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Comparing the Abilities of Energy Storage, PV, and Other Distributed Energy Resources to Provide Grid Services

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Comparing the Abilities of Energy Storage, PV, and Other Distributed Energy Resources to Provide Grid Services Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) Webinar: Comparing the Abilities of Energy Storage, PV, and Other Distributed Energy Resources to Provide Grid Services March 13, 2017 Hosted by Todd Olinsky-Paul ESTAP Project Director Clean Energy States Alliance Housekeeping State & Federal Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) Todd Olinsky-Paul Project Director Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Thank You: Dr. Imre Gyuk U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Dan Borneo Sandia National Laboratories ESTAP is a project of CESA Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) is a non-profit organization providing a forum for states to work together to implement effective clean energy policies & programs: State & Federal Energy Storage Technology Advancement Partnership (ESTAP) is conducted under contract with Sandia National Laboratories, with funding from US DOE. New Jersey: Vermont: 4 MW Massachusetts: ESTAP Key Activities: New York Oregon: $10 million, 4- energy storage $40 Million $40 Million Energy year energy microgrid & Resilient Microgrids Storage RFP storage Airport Power/Microgrids Initiative 1. Disseminate information to stakeholders solicitation Microgrid Solicitation; $10 Million energy storage demonstration • ESTAP listserv >3,000 members New program Mexico: • Webinars, conferences, information Energy Connecticut: Storage Task $45 Million, updates, surveys. Force 3-year Microgrids Initiative 2. Facilitate public/private partnerships to Kodiak Island support joint federal/state energy storage Wind/Hydro/ Pennsylvania Battery & Battery Cordova Demonstration demonstration project deployment Project Hydro/flywheel Northeastern projects States Post- 3. Support state energy storage efforts Sandy Critical Maryland Game Changer Infrastructure Awards: Solar/EV/Battery with technical, policy and program Hawaii: 6MW Resiliency & Resiliency Through storage on Project Microgrids Task Force assistance Molokai Island and 2MW storage ESTAP Project Locations in Honolulu Panelists David Rosewater, Sandia National Laboratories Sudipta Chakraborty, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Todd Olinsky-Paul, Clean Energy States Alliance (Moderator) Comparing the Abilities of Energy Storage, PV, and Other Distributed Energy Resources to Provide Grid Services David Rosewater Sudipta Chakraborty Sandia National Laboratories National Renewable Energy Laboratory March 13th, 2016 SAND2017-2704 PE Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under March 13, 2017 1 contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND2016-8839 D Outline ►Introduction (David) ►Photovoltaic System Device Model (Sudipta) ►Battery System Device Model (David) ►Summary March 13, 2017 2 Changing Landscape of Electrical Power Changing Generation Mix on the Grid The grid was designed and built using controlled generation and predictable load Tomorrow’s grid will have less control over generation form renewable sources Figure Source: Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2017: March 13, 2017 3 https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/0383%282017%29.pdf Expanding Role of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in the Grid • Conventional Generators supply many services to the grid – Wholesale energy (kWh) – Peak Supply – Inertia – Voltage management – Capacity – Frequency Regulation – Spinning reserve – Ramping • Renewable Generators (presently) supply one – Wholesale energy (kWh) based on how much is available from the environment March 13, 2017 4 Expanding Role of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in the Grid • Services are Being Decoupled – Wholesale energy (kWh) – Peak Supply – Inertia New Markets or – Voltage management Established Value – Capacity to Rate Payers – Frequency Regulation – Spinning reserve – Ramping • DER can Supply These Services – But how well? – Are they as effective as generators? – How do they compare to one another? March 13, 2017 5 DER Device Classes • Thermal storage • Water heaters • Refrigerators • PV/inverters These very different • Batteries/inverters devices can be • Electric vehicles (DR, V2G) enabled to supply • Res. & com. HVAC the same services • Commercial refrigeration to the grid • Commercial lighting • Fuel cells • Electrolyzers March 13, 2017 6 High-Level Project Summary Project Description Expected Outcomes Develop a characterization test protocol and model-based performance metrics for devices’ ability to provide a broad range of Reward innovation by device/system/control grid