Public in a small island of a developing country 1, 2

Transporte público em uma pequena ilha de um país em desenvolvimento eISSN 2175-3369

M. Shafi q-Ur Rahman Licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons

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Resumo Este artigo aborda os sistemas de transporte público, os serviços por eles ofertados e o padrão de deslocamen- to das pessoas na Província de Siquijor, uma ilha das Filipinas. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram

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utilizados formulário de pesquisa domiciliar, entrevistas com passageiros dos diversos meios de transporte público e uma minuciosa observação participativa. Ônibus, jeepney, easyride, triciclo e habalhabal são os sis- temas de transporte público disponíveis na ilha. Contudo, estes serviços não proporcionam o tempo de viagem e espera, disponibilidade ou frequência, conforto e segurança demandados pelos passageiros. A maior parte das pessoas opta por se utilizar do easyride em função do conforto e do menor tempo de espera, ao passo que optam pelo ônibus em virtude do conforto oferecido. Considerando o padrão de viagens, situação socioeconô- mica e condições topográ Picas locais, este trabalho buscou identi Picar qual o sistema de transporte público mais apropriado para a ilha. Observou-se que o ônibus é o meio mais adequado para trajetos longos, enquanto o easyride se destaca nas viagens intermunicipais e o habalhabal nos trajetos em áreas montanhosas.

Palavras-chave : Barangay. Easyride. Habalhabal. Jeepney. Triciclo.

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urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 Public transport in a small island of a developing country 65

123°30’ 123°35’ 123°40’

PROVINCE OF SIQUIJOR Map No. EXISTING EASY RIDE ROUTE

9°15’ 9°15’ Legend : Town Proper Municipal Boundary Barangay Boundary Municipal Road National Road Other Roder

Easy Ride Route 1 Easy Ride Route 2 Easy Ride Route 3 Easy Ride Route 4 9°10’ 9°10’ Easy Ride Route 5

Source : New Major Roads: GPS survey conducted by SIMU. February 2004

N Digital Mapping by: 20000 2000 4000 Siquijor Information Management Scale : 1 : 150 000 Unit (SIMU) Meters Date of Preparation: 123°30’ 123°35’ 123°40’ June 2004

Figure 1 - Road network and the existing route of easyride service Source: SIQUIJOR INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECT – SIRMAP, 2007.

#6 +.*#Q( H'/3'(-0( 2-( ` 0#, ( '1( 6UR( -,( & *& *( ,-2�( TT$( + )#( -,*7( -,#( 20'.( .#0( 5##)( 5&'*#( 5�#('2('1(-,*7(6Z(-,((##.,#7(-0(# 170'"#T 2&#(0#+ ',',%(0#1.-,"#,21(20 4#*(4#07(0 0#*7(-,*7( ($#5(20'.1(',( (+-,2&T(E&#(+ (-0'27(WZ$(-$(. 1V 1#,%#01( ',2#04'#5#"( *1-( % 4#( ( 5##)*7( 20'.( $0#V Travel pattern of the respondents /3#,!7(-$(3.(2-($-30T(Q2(5 1($-3,"(2& 2(+-0#(20'.1( 0#(+ "#( 7(&'%�(',!-+#(%0-3.1(-0(.#-.*#(& 4',%( H-!'-V#!-,-+'!( ,"("#+-%0 .&'!(.0-L'*#(-$(2&#( (&-31#&-*"(4#&'!*#T(E&'1(- 1#04 2'-,('1(4#07(!-+V 1 +.*#(.-.3* 2'-,( 0#( *+-12(1'+'* 0(2-(2&#(1#!V +-,( ,"(',(*',#(5'2&(20 ,1.-02(*'2#0 230#T(J-5#4#0Q( -," 07( ',$-0+ 2'-,( -$( 2&#( '1* ,"Q( 5&'!&( 0#4# *1( ',(1-+#(! 1#1("#.#,"',%(-,(1-!'-V#!-,-+'!(!-,V 2& 2(2&#(1 +.*#('1(0#.0#1#,2 2'4#(-$(2&#(5&-*#(.-.V "'2'-,( ,"(!'27(1'8#(-0(. 22#0,Q(2&#(- 4'-31(- 1#0V 3* 2'-,T(n,*7(VT$(-$(2&#(0#1.-,"#,21(& 4#($ +'*7( 4 2'-,(-$(20 ,1.-02(*'2#0 230#('1(,-2( 4 '* *#(',(2&#( -5,#"(4#&'!*#Q(+-12*7(+-2-0!7!*#1(YR$(5&'*#( ( "#4#*-.',%(5-0*"T(m-0(',12 ,!#Q(4#&'!*#(-5,#01("-( $#5(& 4#(20'!7!*#1(SR$T( 4#0 %#(+-,2&*7(&-31#V ,-2(+ )#(+-0#(20'.1(!-+. 0#"(5'2&(-2( ,"(2&#( &-*"(#6.#,"'230#($-0(20 ,1.-02(',(H'/3'(-0('1(6WUW( $0#/3#,!7(-$(20'.($-0( -2&(&'%�V',!-+#(%0-3.( ,"( 5&'*12(ST$(1.#,"(*#11(2& ,(6WR( ,"(SR$(1.#,"( .--0V',!-+#(%0-3.('1( *+-12(1'+'* 0(',(2&#(!#,20 *( -4#0(6SQRRRT( 0# (-$(l&3*, (!'27(',(= ,%* "#1&(3 JO kQ(TRRUT( 0-3,"( UZ$( -$( 2&#( &-31#&-*"( 0#1.-,"#,21( E�#( *1-( #6'12( 1'%,'L'! ,2( "'$$#0#,!#1( ',( 20'.( $0#V 313 **7(+ )#( #25##,(L'4#( ,"(2#,(20'.1(.#0(5##)Q( /3#,!7(5'2&(-!!3. 2'-,(',(H'/3'(-0('1* ,"((123"#,2Q( -32( TT$( + )#( 25-( 2-( $-30( 20'.1( .#0( 5##)Q( ,"( 2# !�Q( ,"( %-4#0,+#,2( #+.*-7##1( & 4#( &'%�(

urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 66 RAHMAN, M. S. -U.

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urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 Public transport in a small island of a developing country 67

H30.0'1',%*7Q('2(5 1($-3,"(2& 2( ($#5(. 11#,%#01( Mode of the trip 31',%(& *& *Q(20'!7!*#( ,"(# 170'"#("-(,-2(. 7( Private Public Transport 120 2&#( $ 0#( 1( '2( '1( 2&#'0( 0#* 2'4#( -0( $0'#,"_1( 4#&'!*#T( +-,%(2&#(.3 *'!(20 ,1.-02(+-"#1Q(+ (-0'27(-$(2&#( 100 20'.1(!-121( 0#( #*-5(6SRT(m 0#1($-0(2&#(+ (-0'27(-$( 80 20'!7!*#( 20'.1( 0#( #*-5( 6WQ( 5&'*#( $-0( # 170'"#( -0(

60 (##.,#7(20'.1( 0#(%#,#0 **7(',(2&#(6X(2-(6SR(0 ,%#T( Count

40 s#07($#5(20'.1(!-12(+-0#(2& ,(6TRQ(2#(5#0#( 7( & *& *(-0((##.,#7T( 20

0 Below 0.2 0.21 - 0.5 km0.51 - 1 km 1.1 - 2 km 2.1 - 3 km3.1 - 5 km 5.1 - 10 km10.1 - 15 km15.1 - 20 kmAbove 20 km Public transport: service level, passengers’ usage and preference Distance of the Trip Figure 2 - Frequency of trip on different mode and distance 0-3,"( YR$( -$( 2&#( 0#1.-,"#,21( ',( H'/3'(-0( '1V Source: RAHMAN, 2007b. * ,"(31#(.3 *'!(20 ,1.-02T(E&#(0#+ ',"#0(,#4#0(31#( .3 *'!( 20 ,1.-02( #! 31#( 2( #'2�( 5 *)( -0( 31#( Mode of the trip .#01-, *($ +'*7(-5,#"(-0(-$L'!#(4#&'!*#1T(Q,(!-,V Walking Private Vehicle Public Transport 20 12Q( -32(UR$(31#01(-$(2&#(.3 *'!(20 ,1.-02(& 4#( 40 $ +'*7(-5,#"(4#&'!*#T( J *& *(31#01(+-12*7(*'4#(',(+-3,2 ',-31( 0V 30 # 1(-0(',( 0 ,% 71(5'2&(,-(, 2'-, *(-0(.0-4',!' *( 0- "( !!#11T(J-5#4#0Q(+-12(-$(2&#+(0#.-02#"(2& 2( 20 Percent & *& *('1(-$2#,( 4 '* *#( 2(2&#'0(&-+#(-0(5-0)( .* !#(5'2&',(L'4#(+',32#1Q(2&-3%&(1-+#( *1-(+#,V 10 2'-,#"( & 4',%( 2-( 5 '2( TR( 2-( VR( +',32#1( -0( 1-+#V 2'+#1(VR(2-(XR(+',32#1T(O-0#(2& ,(& *$(WU$(-$(2&#( 0 Below 0.2 0.21 - 0.5 km0.51 - 1 km 1.1 - 2 km 2.1 - 3 km3.1 - 5 km 5.1 - 10 km10.1 - 15 km15.1 - 20 kmAbove 20 km & *& *(31#01(31#('2(#'2�(-,!#(-0(25-(2-($-30( 2'+#1(.#0(5##)(5&'*12( (1'%,'L'! ,2(.-02'-,(UU$(

