunas Miscanti-Miñique, Laguna Chaxa, Valle de la Luna, Aldea de Túlor; Ecoturismo con la comunidad indígena Atacameña. Amenazas Minería; Alteración de acuíferos; Turismo no controlado Entidad Responsable_Manejo/Administración Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Ciudad de Antofagasta, Región de Antofagasta: Comunidades indígenas atacameñas de Toconao en la gestión turística. FUENTE 1: Carrasco-Lagos, P.; Moreno, R.; Figueroa, A.; Espoz, C.; de la Maza, C. 2015. Sitios Ramsar de Chile. Secretaría Regional Ministerial (SEREMI) del Medio Ambiente de la Región Metropolitana-Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático y Centro Bahía Lomas de la Universidad Santo Tómas-Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza de la Universidad de Chile-Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF): 56p. FUENTE 2: Amado, N. 2010. Ficha Informativa de los Humedales de Ramsar (FIR): Sistema Hidrológico Soncor del Salar de Atacama. Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF): 12p. Datos Antropológicos del Sistema Salino Comunidad Indígena Atacameña Descripción General Los atacameños habitan en comunidades de Peine, Toconao, Socaire, Talabre, Catarpe, Solor, Camar y Machuca. Estas comunidades se agrupan en pueblos pequeños y en ayllus, la antigua organización socio territorial en parcelas con terrenos agrícolas y regados. Según su creencia, la naturaleza beneficia o castiga una persona o comunidad completa si no se la ha tratado con respeto. Sus ceremonias son pago a los cerros, a la Pachamama y ritos a las aguas. Cada comunidad mencionada cuenta con uno o más cerros titulares, representación macho (Mallku) y femenino (T'alla). Adicionalmente, los cerros son importantes en la reproducción del ganado de las comunidades. Actividades Recolección de abonos y turbas para la agricultura, de leña, de fibras vegetales, de hierbas medicinales y de pinturas. Extracción de materiales para la construcción y de minerales como sal, yeso, sapolio, ónix, liparita, loza, piedra pómez, piedra roja y greda para cerámica y cosmética. Otras actividades incluyen pastoreo, agricultura, minería y turismo. FUENTE: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. 2016. Informe del Estado del Medio Ambiente. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente: 557p. 3 ATACAMA Socio - Cultural Actividad: Religión Descripción Rituales que requieren "cosechar" huevos de flamencos de las lagunas Barros Negros y Puilar y la caza de un ejemplar de flamenco para fines rituales. Actividad: Agricultura Descripción Los atacameños colectan material leñoso con fines dendroenergéticos. Actividad: Ecoturismo Descripción Junto con la Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), la Comunidad Atacameña de Toconao establece un proyecto ecoturísitco para reguardar las zonas críticas del ecosistema, especialmente los sectores de nidificación de flamencos y para generar beneficios económicos directos a la comunidad. Actividad: Minería Descripción Hay dos proyectos de producción de cloruro de potasio, sulfato de potasio, litio y ácido bórico en base a la evaporación solar de salmuera natural. Estos productos se extraen 20 km al suroeste del Sistema Hidrológico Soncor y en el núcleo del salar. Paralelamente en el sur, dos empresas mineras de cobre extraen aguas subterráneas para sus procesos productivos. FUENTE: Amado, N. 2010. Ficha Informativa de los Humedales de Ramsar (FIR): Sistema Hidrológico Soncor del Salar de Atacama. Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF): 12p. Arqueología Sitio 1 Quebradas Soncor y Camar Ubicación Centro Este del salar. Descripción_Sitio Sitios indican una tradición agropastoril, utilizando los recursos silvestres de fauna. Observaciones A la fecha, no hay sitios arqueológicos reportados oficialmente en la zona del sistema hidrológico Soncor del salar. FUENTE: Amado, N. 2010. Ficha Informativa de los Humedales de Ramsar (FIR): Sistema Hidrológico Soncor del Salar de Atacama. Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF): 12p. Datos de Composición Química de Sales (Año 1970) Tipo de Li As Ca Mg Na K CO3 SO4 Cl NO3 B H2O Muestra (%), Li As (mg/l) Costra Salina 0,0 0,0 2,89 0,65 23,57 5,15 0,32 10,38 37,63 0,45 0,16 2,88 Costra salina 0,0 0,0 0,35 0,03 35,81 0,39 0,07 0,7 59,66 0,05 0,003 0,36 de sal gema cristalizada. Costra salina 0,0 0,0 2,45 0,06 2,57 0,46 0,07 5,5 2,46 0,03 0,026 2,64 arcillo- detrítica. Costra salina 0,0 0,0 9,25 1,78 11,12 1,34 0,07 20,45 19,56 0,19 1,32 9,56 de halita, yeso, y arcilla 4 ATACAMA detrítica, con eflorescencias de ulexita. Costra Salina 0,0 0,0 5,0 11,69 8,26 0,42 2,2 1,21 4,75 0,07 0,14 7,74 Costra Salina 0,0 0,0 3,99 1,97 2,26 0,42 0,11 0,99 3,05 0,003 0,063 3,42 Costra salina 0,0 0,0 14,03 0,1 13,26 0,8 0,25 35,74 20,25 0,05 0,154 8,24 sulfatada, porosa, con cristales de halita. Costra salina 0,0 0,0 7,09 0,1 27,19 1,94 0,11 14,82 45,25 0,09 0,046 1,9 dura de sal blanca con cristalización fina y con sedimento detrítico. Costra salina 0,0 0,0 10,05 8,55 2,08 0,64 9,26 1,97 3,03 0,05 0,1292 10,74 blanda compuesta por lodo arcillo- carbonatado y magnesiano. Costra Salina 0,0 0,0 27,7 1,94 0,93 0,32 37,67 3,0 0,76 0,09 0,1052 4,52 Costra salina 0,0 0,0 13,78 0,44 17,1 1,74 0,05 32,11 28,77 0,05 0,1079 4,64 dura de sal y sedimento detrítico con cristalización. Costra salina 0,0 0,0 1,4 0,75 28,25 0,73 0,2 10,06 44,13 0,04 0,011 3,1 dura con cristalización fina y con detritus. Costra salina 0,0 0,0 0,68 0,03 36,73 0,25 0,02 2,61 57,74 0,06 0,005 0,3 de sal gema blanca con cristalización fina, algo húmeda.
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