Decay Pattern of Stone Structures at Taxila World Heritage in Danger Site

DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig.1. Colored patinas on the stones of Bhir Mound Fig. 2.Structural decay due to the growth of wild Streets plants at Bhir mound Fig. 3. Black colored patinas on the stone of Bhir Mound Fig.4. Brown colored stains of soil and salt efflorescence on the stone of Bhir Mound streets DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig 5. Large dried and hard crusts on stone material of Fig 6. Presence of different colored fungal stains Kanla stupa on Round Stupa Fig. 7 Thick and dried different colored biofilms on Fig.8. Thick black coating of biofilms on Round Double headed Eagle stupa during summer season Stupa DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig. 9. Biological growths on Kanala Stupa at Sirkap Fig. 10. Structure damages and deposition of salt efflorescence on Kanala Stupa in Sirkap 1. 2. Fig.11 Formation of new green colored biofilms after Fig.12. Cracking and flaking of stone material of moon soon in September Kanla Stupa With growth of fungi in small fissures DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig. 13. The aesthetic damage of Double headed Fig. 14. Pitting and crumbling of stone material Eagle stupa due to the large number of black with newly formed green biofilms on double- colored biofilms and stains. headed Eagle Stupa Fig. 15. Disfigurement, crumbling and pitting of Fig. 16. Periodic growth of wild plants on the stone material of Stupa at Sirkap. monuments of Sirkap DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig.17. Growth of wild plants in gaps between Fig.18. Black colored stains and biofilms on the stones of wall of Sirsukh wall of Sirsukh city Fig .19. Thick and hard black biofilms on the Fig.20. A close picture of Main stupa at Mohra surface of Main stupa at Mohra Moradu Moradu showing Dried crusts and biofilms DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig.21. Pitting and crumbling of stone materials Fig.22. Green colored thick biofilms on Main with growth of fungal biofilms in Buddhist stupa Mohra Moradu Produced after rainy season monastery at Mohra Moradu in September Fig. 23. Thick layers of soil and dust on decorated Fig.24. The thick and dried fungal stains on stupa at Mohra Moradu monastery at Mohra Moradu DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig.25. Dried biofilms, patina and stains on stone Fig.26. Growth of higher plant in joints between monuments at Jaulian site stones of a monastery at Jaulian Fig.27. Soiling of Main Stupa at Jaulian with some Fig.28. Soiling, crumbling and pitting of votive light colored stains Stupa at Jaulian DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig.29. Healing Buddha at Jaulian with large Fig.30.Exfoliation of votive Stupa at Jaulian number of thick and dried biofilms and patinas. Fig. 31 .Patinas and soiling of decorated Stupa at Fig .32. Wall of a small stupa no. 11 at dharmarajika Dharmarajika with Thick covering of fungal biofilms DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig. 33. Crumbling, exfoliation and pitting of stone Fig. 34. Growth of a large no. of patinas, biofilm material in Dharmarajika and wild plants causing structural damage of stone material of stupa at Dharmarajika. Fig.35.Thick and dried fungal biofilms on Main Fig. 36. Dried fungal crusts during summer season Stupa at Dharmarajika at wall of small Stupa in Dharmarajika DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig. 37. Fungal growth in large sized pits on the Fig.38. Salt efflorescence at stupa no.13 in wall of Stupa no.12 at Dharmarajika Dharmarajika Fig.39. Crumbling, pitting of stone material due to Fig.40. Efflorescence at Main stupa in Dharmarajika the heavy growth of biofilms at main stupa Dharmarajika DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig.41. Exfoliation, disfigurement and pitting Fig. 42. Growth of Higher plants and thick biofilms of decorated Stupa at Dharmarajika at wall of small Stupa in Dharmarajika Fig. 43. Structural decay of stupa no.12 at Fig. 44. Pitting and growth of gray and black Dharmarajika showing growth of fungi in colored biofilms on stupa no.13 at dharmarajika decayed stone material DECAY PATTERN OF STONE STRUCTURES AT TAXILA WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER SITE Fig. 45. Crumbling and cracking of stone material of Stupa in Dharmarajika .

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