Part 4 – The Revival

• Adrian VI and Clement VII

• Adrian VI was the last non-Italian before John Paul II.

• Adrian VI would only be pope for one year, but his reforms and many of his recommendations would become the basis for the Catholic .

• His successor was Clement VII. He was indecisive and would be caught between wars and conflicts between the French and the Spanish . As Pope, he also was dealing with the Henry VIII situation.

• Paul III and Calling of the

• Alessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III in 1534. Before being pope he was a Renaissance Cardinal who loved the arts and attending parties.

• As the new Pope, he began to reform the Church. He is often given credit for starting the Catholic revival. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival

• Paul immediately took action to begin reforming the Church;

• 1) He excommunicated Henry VIII and placed England under interdict.

• 2) He urged the Catholic princes of Germany to unite against their Lutheran counterparts.

• 3) He managed to convince Charles V of and Francis I of to agree to a ten-year truce.

• The peace between Spain and France created an opportunity to have a much needed council to address the many issues the Church was facing.

• In advance of the upcoming council a Lutheran group, the Protestant League of Schmalkalden, demanded acceptance of their theological positions, they wanted to be on equal footing with the Bishops and they demanded that only the be used in deliberations and pronouncements. Upon being refused this Protestant group attempted to disrupt the council.

• Conflict and disagreements as to where to have the council would delay the start by three years.

• On Dec. 13, 1545, the Council of Trent opened its first session. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • Church’s Teaching

• Luther’s theology broke away from the Church’s teaching mainly in its deflated view of humanity. The Church teaches that we can gain merit for ourselves when doing good works.

• does not leave people totally corrupt as Luther believed, but rather wounds our nature.

• The contents of the Bible are divine revelations and therefore the word of God. Nevertheless, they are the work of people. We require the guidance and of the Holy Spirit that comes from and through the Church.

• The 7 Sacraments were instituted over time by Christ as a means of . Due to Luther’s attack on the Sacraments, the Council of Trent would provide a thorough explanation of the importance of each Sacrament.

• The Church would determine that indulgences remained acceptable practices when used properly, but abuses would be corrected and condemned by the Church. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • The Council of Trent (1545-47) Sessions 1-10

• The Council of Trent was in session at irregular intervals for 18 years and under the leadership of three .

• The Council met and addressed different issues. After recommendations and findings were made the proposals and decrees were sent to the entire body of Bishops. All decisions were sent to the Pope for his final approval.

• The first seven sessions addressed a number of doctrinal issues.

• They affirmed that the Tradition of the Church and the Bible together are the source of Catholic beliefs.

• The Latin was determined to be the authoritative text for Sacred Scripture.

• The Council affirmed that good works guided by faith are necessary for salvation.

• The Council would be temporarily closed with the death of Paul III. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • The Council of Trent (1551-1553) Sessions 11-16 Under Julius II

• The new Pope Julius III urged for the reopening of the council in 1551.

• The council outlined the doctrines of the Eucharist, Penance, and Anointing of the Sick. In addition, the council continued discussing abuses.

• A delegation of Protestant theologians arrived in Trent demanding participation and demanding that all previous decisions be thrown out. When the League of Schmalkalden arrived, it placed the members of the council in danger. As a result, the council was forced to again close temporarily. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival

• The Council of Trent (1562-1563) Sessions 17-25 under Pius IV

• The finals sessions would focus on the other Sacraments and the topics of the veneration of and relics.

• The council established the seminary system for the education of clergy.

• The Council of Trent was able to accomplish the following;

• 1) it was a detailed response to all of the Protestant theological positions

• 2) the Council focused especially on justification, grace, Sacred Scripture and original sin

• 3) the Council reaffirmed and clarified the doctrine of the Seven Sacraments Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • St. Pius V

• St. Pius V was elected Pope in 1566. He was a Dominican , and he worked to spread the reforms of the Council of Trent by living in a monastic cell as pope. He fasted, did penance, and passed long hours of the night in meditation and prayer. In addition he oversaw the affairs of the Church and all of the stresses and anxieties that come with the Office of the Pope.

• He abolished lavish feasts and the use of fancy carriages by cardinals. He visited churches barefoot and cared for the poor and sick of . An English nobleman converted on the spot upon seeing the pope kiss the feet of a beggar. He worked tirelessly to lead by example.

• The Turkish Threat and the Battle of Lepanto

• By the late , the Turks were at the height of their power. had concerns that the Turkish armies could overwhelm any area in Europe. He worked to secure an alliance between the European powers and eventually was able to do so. On the eve of a great naval battle, Pope St. Pius V called on Christians to pray for the success of the fleet and to prepare for the battle by praying the Rosary. The battle ended in the Europeans favor and the threat from the Turks was stopped. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • St. • Was named a Cardinal and made secretary of state under his uncle, Pope Pius IV. He helped oversee the final sessions of the Council of Trent. He helped complete the finalized success of the Council. • After the Council he was named the new of . The church and city had numerous problems. He worked on reorganization of the Archdiocese. He established seminaries for training clergy and worked to establish the many reforms that came for the Council of Trent. • In 1578, plague raged through the city and St. Charles continued his work and personally helped feed and care for the sick and dying. • His example was an illustration of the positive reforms that came from the Council. • St. • He worked to implement the Council’s changes in Germany. One of the ways he combatted the spread of Protestantism was to establish universities throughout Europe and in the North of Germany. • What is considered his most important contribution was his writings on Catholic doctrine. He wrote different versions for children, students and for adults. This work had an immediate impact and was translated in 15 languages and used for centuries. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • Reforming the Orders: Sts. and Teresa of Avila

• One of the many reforms to stem from the Council of Trent was the need to revive old religious orders. The renewed spirit of and would influence the reform of the diocesan clergy and lay faithful.

• This idea placed an emphasis on a return to the original spirit of many orders to perform serious prayer, penance and strict observation of the faith.

• St. Philip Neri founded the Oratorians, a congregation of priests who dedicated themselves to a spiritual reformation and support of the clergy.

• A spiritual resurgence took place that replaced the pessimism of the unworthiness of people, the denial of free will, and the futility of good deeds. Thus came about an optimistic spirit that placed trust in the goodness of human nature and in the beauty of the human soul.

• St. Teresa of Avila founded an order of Carmelite and became one of the four female Doctors of the Church. Part 4 – The Catholic Revival • St. and the

• In his early life St. Ignatius was a nobleman and a knight. He was crippled in war and during his healing period he read many books, including some on Christ and the saints. He was once a soldier for a king, but he converted to become a soldier for Christ.

• St. Ignatius worked hard at the study of theology. He gathered seven companions and they made a hike up a mountain to a small Benedictine chapel. There they made vows of poverty and selfless service to others, chastity, and obedience. This group would become known as the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits.

• This order became known for their discipline and service to the Church and the poor. They soon became involved in every aspect of the Church’s ministry.