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Australian List of Threat Categories of Non-Indigenous Vertebrates

Australian List of Threat Categories of Non-Indigenous Vertebrates

Australian List of Threat Categories of Non-indigenous Vertebrates

Environment and Invasives Committee

Revised July 2018

Table of Contents

Background ...... 3 Assignment to threat categories ...... 4 Table 1 Assigning to EIC Threat Categories (shaded cells relate to assignment of and to EIC Threat Categories based on an assessed establishment risk and an allocated pest risk of extreme) – adapted from Bomford 2008 and sourced from the VPC Guidelines...... 6 Table 2 List of non-indigenous species present in Australia ...... 7 Table 3 List of non-indigenous species that have previously been recorded in Australia and have been risk assessed for a Threat Category endorsed by VPC/IPAC ...... 26 Table 4 List on non-indigenous species that have been assessed by the Australian Government (under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) and approved fro live import with a permit but are not known to be legally kept in Australia ...... 26 Table 5 List of non-indigenous species that have been risk assess but have not been recorded in Australian and are not considered suitable for import ...... 27 References ...... 28

Environment and Invasives Committee – Australian List of Threat Categories of Non- indigenous Vertebrates EIC © Commonwealth of Australia 2018 ISBN 978-0-7246-6566-2 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Secretariat Environment and Invasives Committee [email protected]

The South Australian Government, Department of Primary Industries and Regions SA and Victorian Government, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources collated and edited this publication for the Environment and Invasives Committee (previously the Invasive and Committee, and the Vertebrate Pests Committee). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the South Australian and Victorian Government and members of the Committee (or the governments that the committee members represent) do not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.

Acknowledgements The EIC acknowledges the assistance of the University of Adelaide, and Aquarium Association, the Western Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, the Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and Biosecurity South Australia.

This list is consistent with the Guidelines for the Import, Movement and Keeping of Non- indigenous Vertebrates in Australia (Department of Agriculture, Canberra 2014)

Background

Plants and animals suitable for live import into Australia are on the List of Specimens Taken to be Suitable for Live Import. Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), live specimens or reproductive material may only be imported if they are on the live import list. The list was established in accordance with section 303EB of the EPBC Act and has two parts. Part 1 comprises species exempt for the requirement for an import permit under the EPBC Act. Part 2 comprises species that require an import permit. The Department of the Environment and Energy manages applications and assessments for imports of live animals under Section 303EN of the EPBC Act. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources administers the Import Conditions Database.

The Environment and Invasives Committee List of Threat Categories of Non-indigenous Vertebrates (the EIC List) forms a record of the non-indigenous amphibians, reptiles, and that:  are recorded in Australia,  have been previously recorded in Australia and have been risk assessed,  are suitable for live import but are not in Australia,  have been risk assessed but are believed not to be present in Australia, or  have been risk assessed and are not considered suitable for import (i.e. the species is not on the Commonwealth’s live import list).

The EIC List does not include fish. The EIC List has been produced by the EIC and follows on from previous versions produced by the Vertebrate Pests Committee.

The EIC List classifies animals into threat categories on the basis of their pest potential in line with the Vertebrate Pest Committee Guidelines for the Import Movement and Keeping of Non-Indigenous Vertebrate Animals in Australia (the VPC Guidelines; VPC 2014).

Each species has been assessed for the risk it poses (SCA Technical Report Series – No 13, Commonwealth Government 1983). Where species have been subject to a specific and thorough risk assessment, i.e. the Australian and Model and/or the Australian and Model (Bomford 2008), the date the risk assessment was endorsement is listed.

This list may be subject to change from time to time (with EIC approval), to reflect new introductions, changes in of listed species or changes to threat category in accordance with a risk assessment endorsed by EIC.

The list uses the following sourses as the authoritative taxonomic references:

 The IUCN Red List  The Catalogue of Life  Integrated Taxonomic Information Sysytem (ITIS)

Where a species name could not be found in either of the above reference lists, a further authoratitive reference was sourced. This list is maintained by the Terrestrial Vertebrate Working Group of the EIC and should be updated on a regular basis. All changes to this list should be made in accordance with current EIC policy and must be accepted unanimously by all EIC members. The list will be reviewed and re-published by the EIC every five years.

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The EIC list DOES NOT define the legal status of species under Commonwealth, State or Territory legislation. However, Commonwealth, State and Territory agencies should use this list as a reference when controlling the entry, movement and keeping of nonindigenous animals.

Please contact the Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Energy for further information about importation of non-indigenous animals into Australia.

Approval to keep species that have been assigned to a threat category in accordance with the VPC Guidelines will be decided by the relevant authority in the State or Territory in which the species will be kept. Please contact the relevant State or Territory authority for further information on the movement, keeping and control of animals within each jurisdiction.

Note: The VPC Guidelines were developed by the former Vertebrate Pest Committee. In 2015, this committee was merged into the Invasive Pest and Committee (IPAC), under which the Vertebrate Incursions Expert Group operated. In 2018, the Environment and Invasives Committee (EIC) was established, encompassing the role of the former IPAC. The EIC Terrestrial Vertebrate Working Group replaces the Vertebrate Incursions Expert Group.

Assignment to Threat Categories

The national Guidelines for the Import, Movement and Keeping of Non-indigenous Vertebrates in Australia (VPC Guidelines) provide a nationally consistent framework for assessing the risk posed to environmental, economic and social values, including public safety, by species of non-indigenous vertebrates. The assessment is based (where possible) on:  the danger posed by an individual animal  the likelihood of establishment  the consequences of establishment

For birds and mammals, the three risk ranks (establishment risk, pest risk and public safety risk) are calculated and used to assign species to one of four VPC Threat Categories: Extreme, Serious, Moderate or Low (see Table 1).

For reptiles and amphibians, the assessed establishment risk rank is combined with an allocated extreme pest risk rank (based on the precautionary approach), resulting in the assignment of species into one of two VPC Threat Categories: Extreme, Serious.

In the absence of a specific and thorough risk assessment, early assignments of species to VPC Threat Categories were on the basis of a general assessment and expert opinion. These species have now been allocated to the extreme threat category until a thorough risk assessment is undertaken using the Australian Reptile and Amphibian Model and/or the Australian Bird and Mammal Model.

Some of the species which have not had a specific and thorough risk assessment in accordance with the national VPC Guidelines are established pests and/or livestock, pet and farm animals widely kept in Australia. However, following a precautionary approach (see above) these species have been assigned to an extreme threat category.

For practical, economic and social reasons relevant authorities may decide not to apply the extreme threat risk management strategies recommended in the national guidelines where species are widely kept livestock, common pets and farm animals widely kept in Australia (species marked ◄ in list). For further information on how the Guidelines have been applied for a particular species in a State or Territory visit the relevant government agency’s website.

Once a species has been assessed, the proposed threat category is provided to the EIC for endorsement before being published in this document.

For further information about the risk assessment process and allocation of species to VPC Threat Categories, please refer to the VPC Guidelines and risk assessment models for establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia and New Zealand (Bomford 2008) and earlier reviews and models (Bomford 2006, Bomford et al. 2005 and Bomford 2003).

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Definition of VPC Threat Categories

E – Extreme Threat Category

These animals should not be allowed to enter, nor be kept in any State or Territory unless sufficient risk management measures exist to reduce the potential risks to an acceptable level. This level needs to be in line with the principles outlined in the VPC Guidelines. These measures should also be agreed to by all relevant authorities who oversee the responsibility for the on-going management of the species.

