1 Modelling Seasonal Habitats of Boreal Woodland Caribou at the Northern Limits of Their Range

Modelling Seasonal Habitats of Boreal Woodland Caribou at the Northern Limits of their Range: A Preliminary Assessment of the Lower Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada John A. NagyA,B, Andrew E. DerocherB, Scott E. NielsenB, Wendy H. WrightA, and Jari M. HeikkilaC ADepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, Bag Service #1, Inuvik, NT, X0E 0T0 BUniversity of Alberta, CW404, Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 CGwich’in Renewable Resource Board, Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0 1.0 Introduction The northernmost range of boreal woodland caribou in Canada is in the Mackenzie River Delta area, Northwest Territories. Unlike barren-ground (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), Peary (R. t. pearyi), and mountain woodland caribou (R. t. caribou), boreal woodland caribou (R. t. caribou) in this area had not been the focus of scientific studies in the NWT until recently (Nagy et al. 2003; Nagy et al. 2005a). Threats to boreal woodland caribou habitat include oil and gas exploration and development, roads and hydro developments, increased tourism and other non-consumptive human activities, forest fires, and climate change (Dyer et al. 2001; Dyer 1999; Dyer et al. 2002; Bradshaw et al. 1997; Bradshaw et al. 1998; Courtois et al. 2003; Schaefer and Pruitt 1991; Bayne et al. 2005). The degree of impact of past human disturbances and wildfires on boreal woodland caribou habitat in the NWT is not un-known. Elsewhere in Canada human activities and natural habitat disturbances have been shown to negatively affect caribou. In some areas, such as Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, boreal woodland caribou were extirpated. The boreal woodland caribou range in the lower Mackenzie River Valley has already been altered by seismic activities, wildfires, and road development. The Mackenzie River Delta area is currently experiencing a significant increase in oil and gas exploration and extraction (Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited 2004). A pipeline along the Mackenzie River Valley has been proposed to deliver natural gas to the south (Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited 2004). These activities and subsequent gas exploration and development activities may have an impact on boreal woodland caribou and their habitats in the lower Mackenzie River area. Linear disturbances such as seismic lines, roads, and cutlines, have significantly affected many wildlife populations throughout the world (James and Stuart-Smith 2000). Many wildlife species have been documented to avoid habitats with high densities of linear disturbances (McLellan and Shackleton 1988; Linke et al. 2005; Dyer et al. 2002). Renewed oil and gas development in the north will cause higher densities of linear disturbance, resulting mainly from seismic activity. Over 37,000 km of seismic lines were cut in the Mackenzie River Delta area from 1960 to 1990 (National Energy Board Records). The impacts of linear disturbance on wildlife in a northern environment have been poorly studied, however it is clear that permafrost terrain is easily degraded (Lambert 1972; Mackay 1970; Nicholas and Hinkel 1996; Zoltai and Pettapiece 1973) and disturbed vegetation is slow to recover (Billings 1987; Harper and Kershaw 1996). This suggests that 1) disturbance is more likely to alter wildlife habitat in the north; and 2) any alteration of wildlife habitat will last longer. 1 Climate change models for the Mackenzie River Valley predict an increase in wildfire frequency and severity (Kadonga 1997), increased snowfall across the region, the incursion of new species including forest pests (Sieben et al. 1997) and parasites (Kutz et al. 2004; Kutz et al. 2005), and significant changes in forest composition (Hartley and Marshall 1997; Chapin et al. 2004). How these changes will impact boreal woodland caribou is unknown. In response to large-scale potential changes in habitats and animal populations, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, GNWT in partnership with the Gwich’in Renewable Resource Board began collecting baseline information on boreal woodland caribou in the lower Mackenzie River area in 2001. Traditional knowledge of woodland caribou was documented during the winter of 2001/2002 (Auriat unpublished data). In the fall of 2001, a more detailed assessment was initiated to collect baseline information on the demography, distribution, movements, home range size, and habitat use for boreal woodland caribou in the Lower Mackenzie River area (Nagy et al. 2003; Nagy et al. 2005a). Here we expand on these reports to provide descriptions of seasonal caribou habitat use and spatial representations of caribou habitat using a GIS (Geographic Information System), resource selection functions (RSF), and satellite tracking data collected from May 2002 to January 2006. We describe the predictive capacity of models and assess the effect of sample size for their ability to predict population-level habitat conditions. We modified the linear stretch method used by Johnson et al. (2004) to map the models beyond the boundaries of the study area. Ultimately, RSF models were designed to establish seasonal habitat baselines that can be used to assess the impacts of future climate change and oil/gas development (Johnson et al. 2004; Nielsen et al. 2006). 