X-Banding the Bay Area’s Real Time Rainfall Monitoring and Storm Forecasting Capabilities Project to Add 5 Radars to Bay Area & Make Use of Data
2 | Talk Outline
Weather Radars- Background
AQPI Project
What & Where, Why, Who, When?
How will rainfall data be used?
X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Conclusions and Acknowledgements
3 | Weather Radar Basics
Radar rotates up to 360 degrees, and 20 degrees in the vertical As it rotates, sends out SHORT pulses (0.00000157 seconds) with LONGER listening Periods (0.00099843 seconds) Process repeated 1300 times per second Doppler Effect is used to calculate the distance and direction of radio waves reflected by rain drops, snow flakes, hail, etc.
4 | Main Types of Radar
SUBTITLE Wavelength Frequency Advantages/ Type Use Example (cm) (GHz) Drawbacks Very Long Range Turbulence L-Band 15 – 30 1 - 2 Easy to Install Studies but Lower Resolution National Long Range but S-Band 8 – 15 2 - 4 Weather Large Dish, Antenna Service and Motor required TV Stations Shorter Range but C-Band 4 – 8 4 - 8 AQPI Project Smaller Dish, Less Power Required Very Short Range but AQPI Project Detects Smaller X-Band 2.5 – 4 8 - 12 Police Speed Particles & Easy to Radars Install 0.75 – 1.2 27 – 40 Cloud Detection Very Short Range but K-Band 1.7 – 2.5 12 - 18 Police Radars Very High Resolution
5 | Weather Radar – Dual Polarization
Dual Polarized Radar (Added to NEXRAD 2012- 2015)
Allows for:
Improved detection of weather type (hail vs. snow vs. rain).
Distinction: Weather elements vs. other (Insects, Smoke, Birds)
Detection ability improves as radar wavelength decreases,
Frequency6 | increases. Weather Radars in Bay Area
Two S-Band Radars – NWS, NEXRAD (KDAX &KMUX). Advanced, Use Dual Polarization Two C-Band Radars – KGO & KPIX (TV Stations). Older, Less Reliable, Single Polarization. Also: NOAA operates 3 radar wind profilers along CA coast.
7 | Bay Area Radar Shortcomings
Mountainous topography and high elevations of radars weaken atmospheric river detection
NEXRAD
NEXRAD
Radar sees too high
Radar sees where you need it most Radar blocked
8 | Bay Area Radar Shortcomings
Existing S-Band Radars
have coarser resolution (1 km, updating every 5-6 minutes)
At their large wavelengths/frequency, differential phase generally too large for rainfall estimation
9 | Talk Outline
Weather Radars- Background
AQPI Project
What & Where, Why, Who, When?
How will rainfall data be used?
X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Conclusions and Acknowledgements
10 | AQPI Project – Where (Bay Area) & What
S-band NEXRAD 1 C-Band 100 km Range Tracks storms coming from Pacific Ocean X-band Mt. S-band 4 X-Bands C-band Sonoma NEXRAD Bay Hill 40 km Range High Spatial (100 m) and X-band RKRDG X-band Temporal Montara Peak Resolution (1-2 X-band XSCV min) S-band NEXRAD
11 | AQPI Project – Why?
Better Resolution – Temporally and Spatially
Every 1-2 minutes vs. 6 minutes
X-BAND RADAR S-BAND RADAR
12 | AQPI Project – Why?
Capturing Spatial Variability
X-Band Radars capture spatial variability of rainfall; point measurements only measure local rainfall
Radar
Rain Gauge Disdrometer “The total area measured globally by all currently available rain gauges is surprisingly small, equivalent to less than half a football field or soccer pitch.” from Kidd et al. (2017)
13 | AQPI Project – Why?
Improved Accuracy
14 | AQPI Project – Why?
Improved Tracking of Lower Elevation Atmospheric Rivers
E.g. 2017 Coyote Flooding
NEXRAD
NEXRAD
Radar sees too high
Radar sees where you need it most Radar blocked
15 | AQPI Project – Why?
Allows for “NowCast” Rainfall Predictions– 30 – 60 minutes out (to fill in gaps between HRRR modeling)
Makes use state-of-the art X-Band Radars constructed at Colorado State University (V. Chandrasekar, Haonan Chen, Francesc Junyent)
Uses aspect of dual polarization (Differential Phase)- allows for more accurate rainfall estimation – compared with NEXRAD
16 | AQPI Project – Who?
Funding – Department of Water Resources
Lead Agency – Managing Project – Sonoma County
Agencies Hosting Radars– Sonoma County (Jake Spaulding), SCVWD, SFPUC, Two others (or possibly more)
Deputy Project Director & Engineering Lead– V. Chandrasekar & CIRA, Colorado State University
End Use Agencies – NOAA, USGS, SCVWD, Scripps
Strategic Planning– Morrison and Associates
Others
17 | AQPI Project – When?
Temporary Radars Installed Currently
SCVWD – Installed for Super Bowl 50 (Spring 2016) & Sept. 23, 2017 - Present
Sonoma County – Installed Spring 2018
Permanent Radar Installation- Aiming for two by end of 2018; others to follow
Funding for Project extends until End of 2021
18 | Talk Outline
Weather Radars- Background
AQPI Project
What & Where, Why, Who, When?
