INTEGRATING THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Lois Bloom, Ph.D. Edward Lee Thorndike Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Education Teachers College, Columbia University For The Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation at The College of William and Mary CONTACT INFORMATION: Lois Bloom 3001 Larkspur Run Williamsburg, VA 23185 203-673-7021
[email protected] I thank Jody Allen for asking me to research the two questions for the Lemon Project that led to discovering, in the pages of William and Mary’s student newspaper The Flat Hat, the larger story I pursued in this report. I very much appreciate Terry Meyers’ infectious enthusiasm and good humor, and his letting himself be distracted enough from A.S. to care so much about William and Mary’s history. I thank Bob Bloom, Kermit Dance, Carl Dolmetsch, Jack Edwards, and Terry Meyers for reading one or another draft of this manuscript (there have been many) and generously providing valuable comments and corrections, and Jayne Barnard and Trudier Harris for help with specific questions. Lois Bloom, September 10, 2014 Integrating William and Mary, 2 INTEGRATING THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Outline The Cost of the Civil War in the South, 4 Slavery, the Civil War, and William and Mary, 5 Government Efforts at Civil Rights Legislation, 6 The 1866 Civil Rights Act, 6 The 1875 Civil Rights Act, 6 The 1964 Civil Rights Act, 6 The 1964 Civil Rights Act and Education, 7 The 1964 Civil Rights Act and William and Mary, 7 Stirrings of Racial Conscience, 8 An Interregnum, 9 Black Students on Campus?, 10 Intervening Protests, 12 Heightened Awareness of Racial Discrimination, 13 The Assassination of The Rev.