Distance of the Trip 31#( '2( -,*7( -,#( 2-( 25-( 2'+#1( .#0( +-,2&T( E&'1( *-5( $0#/3#,!7( -$( 20'.1( -,( & *& *( '1( #! 31#( 2(

Figure 3 - Percentage of Trips for Different Distance *1-( 31#( -2�( +-"#1T( E&#( + (-0'27( -$( & *& *( Source: RAHMAN, 2007b. 31#01( 0#( 1 2'1L'#"( 5'2&( 2&#( 4 '* '*'27( ,"( !-+V $-02Q( 32( *+-12( & *$( -$( 2&#+( 0#( 5-00'#"( -32( Mode of the trip 1 $#27T(H30.0'1',%*7Q( *+-12(2&0##V/3 02#01(-$(31#01( Walking Private Transport Habalhabal +#,2'-,#"(2& 2(2(5-3*"(,-2(31#('2('$(2�#(5 1( ( Easyride/Multicab Jeepney Bus (##.,#7(-0(# 170'"#(-0( 31(1#04'!#( 4 '* *#T( 100 H'+'* 0*7Q( 2&#( $0#/3#,!7( -$( 20'!7!*#( 31 %#( '1( #'V

80 2�(-,!#(-0(T(2-(V(2'+#1(.#0(5##)( ,"('2('1(-$2#,( 4 '* *#( 2(&-+#(-0(2&#(5-0)(.* !#T(J-5#4#0Q(-,#V 60 Count /3 02#0(-$(2&#+(+#,2'-,#"(2& 2(2(& 4#(2-(#'2�( 40 5 *)(-0(0'"#(& *& *($-0( (!#02 ',("'12 ,!#(0 ,%V 20 ',%($0-+(S(2-(Z()+(2-5 0"1(2&#(,# 0 7(+ ',(0- "( ,"(5 '2(2-(! 2!&( (20'!7!*#T(E&#(+ (-0'27(-$(20'!7!*#( 0 Below 0.2 0.21 - 0.5 km0.51 - 1 km 1.1 - 2 km 2.1 - 3 km 3.1 - 5 km 5.1 - 10 km 10.1 - 15 km15.1 - 20 kmAbove 20 km 31#01(& 4#(0#.-02#"(5 '2',%(2'+#1(-$(*#11(2& ,(TR( +',32#1Q( ,"($-0( *+-12([R$(-$(20'.1Q(2&#(!-12('1(*#11( Distance of the Trip 2& ,(6W("3#(2-(2&#(1&-02("'12 ,!#(20 4#**#"T(O-12( Figure 4 - Number of trips on various public transport modes for different distance -$(2&#(20'!7!*#(31#01( 0#(b1-+#&-5(1 2'1L'#"c( -32( Source: RAHMAN, 2007b. '21( 4 '* '*'27( ,"(!-+$-02T(

urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 68 RAHMAN, M. S. -U.