If a species has not been assessed or if there is too little information to be able to properly adopt a risk analysis approach, the precautionary approach will be adopted, that is the species will be assigned to an Extreme (P) [Where ‘P’ stands for Precautionary] VPC Threat Category (and treated accordingly), until it is assessed as belonging to another threat category. However it should be noted that a formal risk assessment may indicate that the species should remain as Extreme Threat based on the outcome of the assessment.

S – Serious Threat Category

These animals may be introduced and/or should be kept only in collections approved by the relevant State/Territory authority as being primarily kept for (1) public display and education purposes, and/or for (2) genuine scientific research approved by the relevant State/Territory authority, in line with the principles outlined in the VPC Guidelines NB: The term ‘Serious’ is interchangeable with the term ‘High’, which has been used in some risk assessment documentation for vertebrates in Australia.

M – Moderate Threat Category

These animals should be restricted to collections approved and registered by the relevant State/Territory authority for the keeping of Moderate Threat Species. States/Territories may continue to impose any additional restrictions on acquisition and keeping of Moderate Threat Species. Species in this category may be restricted to collections approved and registered by the relevant State/Territory authority in line with the principles outlined in the VPC Guidelines. Additional factors may restrict the keeping of Moderate Threat species, such as and biosecurity considerations including animal welfare.

L – Low Threat Category

These animals, relative to other species, are predicted, using the current risk assessment models to pose a low risk of becoming a problem for the environment, primary production or social values including public safety. The keeping of species in this category are not restricted by the VPC Guidelines, although individual States/Territories may impose restrictions necessary for protection within their jurisdictions as a precautionary measure in line with the principles outlined in the VPC Guidelines. Additional factors may restrict the keeping of Low Threat species, such as conservation status and biosecurity considerations including animal welfare.

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Table 1. Assigning species to VPC Threat Categories (shaded cells relate to assignment of reptiles and amphibians to VPC Threat Categories based on an assessed establishment risk and an allocated pest risk of extreme) – adapted from Bomford 2008 and sourced from the VPC Guidelines.

Establishment Risk Pest Risk Public Safety Risk VPC Threat Implication for any Implication for keeping Category proposed import into and movement in Australia Australia Extreme Extreme Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme Prohibited, unless sufficient Limited to those Extreme Serious Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme risk management collections approved for Extreme Moderate Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme measures exist to reduce keeping particular Extreme Low Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme the potential risks to an Extreme Threat species Serious Extreme Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme acceptable level Serious Serious Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme Moderate Extreme Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Extreme Serious Moderate Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Serious Import restricted to those Limited to those Serious Low Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Serious collections approved for collections approved for Moderate Serious Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Serious keeping Serious Threat keeping particular Moderate Moderate Highly Dangerous Serious species Serious Threat species Moderate Low Highly Dangerous Serious Low Extreme Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Serious Low Serious Highly, Moderately or Not Dangerous Serious Low Moderate Highly Dangerous Serious Low Low Highly Dangerous Serious Moderate Moderate Moderately or Not Dangerous Moderate Import restricted to those Limited to those Moderate Low Moderately or Not Dangerous Moderate collections approved for collections approved for Low Moderate Moderately or Not Dangerous Moderate keeping Moderate Threat keeping particular Low Low Moderately Dangerous Moderate species Moderate Threat species Low Low Not Dangerous Low Import permitted May be limited to collections approved for keeping particular Low Threat species Any value Any value Unknown Extreme (P) Preacautionary approach Precautionary approach Unknown Any value Any value Extreme (P) Any value Unknown Any value Extreme (P) Prohibited, unless sufficient Limited to those Unassessed Unassessed Unassessed Extreme (P) risk management collections approved for measures exist to reduce keeping particular the potential risks to an Extreme Threat species acceptable level (Refer guidelines re: established pests and/or livestock, pet and farm animals) 6

Table 2. List of non-indigenous species present in Australia

Class Scientific Name / Common Name Threat Endorsed Synonyms (Synonmys) Category Amphibia Anura Bufonidae Rhinella marina Cane Toad; Giant Extreme 29/06/2009 Toad Amphibia Anura Dendrobatidae Dendrobates Blue Poison-arrow Extreme No endorsed azureus Frog (P) risk assessment Amphibia Anura Dendrobatidae Adelphobates Splash-backed Extreme No endorsed galactonotus Poison-arrow Frog (P) risk assessment Amphibia Anura Dendrobatidae Dendrobates Dyeing Poison- Extreme No endorsed tinctorius arrow Frog (P) risk assessment Amphibia Anura Pipidae Xenopus laevis African Clawed Extreme 29/06/2009 Toad; Amphibia Anura Pyxicephalidae Pyxicephalus African Bullfrog Serious 24/08/2009 adspersus Amphibia Caudata Ambystomatidae Ambystoma Axolotl; Mexican Moderate 28/07/2008 mexicanum Walking Fish Amphibia Caudata Salamandridae Cynops Japanese Fire- Extreme No endorsed pyrrhogaster bellied Newt (P) risk assessment Amphibia Caudata Salamandridae Lissotriton vulgaris Smooth Newt Serious 28/09/2008 Amphibia Caudata Salamandridae Triturus cristatus Great Crested Newt Extreme No endorsed risk assessment Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Aix sponsa Carolina Duck, Extreme No endorsed Carolina wood duck (P) risk assessment Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Alopochen Egyptian Goose Extreme 5/04/2004 aegyptiaca Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Duck; Extreme 22/04/2004 Mallard; and all Anas strains of domestic duck, Northern Mallard◄ (feral/wild form) Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anser anser Greylag Goose; Extreme No endorsed Domestic Goose; & (P) risk strains derived from assessment A. anser◄ Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anser cygnoid Swan Goose; Moderate 21/08/2005 Chinese Goose Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Aythya New Zealand Scaup Moderate 13/05/2006 novaeseelandiae Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Branta canadensis Goose Extreme 5/04/2004 Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Cygnus olor Mute Swan; White Extreme No endorsed Swan (P) risk assessment Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Tadorna variegata Paradise Shelduck; Extreme No endorsed New Zealand (P) risk Shelduck assessment Aves Cathartiformes Cathartidae Vultur gryphus Andean Condor Moderate 21/09/2005 Aves Ciconiiformes Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus Chilean Flamingo Serious 21/09/2005 chilensis Aves Ciconiiformes Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus Greater Flamingo Extreme 21/09/2005 ruber Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Alopecoenas White-bibbed Extreme No endorsed jobiensis Ground-Dove; (P) risk White-breasted assessment Ground-Dove; Jobi Island Dove

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Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Columba livia Domestic Pigeon; Extreme No endorsed (domestic) Rock Dove◄ (P) risk (feral/wild form) assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground Extreme No endorsed Dove; Talpacoti (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Gallicolumba Luzon Bleeding- Extreme No endorsed luzonica Heart; Bleeding- (P) risk Heart Pigeon assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Goura victoria Victoria Crowned Extreme No endorsed Pigeon (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Hemiphaga New Zealand Extreme No endorsed novaeseelandiae Pigeon (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Oena capensis Namaqua Dove; Extreme No endorsed Cape Dove; Masked (P) risk Dove assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Ptilinopus Crimson-crowned Extreme No endorsed porphyraceus Fruit-Dove (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Spilopelia chinensis S. suratensis Spotted -dove Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Spilopelia Laughing Turtle- Extreme No endorsed senegalensis dove, Dove (P) risk assessment Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia Collared Dove; Extreme 22/04/2004 decaocto Collared Turtle- dove; Indian Ring Dove; Barbary Dove (fawn or white variations) Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia African Collared Serious 31/05/2004 roseogrisea Dove Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Streptopelia Red Collared Dove; Extreme No endorsed tranquebarica Red Turtle dove (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Cracidae Mitu tuberosum Razor-billed Low 28/12/2005 Curassow Aves Galliformes Numididae Numida meleagris Helmeted Extreme No endorsed Guineafowl (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Odontophoridae Callipepla californica California Quail Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Odontophoridae Colinus virginianus Bobwhite Quail; Extreme 1/03/2004 Northern Bobwhite Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Alectoris chukar Chukar; Chukar Extreme No endorsed Partridge; Chukor (P) risk Partridge assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Chrysolophus Lady Amherst's Extreme No endorsed amherstiae Pheasant (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Chrysolophus pictus Golden Pheasant Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Coturnix coturnix Common Quail Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail Moderate 1/03/2004 Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Francolinus Black Francolin Extreme No endorsed francolinus (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Gallus gallus Chicken; Domestic Extreme No endorsed Fowl; all bantams; (P) risk Red Jungle Fowl assessment and all domestic derivatives of the wild form Gallus gallus◄ Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Lophophorus Himalayan Monal Low 13/05/2006 impejanus Pheasant; Impeyan Pheasant