How will rainfall data be used?
X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Conclusions and Acknowledgements
19 | How will Rainfall Data be Used?
To fill in spatial and temporal gaps of existing NEXRAD gauge network
To fill in gaps in existing SCVWD rain gage network
To calibrate SCVWD’s Rain Gauge Network and vice-versa
Initial conditions for NOAA’s HRRR model for 24 hour weather forecasts, updated every hour
For Creating “NowCasts” – 30-60 minute forecasts to fill in gaps between HRRR predictions
Input for USGS Hydro CoSMoS – for 48 hour forecasts of streamflow and storm surge
Input for SCVWD own flood forecast models
20 | Talk Outline
Weather Radars- Background
AQPI Project
What & Where, Why, Who, When?
How will rainfall data be used?
X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Conclusions and Acknowledgements
21 | X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Find Radar Site Good Coverage? Right Elevation? Clear line of sight? Location (Tower or Building) for mounting Radar? Security? Internet Access (X-Band is a bandwith hog) and Power (single phase, 220 V, 20 Amps)? Location for server? Easy Access for installation/maintenance? E.g., crane accessibility? Safety Concerns? Etc. How’s the roof access? 22 | X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Design & Build Mounting Structure Check that proposed site can support X-Band Radar (2500 lbs) Design Platform for X-Band Radar Ensure that proposed mounting structure is designed for site conditions (winds, etc) Hire contractor to build the structure.
23 | X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Get Permissions From site owner (our water treatment plant staff) Environmental Clearance (CEQA) FCC – X-Band shares wavelengths with police speed radar, so this is required and must be obtained every 5 years Building permit (for mounting structure)
24 | X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Confirm Adequate Internet & Power May need to install conduit to route cables to roof Ensure internet and power (220 V) are adequate At District, we had to install a dedicated DSL line for internet What about security of internet?
25 | X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Coordinate Installation Order Crane Coordinate with X-Band Radar Delivery Schedule Check that Installation crew (CSU staff) will have access to site on installation day Have liaison staff on site.
26 | X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Trouble-shoot
Internet cable mysteriously breaks
Conduit (for running cables) is barely wide enough to pull cables
Brand new firewall failed
Large custom storage boxes needed storage location
27 | Acknowledgements
Colorado State University V. Chandrasekar, Ph.D. NOAA Rob Cifelli, Ph.D. Haonan Chen, Ph.D. Sonoma County Jake Spaulding
28 | Questions?
29 | One last item.. Install The Disdrometer
30 | In Situ and Remote Measurement of Rainfall Rain Gauge ● Disdrometer ● Weather Radar
Radar
Rain Gauge Disdrometer
“The total area measured globally by all currently available rain gauges is surprisingly small, equivalent to less than half a football field or soccer pitch.” from Kidd et al. (2017) Hydro-CoSMoS
An Integrated Flood Forecast Model for San Bay River Francisco Bay based on 10 years of research and development in partnership with leading oceanographic research institutions
Applications throughout California with public and private sector end‐users In Situ and Remote Measurement of Rainfall
Rain Gauge ● Disdrometer ● Weather Radar Several types of rain gauges (e.g., weighing gauges, tipping-bucket gauges) • systematic error • sampling interval and the bucket volume • arduous deployment and maintenance Commonly used disdrometers: Parsivel and 2-D video Radar disdrometer (2DVD)
Point measurements, Rain Gauge Disdrometer hard to capture the complex distribution of precipitation “The total area measured globally by all currently available rain gauges is surprisingly small, equivalent to less than half a football field or soccer pitch.” from Kidd et al. (2017) X-Band Radar: Quick Start Guide
Trouble-shooting Examples
Disdrometer?
34 | AQPI Project – Why?
35 | AQPI Project – Why?
X-Band Radars capture spatial variability of rainfall; point measurements only measure local rainfall
Radar
Rain Gauge Disdrometer
“The total area measured globally by all currently available rain gauges is surprisingly small, equivalent to less than half a football field or soccer pitch.” from Kidd et al. (2017)
36 | NOAA Next-Generation model development
HRRR Ensemble Probability of 6‐hr rainfall (24‐hour forecast) Provides Forecast Uncertainty Information
HRRRe >2”
>1”
Under development now Anticipate implementation as early as 2020
Probability of 6‐hr rainfall >= x inches within 40 km (%) Weather Radars in Bay Area - Shortcomings
38 | District’s Forecasting System
Currently relies on NOAA forecasts (how frequent?)
Future: will use HRRR forecasts
39 | AQPI Project – Why?
?? KMUX NEXRAD – elv. 1077.4 m AMSL
KMUX Radar ShootingKMUX Bright Band
Snow Bright band Rain
40 | 1km Bullet Points Example
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Hyperlink example—valleywater.org
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In accordance with California Water Code and District Ordinance No. 08-02, the Board’s per diem compensation is $260.03 per day for each day’s attendance at Board meetings, or for each day’s service rendered as a District Board member up to 10 days per month.
43| Footer Example—Board Expenses
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In accordance with Board Policy GP-10, Board members are eligible for reimbursement of expenses allowed by law and incurred while conducting business of the District. These include:
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Travel reimbursement
Meal reimbursement
Lodging
Conference, training and event registration fees
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Total 19.8 17.4 11.1 17.2 26.2
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