R 170'"#(31#01(+-12*7(*'4#(',(6- * !'-,(-0(!- 12 *( 2'+#1(.#0(+-,2&($-0(2&#(+ (-0'27T(O-0#(2& ,(YW$(-$( 0# 1(',(2&#(+3,'!'. *'27(-$(H'/3'(-0Q(` 0#, Q(H ,(73 ,( 31(. 11#,%#01( *1-(& 4#(2-(%-(2-5 0"1(2&#(+ ',(0- "( ,"(R,0'/3#(s'** ,3#4 T(m0#/3#,!7(-$(# 170'"#(31 %#( -0(2#0+', *(2-(! 2!&(-,#( ,"(& 4#(2-(5 '2(VR(2-(XR(+',V '1(#'2�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�(L'4#(2-(TR(+',32#1(-0(TR(2-(VR(+',32#1Q( *+-12( *'!(20 ,1.-02Q(2&#(+-12(.0#$#0 *#(+-"#(5 1(& *& *( **(2&#(0#1.-,"#,21( 0#(^4#07(& ..7_( -32(2&#(!-+V UT$($-**-5#"( 7(# 170'"#(UR$( ,"(20'!7!*#(SY$T( $-02Q(1 $#27Q( ,"( 4 '* '*'27(-$(# 170'"#T( J-5#4#0Q('2(1&-3*"( #(,-2#"(2& 2(& *& *(& 1( ##,( 7##.,#7( 31#01( 0#( 1.0# "( 2&0-3%&-32( 2&#( '1* ,"( 0#.-02#"(+-12*7( 7(2&#(.#-.*#(5&-(& 4#(,-(-2�(+-"#( ,"( 2&#'0( $0#/3#,!7( -$( 31 %#( '1( 1'+'* 0( 2-( 31#01( -$( 4 '* *#($-0(20 4#*T(m-0(2&'1(0# 1-,Q(-$(2&-1#(5&-(+#,V # 170'"#( ( -,!#( .#0( 5##)( -0( -,#( 2-( 25-( 2'+#1( .#0( 2'-,#"(& *& *( 1(2&#(+-12(.0#$#0 *#(+-"#Q(+-0#( +-,2&($-0(2&#(+ (-0'27T(E5-V2&'0"1(-$(2&#((##.,#7(31V 2& ,(& *$(-$(2&#+(0#.-02#"(2& 2(2(5-3*"(,-2(31#('2('$( #01(& 4#(2-(%-(2-(2&#(,# 0 7(+ ',(0- "(-0(2#0+', *( 2�#(5#0#((##.,#7Q(# 170'"#(-0( 31(1#04'!#1( 4 '* *#T( 2-(! 2!&( ((##.,#7Q( ,"(+-12*7(2(5 *)T(n$2#,(2( J#,!#Q('2('1('+.-02 ,2(2-(*--)( 2(2&#(! 31#1( #&',"( & 4#(2-(5 '2(VR(2-(XR(+',32#1( ,"( 0#(!-,1#/3#,2*7( 2&#( .0#$#0#,!#1( E *#( ST( E&#( + (-0'27( +#,2'-,#"( ^,-2( & ..7_( -32( 4 '* '*'27T( k#4#02&#*#11Q( +-0#( ^ 4 '* '*'27_( ,"( ^!-+$-02_( 5&'*#( 2&#( 0#12( *1-( .-',2V 2& ,([R$(-$(2&#(. 11#,%#01( 0#(4#07(& ..7( -32(2&#( #"(2-(^1 $#27_Q(^*#11(20 4#*(2'+#_Q(^*#11(5 '2',%(2'+#_( ,"( 1 $#27( ,"(!-+$-02(-$((##.,#7T( ^!&# .#0_( 1( 0# 1-,1T( E-( 1-+#( #62#,2Q( 2&'1( '1( 1'+'* 0( =31( . 11#,%#01( +-12*7( *'4#( ',( 2&#( +3,'!'. *'2'#1( 2-(2&#(123"7(L',"',%1(-$( ," *## (TRRYQ(5&-($-3,"( -$( ` 0#, Q( R,0'/3#( s'** ,3#4 Q( O 0' Q( ,"( ` 8'R( ,"( ^!-+$-02(*#4#*_( ,"(^5 '2',%($ !'*'2'#1_(& 4#(1'%,'L'! ,2( 2&#($0#/3#,!7(-$(31 %#('1(4#07(0 0#((-,*7(-,#(-0(25-( #$$#!21(-,( 31(. 11#,%#01_(1 2'1$ !2'-,(',("#4#*-.',%(

Table 1 - Most preferable public transport mode and the reason for preference

Best preference Reason Habalhabal Tricycle Easyride Jeepney Bus Total

Cheaper 4 20 4 28 Only available 54 14 5 6 79 Nearby available 2 1 3 Comfortable 2 4 46 6 12 70 Safe/Less accident 1 8 3 1 13 Go all places (close to destination) 13 16 1 30 Fast/Less travel time 15 7 1 23 Less waiting time 2 4 10 16 Own/Family have 1 1 2 More space/Carry goods 2 215 Convenient 1 5 1 7 More people (interaction) 1 1 2

Total 90 48 83 38 19 278

Source: RAHMAN, 2007a. Note: Value in the cells represents the frequency of the respondents. Empty cell means no respondent mentioned about that.

urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 Public transport in a small island of a developing country 69

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Table 2 - Preference of Public Transport Modes with Respect to Different Factors

Preference of the Travel Modes Factors Highest Lowest Fare rate : Habalhabal > Tricycle > Easyride > Bus > Jeepney

Comfort : Bus > Easyride > Jeepney > Tricycle > Habalhabal

Safe : Bus > Jeepney > Easyride > Tricycle > Habalhabal } Easyride Go all places or : Habalhabal > Tricycle > Jeepney go close to destination Bus Fast/ less travel time : Habalhabal > Easyride > Bus > Jeepney > Tricycle Waiting time : Bus > Jeepney > Easyride > Tricycle > Habalhabal

More space or Bus : > Easyride > Tricycle > Habalhabal

easy to carry goods Jeepney } } Jeepney Convenient : Easyride > Habalhabal > Tricycle Jeepney Bad odor and noise : > Easyride Tricycle } Source: RAHMAN, 2007a.

urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 70 RAHMAN, M. S. -U.

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urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012 72 RAHMAN, M. S. -U.

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urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana ( Brazilian Journal of Urban Management ), v. 4, n. 1, p. 61-72, jan./jun. 2012