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Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Lophura diardi Siamese Fireback Moderate 10/02/2006 Pheasant Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Lophura edwardsi Edward's Pheasant Moderate 10/02/2006 Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Lophura Kalij Pheasant Extreme No endorsed leucomelanos (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Lophura nycthemera Silver Pheasant Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Lophura swinhoii Swinhoe's Pheasant Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Meleagris gallopavo Common Turkey; Extreme No endorsed Includes all (P) risk domestic derivatives assessment of wild ancestor M. gallopavo.◄ (feral/wild form) Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Pavo cristatus Common Peafowl; Extreme No endorsed Indian Peafowl◄ (P) risk (feral/wild form) assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Pavo muticus Green Peafowl Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Phasianus colchicus Ring-necked Extreme 31/05/2004 Pheasant; Common Pheasant Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves's Pheasant Extreme 13/05/2006 Aves Passeriformes Alaudidae Alauda arvensis Skylark; Eurasian Extreme No endorsed Skylark (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Emberizidae Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Amadina Paradise Sparrow; Extreme No endorsed erythrocephala Aberdeen Finch; (P) risk Red-headed assessment Amadina Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Amadina fasciata Cut-throat Weaver; Extreme No endorsed Cut-throat Finch; (P) risk Ribbon Finch assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Amandava Red Munia; Red Extreme 5/04/2004 amandava Strawberry Finch; Red or Indian Avadavat; Tiger Finch; Red Waxbill Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Amandava formosa Green Munia; Green Extreme No endorsed Strawberry Finch; (P) risk Green Avadavat assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill; Extreme No endorsed Golden-breasted (P) risk Waxbill; Orange- assessment breasted Waxbill Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura Red-headed Extreme No endorsed cyaneovirens Finch (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura hyperythra Bamboo Parrotfinch; Extreme No endorsed Tawny-breasted (P) risk Parrotfinch assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura pealii Fiji Parrot-finch Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura prasina Pin-tailed Extreme No endorsed Parrotfinch (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura psittacea Red-throated Extreme No endorsed Parrotfinch; Red- (P) risk faced Parrotfinch assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura trichroa Excluding E. t. Blue-faced Extreme No endorsed sigillifer Parrotfinch (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Erythrura tricolor Tricoloured Extreme No endorsed Parrotfinch; Three- (P) risk coloured Parrotfinch; assessment TanimbarParrotfinch Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae astrild Common Waxbill; St Extreme 1/03/2004 Helena Waxbill Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Estrilda Lavender Waxbill Extreme No endorsed coerulescens (P) risk assessment 9

Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Estrilda melpoda Orange-cheeked Extreme No endorsed Waxbill (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Estrilda troglodytes Black-rumped Extreme No endorsed Waxbill; Red-eared (P) risk Waxbill assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae cantans African Silverbill Serious 1/03/2004 Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Euodice malabarica ; Extreme No endorsed White-throated (P) risk Munia; Common assessment Silverbill Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Euschistospiza Dybowski’s Twinspot Extreme No endorsed dybowskii (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae granatina Violet-eared Waxbill; Moderate 22/04/2004 Common Grenadier Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Granatina Purple Grenadier; Extreme No endorsed ianthinogaster Purple Grenadier (P) risk Waxbill assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Hypargos Peters’s Twinspot Extreme No endorsed niveoguttatus (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lagonosticta African Firefinch Extreme No endorsed rubricata (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lagonosticta Red-billed Firefinch Extreme No endorsed senegala (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae atricapilla Chestnut Munia Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura White-capped Munia Extreme No endorsed ferruginosa (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura White-bellied munia Extreme No endorsed leucogastra (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura Javan Munia Extreme No endorsed leucogastroides (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura maja White-headed Munia Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura malacca L. m. Black-headed Extreme 1/03/2004 atricapilla, Munia; Black- L. m. malacca headed Nun, Black- headed Mannikin, Tri-coloured Mannikin Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura oryzivora Sparrow; Serious 22/04/2004 Paddy Finch Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura punctulata Nutmeg Mannikin; Extreme No endorsed Spicefinch; Spotted (P) risk Munia; Scaly- assessment breasted Munia Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Lonchura striata L. s. White-rumped Extreme No endorsed domestica Munia; Bengalese (P) risk Mannikin; assessment Bengalese Finch; Society Finch Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Mandingoa nitidula Green-backed Extreme No endorsed Twinspot; Green (P) risk Twinspot assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Odontospiza Grey-headed Extreme No endorsed griseicapilla Silverbill (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Pytilia afra Orange-winged Extreme No endorsed Pytilia (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Pytilia Yellow-winged Extreme No endorsed hypogrammica Pytilia (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Pytilia melba Green-winged Extreme No endorsed Pytilia; Melba Finch (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Pytilia Crimson-winged Extreme No endorsed phoenicoptera Pytilia; Aurora Finch (P) risk assessment

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Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Spermestes bicolor Black-and-white Extreme No endorsed Munia; Red-backed (P) risk Munia; Blue-billed assessment Munia; Fernando Po Munia Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Cordonbleu; Blue- Extreme No endorsed angolensis breasted (P) risk Cordonbleu; Blue- assessment breasted Waxbill

Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Uraeginthus Red-cheeked Serious 22/04/2004 bengalus Cordonbleu Aves Passeriformes Estrildidae Uraeginthus Blue-capped Extreme No endorsed cyanocephalus Cordonbleu; Blue- (P) risk headed Cordonbleu assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Acanthis flammea A. f. cabaret Redpoll Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch; European Extreme 31/05/2004 Goldfinch Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Chloris chloris Greenfinch; Extreme No endorsed European (P) risk Greenfinch assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Chloris sinica Oriental Greenfinch Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Chloris spinoides Himalayan Extreme No endorsed Greenfinch; Yellow- (P) risk breasted Greenfinch assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Crithagra atrogularis Southern Yellow- Extreme No endorsed rumped Seedeater; (P) risk Black-throated assessment Canary Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Crithagra White-bellied Extreme No endorsed dorsostriatus Canary (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Crithagra flaviventris Yellow Canary Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Crithagra leucopygia White-rumped Extreme No endorsed Seedeater; Grey (P) risk Singing Finch assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Crithagra Yellow-fronted Extreme No endorsed mozambicus Canary; Green (P) risk Singing Finch assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Crithagra Yellow-rumped Extreme No endorsed xanthopygius Serin (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Haemorhous House Finch Extreme No endorsed mexicanus (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Haemorhous Purple Finch Extreme No endorsed purpureus (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Linaria cannabina Eurasian Linnet; Extreme No endorsed Common Linnet (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Serinus canaria Common Canary◄ Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Serinus serinus European Serin Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Spinus atriceps Black-capped Siskin Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Spinus cucullatus Red Siskin; Extreme No endorsed Venezuelan Siskin; (P) risk Black-hooded Red assessment Siskin Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Spinus magellanicus Hooded Siskin; Extreme No endorsed Yellow Siskin; Black- (P) risk hooded Yellow assessment Siskin Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Spinus notatus Black-headed Siskin Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment

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Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Spinus spinus European Siskin; Extreme No endorsed Spruce Siskin; (P) risk Eurasian Siskin assessment Aves Passeriformes Fringillidae Spinus uropygialis Yellow-rumped Extreme No endorsed Siskin (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Leiotrichidae Leiothrix argentauris Silver-eared Mesia Extreme 12/08/2006 Aves Passeriformes Leiotrichidae Leiothrix lutea Pekin Robin; Red- Serious 22/04/2004 billed Leiothrix Aves Passeriformes Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie- Extreme No endorsed robin (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Muscicapidae Kittacincla White-rumped Extreme No endorsed malabarica Shama (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow Extreme 31/05/2004 Aves Passeriformes Passeridae Passer flaveolus Plain-backed Extreme No endorsed Sparrow (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Passeridae Passer luteus Golden Extreme No endorsed Sparrow (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Passeridae Passer montanus Tree Sparrow; Extreme No endorsed Eurasian Tree (P) risk Sparrow assessment Aves Passeriformes afer Yellow-crowned Extreme No endorsed Bishop; Golden (P) risk Bishop assessment Aves Passeriformes Ploceidae Euplectes axillaris Fan-tailed Extreme No endorsed Widowbird (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Ploceidae Euplectes Northern Red Extreme No endorsed franciscanus Bishop; Orange (P) risk Bishop assessment Aves Passeriformes Ploceidae Euplectes orix Grenadier Weaver; Extreme No endorsed Red Bishop; (P) risk Southern RedBishop assessment Aves Passeriformes Ploceidae Foudia Red-headed ; Extreme No endorsed eminentissima Comoros Fody (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Ploceidae Foudia Madagascar Red Extreme No endorsed madagascariensis Fody; Madagascar (P) risk Weaver assessment Aves Passeriformes Ploceidae bicolor Weaver Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Serious 8/05/2010 Bulbul Aves Passeriformes Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna; Extreme 22/04/2004 Indian Myna; Indian House Myna Aves Passeriformes Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling; Extreme 1/09/2008 European Starling Aves Passeriformes Thraupidae Red-crested Finch; Extreme No endorsed cucullatus Red-pileated Finch (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Thraupidae Paroaria coronata Red-crested Extreme No endorsed Cardinal (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Thraupidae Phonipara canora Cuban Grassquit; Extreme No endorsed Cuban Finch (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Thraupidae Sicalis flaveola Saffron Finch Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Thraupidae Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Serious 28/12/2005 Grassquit; Jacarini Finch Aves Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus merula Common Blackbird; Extreme 22/04/2004 Eurasian Blackbird Aves Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus philomelos Song Thrush Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Viduidae Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Passeriformes Viduidae Vidua paradisaea Paradise Whydah; Extreme No endorsed Eastern Paradise (P) risk Whydah assessment

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Aves Psittaciformes Cacatuidae Cacatua alba White Cockatoo; Moderate 1/03/2004 Umbrella Cockatoo Aves Psittaciformes Cacatuidae Cacatua goffiniana Goffin's Corella; Extreme No endorsed Tanimbar Corella (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Cacatuidae Cacatua Salmon-crested Extreme No endorsed moluccensis Cockatoo (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Cacatuidae Cacatua sulphurea C. s. Citron-crested Extreme No endorsed citrinocristata Cockatoo (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Agapornis canus Grey-headed Extreme No endorsed Lovebird (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Agapornis fischeri Fischer's Lovebird Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Agapornis lilianae Nyasa Lovebird; Extreme No endorsed Lilian's Lovebird (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Agapornis nigrigenis Black-cheeked Extreme No endorsed Lovebird (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Agapornis Masked Lovebird Extreme No endorsed personatus (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Agapornis roseicollis Peach-faced Serious 5/04/2004 Lovebird; Rosy- faced Lovebird

Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Alipiopsitta xanthops Yellow-faced Parrot Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Alisterus Aboina Parrot; Serious 1/09/2008 amboinensis Moluccan King- parrot Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona aestiva Blue-fronted Extreme No endorsed Amazon; Blue- (P) risk fronted Parrot assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona albifrons White-fronted Extreme No endorsed Amazon; White- (P) risk fronted Parrot; assessment Spectacled Amazon; Spectacled Parrot; White-browed Amazon; White- browed Parrot Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona Orange-winged Extreme No endorsed amazonica Amazon; Orange- (P) risk winged Parrot assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona Yellow-naped Extreme No endorsed auropalliata Amazon (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona A.a. lilacina Red-lored Amazon Extreme No endorsed autumnalis (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona finschi Lilac-crowned Extreme No endorsed Amazon (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona Cuban Amazon; Serious 13/05/2006 leucocephala Cuban Parrot Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona Yellow-crowned Extreme 1/03/2004 ochrocephala Amazon; Yellow- headed Amazon; Yellow-fronted Amazon; Yellow- naped Amazon Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona oratrix Double-yellow Extreme No endorsed Headed Amazon (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona pretrei Red-spectacled Extreme No endorsed Amazon (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Amazona Green-cheeked Extreme No endorsed viridigenalis Amazon; Red- (P) risk crowned Amazon assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Anodorhynchus Hyacinth Macaw Extreme 13/05/2006 hyacinthinus Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara ambiguus Great Green Macaw Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment 13

Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara ararauna Blue and Yellow Extreme No endorsed Macaw; Blue and (P) risk Gold Macaw assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara chloropterus Green-winged Extreme No endorsed Macaw; Red and (P) risk Green Macaw assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara macao Scarlet Macaw Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara militaris Military Macaw Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara rubrogenys Red-fronted Macaw Moderate 21/09/2005 Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Ara severus Chestnut-fronted Extreme No endorsed Macaw (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Aratinga auricapillus Golden-capped Extreme No endorsed Conure; Golden- (P) risk capped Parakeet assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Aratinga jandaya Jandaya Conure; Extreme No endorsed Jandaya Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Aratinga nenday Nanday Conure Extreme 1/03/2004 Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Aratinga solstitialis Sun Conure; Sun Low 31/01/2007 Parakeet Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Aratinga weddellii Dusky-headed Extreme No endorsed Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Bolborhynchus Barred Parakeet; Extreme No endorsed lineola Lineolated Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae atra Black Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Chalcopsitta Extreme No endorsed cardinalis (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Chalcopsitta Moderate 1/09/2008 duivenbodei Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Chalcopsitta Yellow-streaked Extreme No endorsed sintillata Lory (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae papou Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Charmosyna toxopei Blue-fronted Extreme No endorsed Lorikeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Cyanoliseus Patagonian Conure; Extreme No endorsed patagonus Burrowing Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Cyanoramphus Yellow-fronted Extreme No endorsed auriceps Parakeet; Yellow- (P) risk fronted Kakariki, assessment Yellow-crowned Parakeet Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Cyanoramphus Red-fronted Extreme No endorsed novaezelandiae Parakeet; Red- (P) risk fronted Kakariki assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Cyanoramphus Antipodes Parakeet Extreme No endorsed unicolor (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Deroptyus Hawk-headed Extreme No endorsed accipitrinus Parrot; Red-fan (P) risk Parrot assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Diopsittaca nobilis Red-shouldered Extreme No endorsed Macaw; Hahn’s (P) risk Macaw assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae bornea Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eos cyanogenia Black-winged Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eos histrio Red-and-blue Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eos reticulata Blue-streaked Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment 14

Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eos semilarvata Blue-eared Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eos squamata Violet-necked Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eupsittula aurea Peach-fronted Extreme No endorsed Conure; Golden- (P) risk crowned Conure; assessment Peach-fronted Parakeet Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eupsittula pertinax Brown-throated Extreme No endorsed Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Forpus coelestis Pacific Parrotlet Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Guaruba guarouba Golden Conure; Extreme No endorsed Golden Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Extreme No endorsed Hanging-parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae chlorocercus Yellow-bibbed Lory Moderate 10/03/2008 Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Lorius domicella Purple-naped Lory Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Lorius garrulus Chattering Lory Moderate 0/09/2008 Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Lorius lory Black-capped Lory Moderate 1/09/2008 Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Myiopsitta Monk Parakeet; Extreme 22/04/2004 monachus Quaker Parrot Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Musschenbroek's Extreme No endorsed musschenbroekii Lorikeet; Yellow- (P) risk billed Lorikeet assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Orthopsittaca Red-bellied Macaw Extreme No endorsed manilatus (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Phigys solitarius Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionites leucogaster White-bellied Extreme No endorsed Caique; White- (P) risk bellied Parrot assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionites Black-headed Extreme No endorsed melanopcephalus Caique; Black- (P) risk headed Parrot assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionus chalcopterus Bronze-winged Extreme No endorsed Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionus menstruus Blue-headed Parrot Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pionus senilis White-crowned Extreme No endorsed Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Poicephalus gulielmi Jardine’s Parrot; Extreme No endorsed Red-fronted Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Poicephalus meyeri Meyer's Parrot; Extreme No endorsed Brown Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Poicephalus Brown-necked Extreme No endorsed robustus Parrot; Cape Parrot (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Poicephalus Red-bellied Parrot; Extreme No endorsed rufiventris Orange-bellied (P) risk Parrot assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Poicephalus Senegal Parrot Extreme No endorsed senegalus (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Primolius auricollis Yellow-collared Extreme No endorsed Macaw; Golden- (P) risk collared Macaw assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Primolius maracana Blue-winged Macaw Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Prosopeia personata Masked Shining Extreme No endorsed Parrot (P) risk assessment

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Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Prosopeia tabuensis Red Shining Parrot Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae fuscata Moderate 1/03/2004 Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacara Blue-crowned Extreme No endorsed acuticaudatus Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula alexandri Moustached Extreme No endorsed Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula Malabar Parakeet Extreme No endorsed columboides (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula Plum-headed Extreme No endorsed cyanocephala Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula derbiana Derbyan Parakeet Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine Extreme 1/03/2004 Parakeet Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula Slaty-headed Extreme No endorsed himalayana Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Extreme 22/04/2004 Parakeet; Indian Ring-necked Parakeet Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula roseata Blossom-headed Extreme No endorsed Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot; African Moderate 20/04/2004 Grey Parrot Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae goldiei Goldie's Lorikeet Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae cruentata Blue-throated Extreme No endorsed Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura egregia Fiery-shouldered Extreme No endorsed Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura frontalis Maroon-bellied Serious 28/12/2005 Conure Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura lepida Pearly Conure; Extreme No endorsed Pearly Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura leucotis White-eared Conure Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura melanura Maroon-tailed Extreme No endorsed Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura molinae Green-cheeked Extreme No endorsed Conure; Green- (P) risk cheeked Parakeet assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura perlata Crimson-bellied Extreme No endorsed Conure; Crimson- (P) risk bellied Parakeet assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura picta Painted Conure Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura Rose-crowned Extreme No endorsed rhodocephala Conure (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura roseifrons Rose-fronted Extreme No endorsed Parakeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Pyrrhura rupicola Black-capped Extreme No endorsed Conure; Black- (P) risk capped Parakeet assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Rhynchopsitta Thick-billed Parrot Extreme No endorsed pachyrhyncha (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Edward’s Lorikeet; Extreme No endorsed capistratus Marigold Lorikeet (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Trichoglossus Olive-headed Extreme No endorsed euteles Lorikeet (P) risk assessment

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Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Trichoglossus T. h. Green-naped Extreme No endorsed haematodes ssp. haematodes; Lorikeet; (P) risk T. h. mitchelli Mitchell’s Lorikeet assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Trichoglossus Extreme No endorsed johnstoniae (P) risk assessment Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Trichoglossus Moderate 5/04/2004 ornatus Aves Psittaciformes Strigopidae Nestor notabilis Kea Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Aves Struthioniformes Apterygidae Apteryx mantelli North Island Brown Extreme No endorsed Kiwi (P) risk assessment Aves Struthioniformes Rheidae Rhea americana Greater Rhea Serious 21/09/2005 Aves Struthioniformes Struthionidae Struthio camelus Ostrich Serious 11/12/2008 Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Addax Addax Extreme No endorsed nasomaculatus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Ammotragus lervia Barbary Sheep Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Bison bison American Bison Extreme 25/01/2006 Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Bos javanicus Banteng Cattle Extreme 31/01/2007 Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Bos taurus Cattle ◄ Extreme No endorsed (feral/wild form) (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae bubalis Water Buffalo ◄ Extreme No endorsed (feral/wild form) (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Capra hircus Goat◄ Extreme 31/01/2007 (feral/wild form) Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Hemitragus Himalayan Tahr Extreme No endorsed jemlahicus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Hippotragus Sable Antelope Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Kobus Waterbuck Extreme No endorsed ellipsiprymnus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Oryx dammah Scimitar-horned Extreme No endorsed Oryx (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Ovis aries Caprina; O. a. Domestic Sheep Extreme 22/06/2010 aries dorper (including fat-tailed sheep) ◄ (feral/wild form) Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Syncerus caffer African Buffalo; Extreme No endorsed Cape Buffalo (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus angasii Lowland Nyala Serious n.d. Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus T. e. isaaci Bongo Extreme No endorsed eurycerus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus oryx Common Eland Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus spekii Sitatunga Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Tragelaphus Greater Kudu Extreme No endorsed strepsiceros (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Camelidae Camelus bactrianus Camel, Bactrian Extreme 31/01/2007 Mammalia Artiodactyla Camelidae Camelus Camel Extreme 31/01/2007 dromedarius Mammalia Artiodactyla Camelidae Lama glama Llama Extreme 31/01/2007 Mammalia Artiodactyla Camelidae Lama guanicoe Guanaco Extreme 16/08/2004 Mammalia Artiodactyla Camelidae Vicugna pacos Alpaca◄ Extreme 31/01/2007 Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Axis axis Chital Deer; Axis Extreme 2/06/2008 Deer; Spotted deer (feral/wild form)

17

Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Axis porcinus Hog Deer Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Cervus elaphus C. e. Red Deer; Wapiti; Extreme 10/03/2009 canadensis Elk (feral/wild form) Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Cervus nippon Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Dama dama Fallow Deer Extreme 24/03/2009 (feral/wild form) Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Odocoileus White-tailed Deer Extreme No endorsed virginianus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Rusa timorensis Rusa Deer; Timor Extreme 21/09/2005 Deer

Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Rusa unicolor Sambar Deer Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Giraffidae Giraffa Giraffe Extreme No endorsed camelopardalis (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Hippopotamidae Choeropsis Pygmy Extreme No endorsed liberiensis Hippopotamus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Extreme No endorsed amphibius (P) risk assessment Mammalia Artiodactyla Suidae Sus scrofa Domestic Pig◄ Extreme 16/07/2007 (feral/wild form)