services, i.e., provide the flexibility required to operate a clean, manufacturers, helping them understand reliable power grid at reasonable cost. opportunities & enlarging the market for devices Lab Device Class Grid Services 1. Thermal storage A. Peak load management Validated performance & value for grid PNNL B. Artificial inertia/fast operator decisions on purchases, subsidies or frequency response rebates, programs, markets, planning/operating 3. Water heaters C. Distribution voltage strategies NREL 4. Refrigerators management / PV impact Independently validated information for 5. PV/inverters mitigation rd SNL 6. Batteries/inverters consumers & 3 parties for device purchase 7. Electric vehicles (DR, D. ISO capacity market (e.g., decisions ANL V2G) PJM’s) 8. Res. & com. HVAC ORNL 9. Commercial refrigeration 10.Commercial lighting E. Regulation LBNL F. Spinning reserve G. Ramping 11.Fuel cells INL 12.Electrolyzers H. Wholesale energy LLNL market/production cost March 13, 2017 7 General Framework and Approach Weather, Grid Service Boundary Drive Cycles Conditions Device & Std. Device Controller Assumptions Grid Performance Under Test Service Metrics Fleet Fleet Balance of of Balance Characterization Dispatch System, System, Limits Test & usage, Baseline Characterized Apparatus Updated Parameters Battery- Device Parameters Service Efficacy & Value Equivalent Energy, End-User, Model Existing Power to/from Model Equipment Impacts Adopted Device Fleet Industry Parameters Standards Advance through drive cycle time steps March 13, 2017 8 Foundational Concepts – State-of Charge for a Device Current energy stored for grid services State-of-charge: SoC = Maximum potential energy stored Examples: Temperature rise of bldg. thermal mass Air conditioners: SoC = Allowable temperature rise of bldg. Electric vehicles: Charging energy deferred SoC = 1 – (for a recharge cycle) Charging energy required March 13, 2017 9 March 13, 2017 9 Battery Equivalent Model Nameplate Parameters ► Energy Storage Capacity ► Ramp rate real/reactive up/down ► Max real/reactive power ► Charging Efficiency ► Min real/reactive power ► Discharging Efficiency Modeling a fleet of Power balance & sign convention identical devices, not Power to grid (PGrid) individual devices Power to end use (PEndUse) + PLoad • Continuously variable Parasitic power (PParasitic) response possible Power from Power output (POutput) + source/sink Power discharged (P ) • State variables reflect the Discharge (P ) Converter Source mean of the distribution Source/Sink March 13, 2017 10 of states in fleet March 13, 2017 10 Service Example Peak Supply / Peak Demand Management • Analyze daily peak loads for entire year – Start with peak demand reduction target (f) = 10% – Skip days where Max Load < (1 – f) Peak Demandyr • Design a timestep-by-timestep dispatch plan for each day – Design daily plan to dispatch battery equivalent fleet while • Ensuring all device fleet energy & power constraints are satisfied • Ensuring all fleet constraints on time when State-of-Charge must be restored • Satisfying reduction target (f) – If any daily plan is infeasible, reduce f, repeat previous 3 steps March 13, 2017 11 March 13, 2017 11 Photovoltaic System Device Model March 13, 2017 12 Grid Services from Photovoltaics (PV) Sudipta Chakraborty National Renewable Energy Laboratory March 13, 2017 1 Recap of Primary Objectives ▶ Protocols for characterizing device fleet performance (of various classes) for a set of standard parameters Based on a short-term (<24-hour) test Suitable for adoption as a Recommended Practice ▶ Standard “drive cycles” representative of the required response for each service ▶ Metrics for a fleet of identical device’s ability to perform & value provided for each grid service ▶ Standard model for devices, with parameters determined by the characterization procedure Proven to accurately estimate device’s actual ability to perform grid services Suitable for adoption as a standard, general model describing the performance envelope of DER/device fleets March 13, 2017 2 General Framework and Approach Weather, Grid Service Boundary Drive Cycles Condions Device & Std. Device Controller Assump*ons Grid Performance Under Test Service Metrics Fleet Balance of Dispatch Characterizaon System, Limits Baseline usage, Test & Characterized Apparatus Updated Parameters Parameters Baery- Device Service Efficacy & Value Equivalent Energy, End-User, Model Equipment Impacts Exisng Power to/from Model Adopted Device Fleet Industry Parameters Standards Advance through drive cycle Ime steps March 13, 2017 3 Structure of Typical PV/Inverter System § For the purpose of grid services, the PV and the PV inverter systems are considered together March 13, 2017 4 Standard Controls and Operations for Smart/Advanced PV Inverters ▶ Deliver real power ▶ Grid support functions MPPT Real power functions
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