Pragmatism in International Negotiation!

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pragmatism in International Negotiation! Portugal and the Settlement of the MacaH Question, 1984-1999: Pragmatism in International Negotiation! Carmen Isabel de Oliveira Amado Mendes Dissertation submitted to the Department of Political Studies School or Oriental and African Studies University of London For the award of the degree of Ph.D. ProQuest Number: 10673234 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673234 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract Portugal and the Settlement of the Macau Question, 1984- 1999: Pragmatism in International Negotiations This thesis examines the manner in which the Portuguese Government formulated and implemented its negotiating strategy for the settlement of the Macau question with the People’s Republic of China. The analysis is supported by theories of international negotiations. In addition to providing a detailed account of Portugal’s negotiating strategy, the study highlights the impact that the Sino-British negotiations on Hong Kong had on the Sino-Portuguese negotiations. It also argues that the Portuguese side was mostly reactive: for domestic reasons, a key objective was to ensure that Macau’s treatment was not worse than Hong Kong’s, and in particular to ensure that Macau’s transfer happened after Hong Kong. The thesis begins by examining the political background to the Macau question and the impact of the Hong Kong question on this. It then addresses the 1984- 1987 Sino-Portuguese negotiations, which resulted in the signature of the “Joint Declaration of the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Question of Macau”. Finally the thesis analyses important issues in the Sino-Portuguese negotiations during the 1988- 1999 transition period, which ended with the transfer of Portuguese administration of Macau to China. Two types of issue are considered which clearly demonstrate the tensions in the Sino-Portuguese relations and show the position of the Portuguese side during the transition period: routine matters which were present in every Joint Liaison Group meeting, namely the policies of localisation, and more delicate issues. This includes (1) the arguments over the applicability of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to Macau; (2) the dispute over the construction of the Macau International Airport; and, (3) the conflict over the Orient Foundation. Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................... i Contents........................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1 - Introduction ...............................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................1 1.2. Literature Survey.............................................................................................. 2 1.3. Method and Original Contribution .................................................................. 8 1.4. Theory and Ideas ..................................................................................11 1.4.1. Negotiation ...............................................................................................11 1.4.2. Asymmetrical Bargaining .......................................................................19 1.4.3. Chinese-Style Negotiation ................................................................... .24 1.5. Structure and Organisation of the Thesis......................................................32 Chapter 2 - The Macau Question and the Establishment of the Sino-Portuguese Relations..................................................................................................................... 37 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 37 2.2. The Political Background to the Macau Question ........................................41 2.3. Portuguese Withdrawal from Empire ............................................................56 2.4. The Establishment of the Sino-Portuguese Relations ..................................70 2.5. Conclusion.......................................................................................................85 Chapter 3 - The Sino-Portuguese Negotiations (1984-1987) ................................... 89 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 89 3.2. The Hong Kong M odel ................................................................................. 94 3.3. Getting to the Table................................................................ 101 3.4. The Search for a Formula .............................................................................109 3.5. Details of the Negotiations ...........................................................................114 3.6. The Agreement .................................................................................134 3.7. Conclusion .....................................................................................................141 Chapter 4 - The Permanent Issues of the Transition Period: The Problems of “Localisation” (1988-1999)................................................................................... 143 4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................143 4.2. Setting the Scene .......................................................................................... 145 4.2.1. Macau’s double tutelage system ..........................................................145 4.2.2. The Portuguese strategy for the transition .......................................... 153 4.2.3. The Joint Liaison Group and the Land Group .................................... 162 4.3. The Permanent Issues of the Transition Period: The Problems of “Localisation” ......................................................................................................170 4.3.1. The Localisation of the Civil Service...................................................170 4.3.2. The Localisation of the Language ........................................................178 4.3.3. The Localisation of the Law ................................................................ 