Mammalia Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Pecari tajacu Collared Pecari Extreme 31/05/2004 Mammalia Carnivora Ailuridae Ailurus fulgens A. f. fulgens Lesser Panda; Red Extreme No endorsed Cat-bear; RedPanda (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus C. familiaris Dog ◄ Extreme No endorsed familiaris (feral/wild form) (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Chrysocyon Maned Wolf Extreme No endorsed brachyurus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Cuon alpinus Asiatic Wild Dog; Extreme No endorsed Dhole; Indian Dhole; (P) risk Red Dog assessment Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Lycaon pictus African Hunting Dog; Extreme 12/12/2004 African Wild Dog; Wild Dog Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Vulpes vulpes Red Fox Extreme 22/06/2009 Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Vulpes zerda Fennec Fox Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah; Hunting Extreme No endorsed Leopard (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Caracal caracal Caracal Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Catopuma Asian Golden Cat; Extreme No endorsed temminckii Asiatic golden cat; (P) risk Temminck's golden assessment cat Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis catus F. c. Cat◄ Extreme No endorsed domestica (feral/wild form) (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Leopardus pardalis Ocelot Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Leptailurus serval Serval Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo Lion Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera onca Jaguar Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera pardus P. p. saxicolor African Leopard Extreme 21/09/2005

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Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera tigris P. t. sumatrae Tiger; Sumatran Extreme No endorsed tiger (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera uncia Snow Leopard Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Prionailurus Fishing Cat Extreme 10/04/2008 viverrinus Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Puma concolor Cougar; Mountain Extreme No endorsed Lion; Puma (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Herpestidae Suricata suricatta Meerkat Moderate 11/11/2008 Mammalia Carnivora Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Mustelidae Aonyx cinereus Oriental Small- Serious 11/11/2008 clawed Otter; Small- clawed Otter Mammalia Carnivora Mustelidae Mustela putorius Domestic Ferret; Extreme 25/01/2006 furo (domestic) Ferret ◄ Mammalia Carnivora Otariidae Zalophus California Sea Lion; Extreme No endorsed californianus California Sealion (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Phocidae Phoca vitulina Common Seal; Extreme No endorsed Harbour Seal (P) risk assessment Mammalia Carnivora Procyonidae Nasua nasua Coati; South Extreme No endorsed American Coati; (P) risk common Coati assessment Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ailuropoda Giant Panda Low 21/09/2005 melanoleuca Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Helarctos Malayan Sun Bear; Extreme 10/04/2008 malayanus Sun Bear Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ursus arctos U. a. arctos; Brown Bear; Grizzly Extreme 2/06/2008 U. a. Bear middendorffi; U. a. syriacus Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ursus maritimus U. m. Polar Bear Extreme No endorsed marinus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Didelphimorphia Didelphidae Monodelphis Gray Short-tailed Extreme No endorsed domestica Opossum (P) risk assessment Mammalia Diprotodontia Macropodidae Dendrolagus D. g. buergersi Goodfellow's Tree- Extreme No endorsed goodfellowi kangaroo (P) risk assessment Mammalia Lagomorpha Leporidae Lepus europaeus European Hare Extreme 11/12/2008 Mammalia Lagomorpha Leporidae Oryctolagus ◄ Extreme 22/06/2009 cuniculus (feral/wild form) Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus asinus Donkey ◄ Extreme No endorsed (feral/wild form) (P) risk assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus ferus E. f. caballus Domestic Horse ◄ Extreme No endorsed E. caballus (feral/wild form) (P) risk assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus ferus E. f. Mongolian Wild Extreme No endorsed przewalskii Horse; Przewalski's (P) risk Horse assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus hemionus E. h. Onager; Asiatic Wild Extreme No endorsed hemippus; Ass (P) risk E. h. khurr assessment E. h. onager Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus quagga Burchell's Zebra Extreme 12/12/2004 (P) Mammalia Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium C. s. simum White Rhinoceros; Extreme No endorsed simum Square-lipped (P) risk Rhinoceros assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Diceros bicornis D. b. minor Black Rhinoceros Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros Great Indian Extreme No endorsed unicornis Rhinoceros; Indian (P) risk Rhinoceros assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Tapiridae Tapirus indicus Asian Tapir; Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Perissodactyla Tapiridae Tapirus terrestris South American Extreme No endorsed Tapir (P) risk assessment

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Mammalia Primates Atelidae Ateles geoffroyi A. g. geoffroyi Central American Extreme No endorsed Spider Monkey; (P) risk Black-handed assessment Spider Monkey Mammalia Primates Callitrichidae Callithrix jacchus Common Marmoset; Extreme 16/08/2004 White-tufted-ear Marmoset Mammalia Primates Callitrichidae Cebuella pygmaea Pygmy Marmoset Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Callitrichidae Leontopithecus Golden Lion Moderate 22/06/2009 rosalia Tamarin Mammalia Primates Callitrichidae Saguinus imperator S. i. Emperor Tamarin Extreme No endorsed subgrisescens (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Callitrichidae Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top Tamarin Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cebidae Cebus albifrons White-fronted Extreme No endorsed Capuchin (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cebidae Saimiri boliviensis Black-headed Extreme No endorsed Squirrel Monkey; (P) risk Bolivian Squirrel assessment Monkey Mammalia Primates Cebidae Sapajus apella Brown Capuchin, Extreme No endorsed Black-capped (P) risk Capuchin assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus De Brazza's monkey Extreme No endorsed neglectus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Chlorocebus Green Monkey; Extreme No endorsed aethiops Vervet Monkey (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Colobus guereza Guereza; Eastern Extreme No endorsed Black and White (P) risk Colobus assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca fuscata Japanese Macaque Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Crab-eating Extreme No endorsed Macaque; Long- (P) risk tailed Macaque assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque; Extreme No endorsed Rhesus Monkey (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed Macaque Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca nigra Celebes Black Extreme No endorsed Macaque, Sulawesi (P) risk Crested Macaque assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca radiata Bonnet Macaque Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Macaca silenus Liontail Macaque Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Mandrillus sphinx Mandrill Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Papio hamadryas Hamadryas Baboon, Extreme No endorsed Sacred Baboon (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Presbytis femoralis Banded Leaf Extreme No endorsed Monkey (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Trachypithecus François' Leaf Extreme No endorsed francoisi Monkey; François's (P) risk Leaf Monkey assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Trachypithecus Dusky Leaf Monkey Extreme No endorsed obscurus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Hominidae Gorilla gorilla G. g. gorilla Gorilla Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Hominidae Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment

