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Swedres-Svarm 2007 SVARM|2007 Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring 2 SVARM 2007 Content Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring 2007 Content ................................................................................. 2 Preface .................................................................................. 3 Editors Summary ............................................................................... 4 Björn Bengtsson, Christina Greko and Ulrika Sammanfattning.................................................................... 6 Grönlund Andersson Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Use of antimicrobials ........................................................... 8 Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA) Resistance in zoonotic bacteria ........................................... 15 SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden Salmonella ....................................................................... 15 Authors Resistance in indicator bacteria .......................................... 20 Björn Bengtsson, Christina Greko and Ulrika Escherichia coli ................................................................. 20 Grönlund Andersson Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Enterococcus ..................................................................... 24 Strategies, SVA Enterococcus faecalis ......................................................... 25 Enterococcus faecium ........................................................ 25 SVARM laboratory working group Enterococcus hirae ............................................................ 25 Margareta Horn af Rantzien, Kerstin Ekström, Maria Finn, Eva Hübbinette, Annica Landén, and Resistance in animal pathogens .......................................... 33 Susanna Thyselius Pig .................................................................................. 33 Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Cattle .............................................................................. 38 Strategies, SVA Sheep .............................................................................. 38 SVARM advisory committee Poultry ........................................................................... 40 Björn Bengtsson, Anders Franklin, Christina Horse.............................................................................. 40 Greko, Ulrika Grönlund Andersson, Department of Dog ................................................................................ 42 Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, SVA Cat .................................................................................. 45 Viveka Båverud, Department of Bacteriology, SVA Ivar Vågsholm, Office of Science and Quality, SVA Appendix 1: Demographic data .......................................... 46 Ulf Peter Wichardt, Fiskhälsan FH AB (Fish Health Appendix 2: Materials and methods, use Control Program) of antimicrobials ................................................................. 48 Text and tables may be cited and reprinted only Appendix 3: Materials and methods, resistance with reference to this report monitoring .......................................................................... 49 Suggested citation: SVARM 2007, Swedish Sampling strategy ........................................................... 49 Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring. Isolation and identification of bacteria .......................... 49 The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden, 2008. www.sva.se, ISSN 1650-6332. Susceptibility testing ...................................................... 50 Quality assurance system ............................................... 50 This report is available at www.sva.se Appendix 4: Antimicrobial agents licensed ......................... 53 Reprints can be ordered from Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Appendix 5: References ....................................................... 54 Strategies National Veterinary Institute SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden Phone: +46 (0) 18 67 40 00 Fax: +46 (0) 18 30 91 62 e-mail: [email protected] © Statens Veterinärmedicinska Anstalt, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden Printed by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås, Sweden ISSN Produced by SVA Graphic production by Björn Lundquist AB, Malmö, Sweden Photographs by Bengt Ekberg, SVA, SVARM 2007 3 Preface WELCOME to the eighth Swedish report combining results from diagnostic samples, and data on use of antimicrobi- from the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antimi- als in animals is based on sales statistics from Apoteket AB crobial usage in both veterinary and human medicine: SVARM (National Corporation of Pharmacies) is routinely presented. and SWEDRES. These joint reports facilitate comparisons of In 2005, SVARM was extended by SVARMpat, a monitor- resistance levels and incidence of use in the two areas. ing programme run in collaboration between SVA and the International reports of transmission of MRSA between Swedish Animal Health Service and financed by the Swedish pigs and humans and our own experience of outbreaks affect- Board of Agriculture. SVARMpat focuses on bacteria causing ing dogs and personnel in small animal hospitals further disease in pigs, cattle, sheep or poultry. emphasize the zoonotic potential of antibiotic resistance and Data in this and previous reports indicate that the Swedish need for continuous close collaboration between human and strategies in human and veterinary medicine have been compar- veterinary medicine. Many questions remain to be answered atively successful in containing resistance. But some of the such as the potential importance of transmission of some types presented results are cause for concern. In veterinary medicine of resistance via the food-chain or the environment. the rapid emergence and spread of multiresistant methicillin- According to the zoonosis-monitoring directive adopted resistant Staphylococcus (pseud)intermedius within and between in the EU in 2003, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance small animal hospitals is a serious animal health problem, as the shall comprise zoonotic organisms such as Salmonella and options left for treatment are scant. Campylobacter isolated from food producing animals and from To preserve the effectiveness of available antimicrobi- food. SVARM will therefore in the near future be extended to als, continuous efforts are needed in all sectors. In human bacteria isolated from food of animal origin. This work will be medicine, such work is initiated and co-ordinated by Strama. initiated in collaboration between SVA and the National Food In 2007, Strama VL, a network with a similar remit in the Administration. veterinary and food sector has been initiated. The network The zoonosis directive also indicates that resistance in is supported by a secretariat founded at SVA. Strama VL will bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci isolated from healthy provide a platform for all stakeholders to exchange informa- animals and food is of public health interest. Such indicator tion, analyze problems, pinpoint solutions and initiate priori- bacteria constitute a reservoir of resistance genes that may be tized activities. Our hope is this report, produced in collab- transferred to pathogenic bacteria in animals and man and are oration between the Section of Antibiotics and Strama VL, therefore routinely monitored in SVARM. will contribute to that work and that the information, when In addition, data on resistance in animal pathogens isolated needed, is translated into action. 4 SVARM 2007 Summary THE EIGHT REPORT FROM SVARM shows that the situation third generation cephalosporins was not observed in isolates regarding antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal ori- from food producing animals. gin remain favourable from an international perspective. The situation can rapidly change however, as illustrated by emer- Indicator bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. gence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the intestinal flora of healthy animals, are monitored in companion animals and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus since resistance in the normal gut flora reflects the antimi- (pseudo)intermedius (MRSP) in dogs. These findings are cause crobial selective pressure in an animal population. By using for concern from a zoonotic and an animal health perspec- harmonised methodology, data on resistance can be compared tive, respectively, and emphasize the need for continuous on an international level and over time. Thereby valid conclu- vigilance in this dynamic field. sions on trends in resistance can be made. This year, indi- cator bacteria from broilers were monitored. In agreement The total amount of antimicrobials used for animals 2007 with the limited use of antimicrobials effective against E. coli was 17 106 kg, which is similar to year 2000. The amount of anti- in this animal species, resistance was rare and few isolates microbials for in-feed or in-water medication has decreased were multiresistant. No isolate of E. coli was resistant to third by 94% since 1984 and is today but 13% of the total sales. generation cephalosporins by production of extended spec- However, from year 2004, an increase in sales of pleuromu- trum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Resistance in enterococci tilins, macrolides and tetracyclines formulated for in-feed or was more common but there are no trends towards a higher in-water medication is noted. These products are mainly used prevalence of resistance neither in Enterococcus faecalis
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