2.0 Study Area The 43,748 km2 core study area is largely north of the Arctic Circle (66.55o latitude) and is primarily in the Gwich’in Settlement Area in the Northwest Territories, although the western portion extends into the Yukon Territory and the northern portion extends into the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Figures 1 and 2). The area is adjacent to the southern extent of the Mackenzie River Delta and is approximately 130 km north of the Mackenzie Mountains and 30 km east of the Richardson Mountains and therefore, between the ranges of the Porcupine barren- ground caribou herd to the west and the Cape Bathurst and Bluenose-West barren-ground caribou herds to the north and east (Nagy et al. 2005a; Nagy et al. 2005b). Moose (Alces alces) occur throughout the area but are at low densities. Predators include wolves (Canis lupus), black bears (Ursus americanus), and lynx (Lynx Canadensis), but numbers of wolves and black bears appear to be low based on frequency of sightings. Terrain in the area is relatively flat to rolling with elevations ranging from near sea level to 400 m above sea level (asl). The median elevation is approximately 90 m asl. Open black spruce forests, fens, and shrub meadows dominate upland and lowland areas. White spruce (Picea glauca) and mixed stands of spruce and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) occur on steeper slopes along rivers and streams. Wild fires have been common, with approximately 37 percent of area burned since 1960. The Dempster Highway follows nearly 160 km of the northwestern boundary of the study area between Inuvik (population approximately 3,500 people), Tsiigehtchic (population approximately 150 people) and Fort McPherson (population approximately 800 people). 2 Oil and gas exploration has led to 11,052 km of seismic lines within the core study area or an average of 0.25 km/km2. The majority of the activity took place during 1970-1979 and 1965- 1969 when 20.4 and 10.5 percent of the seismic lines were cut, respectively. More minor activity occurred during 1983-1989, although 68 percent of seismic lines have an unknown year of origin. The majority of the seismic lines occur on the eastern and southern portions of the core study area. The regional study area (115,581 km2) includes the Peel Plateau, Lower Mackenzie, and Middle Mackenzie areas mapped by Ducks Unlimited (Ducks Unlimited 2002; Ducks Unlimited 2003; Ducks Unlimited 2006)(Figure 3). 3.0 Methods 3.1 Capture and Collaring Work Boreal woodland caribou in the study area were equipped with GPS, ARGOS, and VHF radio collars (Telonics, Mesa, Arizona) during capture in early May 2002, March 2003, March 2004, and March 2005 (Nagy et al. 2003; Nagy et al. 2005a). GPS collars were programmed to provide 3 locations per day (01:00 h, 09:00 h, and 17:00 h). ARGOS satellite collars were programmed to provide locations as follows: a) one location per day between 15 May and 21 June, and one location every 5 days for the remainder of the year, or, b) one location per day between 15 April and 15 June and one location every 2 days for the remainder of the year. Only GPS and class 3 ARGOS satellite locations were used for habitat analyses. 3.2 Modelling Approach Spatial data were analyzed in ArcView 3.2 (Environmental Systems Research Institute) and ArcView 9.0 (Environmental Systems Research Institute ). The core study area was defined using the Animal Movement Program extension for ArcView 3.2 (Hooge et al. 1999) to create a minimum convex polygon (MCP) around all caribou locations obtained during the period 1 May 2002 to 3 January 2006. This polygon was buffered by 3,137 m (95th percentile distance between locations obtained at 8 hour intervals for GPS collared caribou) (J. Nagy unpublished data). The result was an area defined at 43,748 km2 (Figure 1 and 2). To assess habitat use, we used 13,433 caribou locations (n = 11,598 GPS and n = 1,835 class 3 ARGOS) obtained between 1 May 2002 and 3 January 2006 that fell within the core study area for which we had land cover information. Random locations were generated for the same study area at a sampling intensity of 1 point per km2 resulting in 42,368 available locations. A mosaic of land cover classified Landsat TM satellite imagery for the Lower Mackenzie River, Peel Plateau, and Middle Mackenzie River areas (Ducks Unlimited 2002; Ducks Unlimited 2003; Ducks Unlimited 2006) provided information on the use and availability of land cover types. We grouped similar land cover classes to provide good transition between scenes and to reduce the number of covariates to a manageable scale (Table 1).

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