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Mammalia Primates Hominidae Pongo abelii Orang-utan, Extreme No endorsed Sumatran Orang- (P) risk utan assessment Mammalia Primates Hylobatidae Hylobates lar White-handed Extreme No endorsed Gibbon (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Hylobatidae Hylobates moloch Javan Gibbon; Extreme No endorsed Silvery Gibbon (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Hylobatidae Hylobates muelleri Müller's Bornean Extreme No endorsed Gibbon; Bornean (P) risk Gibbon assessment Mammalia Primates Hylobatidae Nomascus White-cheeked Extreme No endorsed leucogenys Gibbon, Norther (P) risk White-checked assessment Gibbon Mammalia Primates Hylobatidae Symphalangus Siamang Moderate 11/12/2008 syndactylus Mammalia Primates Lemuridae Lemur catta Ring-tailed Lemur Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Lemuridae Varecia variegata V. v. Ruffed Lemur, Extreme No endorsed variegata Black-and-white (P) risk Ruffed Lemur assessment Mammalia Primates Lorisidae Nycticebus coucang Slow Loris Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Primates Loridae Nycticebus Pygmy Slow Loris Extreme No endorsed pygmaeus (P) risk assessment Mammalia Proboscidea Elephantidae Elephas maximus E. m. Asian Elephant; Extreme No endorsed maximus Asiatic Elephant (P) risk assessment Mammalia Proboscidea Elephantidae Loxodonta africana African Bush Extreme No endorsed Elephant; African (P) risk Elephant; African assessment Savannah Elephant Mammalia Rodentia Caviidae Cavia porcellus Domestic Extreme No endorsed (domestic) Pig; Guinea Pig ◄ (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Caviidae Dolichotis Patagonian Cavy Extreme No endorsed patagonum (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Caviidae Hydrochoerus Capybara Extreme No endorsed hydrochaeris (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta leporina Brazilian Agouti Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Hystricidae Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupine; Extreme 16/08/2004 North African Crested Porcupine Mammalia Rodentia Acomys cahirinus Cairo Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Mus musculus Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Psammomys obesus Sand ; Fat Sand Extreme No endorsed Rat (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Muridae exulans Pacific Rat; Extreme 3/02/2011 Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat; Norway Extreme No endorsed Rat (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus rattus Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Mammalia Rodentia Sciuridae Funambulus Northern Palm Extreme No endorsed pennantii Squirrel (P) risk assessment Reptilia Crocodylia Alligatoridae Alligator American Alligator Extreme No endorsed mississippiensis (P) risk assessment Reptilia Crocodylia Crocodylidae Crocodylus C. n. Philipine Crocodile Extreme No endorsed mindorensis mindorensis (P) risk assessment Reptilia Rhynchocephalia Sphenodontidae Sphenodon Beak-head; Cook Extreme No endorsed punctatus Strait Tuatara; (P) risk Sphenodon; Tuatara assessment 21

Reptilia Squamata Agamidae Hydrosaurus Philippine Sailfin Extreme No endorsed pustulatus Lizard (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Anguidae Pseudopus apodus Scheltopusik Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Acrantophis Dumeril's Boa Extreme No endorsed dumerili (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Boa constrictor Boa Constrictor Extreme 11/11/2008 Reptilia Squamata Boidae Candoia carinata Pacific Ground Boa; Extreme No endorsed Pacific Keel-scaled (P) risk Boa assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Corallus caninus Emerald Tree Boa Extreme 28/09/2008 Reptilia Squamata Boidae Corallus hortulanus Amazon Tree Boa; Extreme No endorsed Common Tree Boa (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Epicrates cenchria Rainbow Boa Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Eryx colubrinus Sand Boa Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Eunectes murinus Green Anaconda Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Eunectes notaeus Yellow Anaconda Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Boidae Sanzinia Madagascar Tree Extreme No endorsed madagascariensis Boa (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo Veiled Chameleon Extreme No endorsed calyptratus (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Chamaeleonidae Trioceros jacksonii Jackson’s Extreme No endorsed chameleon (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Boiga dendrophila Gold-ringed Cat Extreme No endorsed Snake; Mangrove (P) risk Snake assessment Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Lampropeltis alterna L. mexicana Grey-banded Extreme No endorsed alterna; Kingsnake (P) risk L. mexicana assessment blairi Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Lampropeltis getula Common Kingsnake Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Lampropeltis L. triangulum Milk Snake; Scarlet Extreme No endorsed micropholis campbelli; L. Kingsnake (P) risk triangulum assessment hondurensis; L. triangulum micropholis Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Lycodon capucinus Indian Wolf Snake Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Orthriophis Striped Trinket Moderate 28/09/2008 taeniurus Snake; Stripe-tailed Rat Snake; Taiwan Beauty Snake; Beauty Snake Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Pantherophis Corn Snake Serious 28/09/2008 guttatus Reptilia Squamata Colubridae Pantherophis Western Rat Snake; Extreme No endorsed obsoletus Black Rat Snake (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Corytophanidae Basiliscus Green Basilisk, Extreme No endorsed plumifrons Double-crested (P) risk Basilisk assessment Reptilia Squamata Diplodactylidae Eurydactylodes Bavay's Gecko Extreme No endorsed vieillardi (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Diplodactylidae Rhacodactylus New Caledonian Extreme No endorsed leachianus Giant Gecko, (P) risk Cuvier's Caledonian- assessment gecko Reptilia Squamata Dipsadidae Heterodon simus Southern Hog-nosed Extreme No endorsed Snake (P) risk assessment 22

Reptilia Squamata Elapidae Naja kaouthia N. naja Monocled Cobra Extreme No endorsed kaouthia (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Elapidae Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra, Extreme No endorsed Blacklipped Cobra (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Elapidae Naja siamensis Indo-chinese Extreme No endorsed Spitting Cobra (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Elapidae Ophiophagus Hamadryad; King Extreme No endorsed hannah Cobra (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Gekkonidae Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Gekkonidae Hemidactylus Bridled House Extreme No endorsed frenatus Gecko; Common (P) risk House Gecko assessment Reptilia Squamata Gekkonidae Lepidodactylus Mourning Gecko Extreme No endorsed lugubris (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Gekkonidae Phelsuma Madagascar Day Extreme No endorsed madagascariensis Gecko (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Helodermatidae Heloderma Gila Monster Extreme No endorsed suspectum (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Iguanidae Brachylophus Fiji Banded Iguana; Extreme No endorsed bulabula South Pacific (P) risk Banded Iguana assessment Reptilia Squamata Iguanidae Brachylophus Fiji Crested Iguana Extreme No endorsed vitiensis (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Iguanidae Cyclura cornuta C. c. cornuta Rhinoceros Iguana Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Iguanidae Iguana iguana Common Iguana; Extreme No endorsed Green Iguana (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Lacertidae Lacerta viridis Green Lizard; Extreme No endorsed Emerald Lizard (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Lacertidae Timon lepidus Eyed Lizard; Extreme No endorsed Jewelled Lizard; (P) risk Ocellated Lizard assessment Reptilia Squamata Pythonidae Bothrochilus D’Albertis python; Extreme No endorsed albertisii White-lipped Python (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Pythonidae Malayopython Reticulated Python Extreme No endorsed reticulatus (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Pythonidae Python bivittatus P. molurus Indian Python Extreme No endorsed bivittatus (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Pythonidae Python brongersmai P. curtus Blood Python Extreme No endorsed brongersmai (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Pythonidae Python regius Ball Python; Royal Extreme No endorsed Python (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Scincidae Corucia zebrata Solomon Islands Extreme No endorsed Skink (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Scincidae Lygosoma bowringii Christmas Island Extreme No endorsed Grass-skink; (P) risk Bowring’s Supple assessment Skink Reptilia Squamata Teiidae Salvator merianae Black and White Extreme No endorsed Tegu (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Typhlopidae Indotyphlops Flowerpot Snake; Extreme 29/06/2008 braminus Brahminy blindsnake; Bootlace Snake Reptilia Squamata Varanidae Varanus Bosc's Monitor; Extreme No endorsed exanthematicus Savannah Monitor (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Varanidae Varanus Komodo Dragon Extreme No endorsed komodoensis (P) risk assessment

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Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Bitis arietans Puff Adder Serious 11/11/2008 Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Bitis gabonica Gaboon Adder Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Bitis nasicornis B. rhinoceros Rhinoceros Viper Serious 28/09/2008 Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Bothriechis Eyelash Viper Extreme No endorsed schlegelii (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Crotalus Eastern Extreme No endorsed adamanteus Diamondback (P) risk Rattlesnake assessment Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Crotalus atrox Western Diamond- Extreme No endorsed backed Rattlesnake (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Crotalus durissus C. d. terrificus; Cascabel Extreme No endorsed C. d. unicolor; Rattlesnake; Aruba (P) risk C. d. Island Rattlesnake; assessment vegrandis Uracoan Rattlesnake Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Crotalus lepidus Rock Rattlesnake Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Squamata Viperidae Sistrurus catenatus S. c. Massasauga Extreme No endorsed tergeminus (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Chelus fimbriata Matamata Turtle Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Chelidae Platemys Twisted-neck Turtle Extreme No endorsed platycephala (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines serpentina Common Snapping Extreme No endorsed Turtle; Snapping (P) risk Turtle assessment Reptilia Testudines Chelydridae Alligator Snapping Extreme No endorsed temminckii Turtle (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines G. p. kohni False Map Turtle Extreme No endorsed pseudogeographica (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Emydidae Eastern River Extreme No endorsed concinna Cooter (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Emydidae Terrapene carolina T. c. major; T. Common Extreme No endorsed c. triunguis (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Emydidae Terrapene ornata Ornate Box turtle; Serious 2/06/2008 Western Box Turtle (a) Reptilia Testudines Emydidae scripta T. s. scripta Common Slider; Extreme 10/04/2008 Pond Slider; Yellow- bellied Slider; Red- eared Slider Reptilia Testudines Cuora amboinensis South Asian Box Extreme No endorsed Turtle (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Geoemydidae Cuora trifasciata Chinese Three- Serious 28/09/2008 striped Box Turtle Reptilia Testudines Geoemydidae spinosa Serious 28/09/2008 Reptilia Testudines Geoemydidae reevesii Reeves' Turtle; Extreme No endorsed Chinese Three- (P) risk keeled Turtle assessment Reptilia Testudines Geoemydidae Extreme No endorsed pulcherrima (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Geoemydidae Black Marsh Turtle; Extreme No endorsed crassicollis ; (P) risk Thick-necked Turtle assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae radiata Radiated Extreme No endorsed (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae African spurred Extreme No endorsed sulcata tortoise (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Chaco tortoise Extreme No endorsed chilensis (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Chelonoidis South American Extreme No endorsed denticulata Yellow-footed (P) risk Tortoise assessment

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Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae elegans Indian Star Tortoise, Extreme No endorsed Star tortoise (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Geochelone Aldabra Tortoise Extreme No endorsed gigantea (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Geochelone nigra Chelonoidis Galapagos Tortoise Extreme No endorsed abingdonii, C. (P) risk vicina, C. assessment niger, C. becki, C. chathamensis, C. darwini, C. duncanensis, C. hoodensis, C. porteri Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Elongated Tortoise Extreme No endorsed elongata (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae belliana K. natalensis, Bell's Hinged Extreme No endorsed K. lobatsiana Tortoise; Bell's (P) risk Hinged-backed assessment Tortoise

Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Asian Brown Extreme No endorsed Tortoise, Burmese (P) risk Brown Tortoise assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Stigmochelys Extreme No endorsed pardalis (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae graeca Spur-thighed Extreme No endorsed Tortoise (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Testudo hermanni T. h. Hermann's Tortoise Extreme No endorsed robertmertensi (P) risk assessment Reptilia Testudines Testudinidae Testudo horsfieldii Central Asian Extreme No endorsed Tortoise (P) risk assessment

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Table 3. List of non-indigenous species that have previously been recorded in Australia and have an endorsed national risk assessment.

Class Order Family Scientific Name Subspecies Common Name Threat Endorsed () Category Amphibia Anura Microhylidae Kaloula pulchra Malayan Narrow- Serious 24/08/2009 mouthed Toad; Indian Bullfrog; Beautiful Kaloula; Asiatic Painted Frog Amphibia Anura Rhacophoridae Liuixalus romeri Romer's Tree Frog Serious 29/06/2009 Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Gallus varius Green Junglefowl Low 28/12/2005 Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus splendens House Crow Extreme 31/05/2004 Mammalia Carnivora Procyonidae Procyon lotor Common Raccoon; Extreme 12/12/2004 Northern Raccoon Mammalia Cingulata Chlamyphoridae Chaetophractus Big Hairy Armadillo; Serious 16/08/2004 villosus Large Hairy Armadillo

Mammalia Diprotodontia Marcopodidiae Dorcopsis Grey Dorcopsis Moderate 11/11/2008 luctuosa Mammalia Rodentia Pedetidae Pedetes capensis Spring Hare Extreme 21/09/2005

Table 4. List of non-indigenous species that have been assessed by the Australian Government (under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) and approved for live import with a permit, but are not known to be legally kept in Australia

Class Order Family Scientific Name Subspecies Common Name Threat Endorsed by (synonym) Category national committee

Eligible non- commercial purpose only, excluding household pets. High security facilities only Aves Struthioniformes Apterygidae Apteryx australis Southern Brown Kiwi Moderate 28/12/2005

Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Otocolobus manul Pallas' cat; Pallas's Extreme (P) No endorsed Cat; Steppe Cat risk assessment Mammalia Eulipotyphla Erinaceidae Erinaceus Western European Extreme 25/01/2006 europaeus Hedgehog Mammalia Pilosa Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophaga Giant Anteater Extreme (P) No endorsed tridactyla risk assessment Mammalia Primates Aotidae Aotus lemurinus Lemurine Night Extreme (P) No endorsed Monkey risk assessment Mammalia Primates Aotidae Aotus nancymaae Ma's Night Monkey Extreme (P) No endorsed risk assessment Mammalia Primates Aotidae Aotus trivirgatus Northern Night Extreme (P) No endorsed Monkey risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cebidae Cebus capucinus White-throated Extreme (P) No endorsed Capuchin risk assessment Mammalia Primates Cercopithecidae Miopithecus Talapoin Extreme (P) No endorsed talapoin risk assessment Mammalia Primates Galagidae Galago Senegal Galago Extreme (P) No endorsed senegalensis risk assessment

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Mammalia Rodentia Hystricidae Hystrix indica Indian Crested Extreme (P) No endorsed Porcupine risk assessment

Note: A risk assessment by the Australian Government for approval for live import is different to the risk assessment required for endorsement by the national committee (VPC/IPAC/EIC).

Table 5 - List of non-indigenous species that have been risk assessed but have not been recorded in Australia and are not considered suitable for import

Class Order Family Scientific Name Subspecies Common Name Threat Endorsed (synonym) Category

Aves Galliformes Phasianidae Polyplectron Palawan Peacock- Serious 1/09/2008 emphanum pheasant Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Cyanocorax morio Brown Jay Moderate 21/09/2005 Mammalia Carnivora Mustelidae Mustela erminea Stoat; Ermine Extreme 11/12/2008

Note: This table does not include hybrid species.

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References

Bomford M, 2003. Risk assessment for the import and keeping of exotic vertebrates in Australia. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, Australia.

Bomford M, Kraus F, Braysher M, Walter L and Brown L, 2005. Risk assessment model for the import and keeping of exotic reptiles and amphibians. A report produced for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Bureau of Regional Sciences, Canberra, Australia.

Bomford M, 2006. Risk assessment for the establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia: recalibration and refinement of models. A report produced for the Department of Environment and Heritage, Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, Australia.

Bomford M, 2008. Risk assessment models for the establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia and New Zealand. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, Australia.

Catalogue of Life, 2017. Catalogue of life 2017 annual checklist http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/, viewed Novermber and December 2017.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), 2017. https://www.itis.gov, viewed December 2017.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017. http://www.iucnredlist.org/, IUCN Global Species Programme – Red List Unit, viewed November and December 2017.

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