187 ii 4.4. Conclusion ...................................................................................................195 Chapter 5 - Covenants, Construction and Possible Corruption: Other Delicate Issues of The Transition Period (1988-1999)....................................................... 199 5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................199 5.2. The International Covenants....................................................................... 201 5.3. The Macau International Airport ................................................................205 5.4. The Orient Foundation .................................................................................218 5.5. Conclusion .....................................................................................................226 Chapter 6 - Concluding Remarks .......................................................................... 231 6.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 231 6.2. Findings ............................................................................... 233 6.2.1. The Portuguese strategy ....................................................................... 233 6.2.2. The Portuguese negotiating advantages .............................................. 240 6.2.3. The Portuguese faux-pas ...................................................................... 246 6.3. Implications.................................................................................................. 250 6.3.1. The Chinese negotiating methods and tactics ..................................... 250 6.3.2. Asymmetrical Bargaining .................................................................... 253 Bibliography .............................................................................................................257 A. Primary Sources ..........................................................................................257 6.3.3. Unpublished Material..........................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The International Legal Personality of Macao' 24 Hong Kong Law Journal 328-341
    ANALYSIS The International Legal Personality of Macau Introduction The question of international legal status/personality1 is increasingly difficult to answer with a degree of precision since the relevance of traditional criteria and symbols of statehood is diminishing in a global environment characterised by the proliferation of not-readily-definable entities which clamour for recog­ nition as autonomous political units.2 The requirements of 'a permanent population; a defined territory; govern­ ment; and capacity to enter into relations with other States'3 — which are accepted by international lawyers as 'customary international law' — by no means represent sufficient4 or even necessary3 qualifications of statehood. Clearly, the less legalistic symbols of statehood, such as kings/presidents, armies, central banks, currency, or passports, offer no reliable yardsticks.6 Nor for that matter is membership in the United Nations particularly instructive in respect of the key distinguishing attributes of statehood. Current members include Carribbean pinpoints such as Saint Christopher and Nevis or Saint Lucia, as well as other microentities like Vanuatu in the Pacific or San Marino in Europe — but not Taiwan.7 Neither is the UN practice with regards to admission — including the implementation of stipulated8 requirements 'International legal personality' is broadly defined in terms of the capacity to exercise international rights and duties. The International Standards Organisation, which assigns two-letter codes for country names, has 239 on
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Fall Lusitano Bulletin
    MACAU “20 Years of Progress and Development” An Online Photography Exhibition presented by Instituto Internacional Macau (IIM) President’s Message …………………………………...…….....2 2020 Calendar of Events……………….........……....…….…...3 Notice of Annual General Meeting & Elections………........4 The Portuguese Historical Museum……………….……........4 Books available from Lusitano Club…..…………………….5 Celebrating 20 Years of Macau SAR......................................11 Scholarship Recipient “Emma Casey”.....................................12 Macanese Families by Maria Roliz…………..............................14 Encontro “Macau 2019” Memories….....................................15 International Call for Macanese Cuisine Recipes …….....16 Recipes by Priscilla Canavarro…………..………………...........17 The “Gallo” by Ken Harper……...……..………………...........18 Seeking Junior Membership Help with Club Website….....20 45th Annual Luso-American Education Conference……..20 Macau Cultural Center / Word Scramble ………………...22 Portuguese Citizenship…………………..................................23 Contact for Lusitano Directors & Officers..………..........23 President’s Message Dear members and friends, We are now entering in the final stretch of this challenging year of turbulent times. We have missed seeing all of you this summer as we usually do at all our activities. We hope you all had a wonderful and decent summer with your families. We always have you as members on our minds and keeping you safe. We again have reached out to the membership to see how you and your families are doing. We hope as of this writing, all of you are still doing well. We are here to help, direct and or if you just need someone to talk to. Our children and grandchildren are now returning back to school even though most if not all will start virtually. We appreciate and thank all the teachers who are having to learn a new way to teach.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary Macau Became a Special Administrative Region
    Executive Summary Macau became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on December 20, 1999. Macau's status, since reverting to Chinese sovereignty, is defined in the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration (1987) and the Basic Law, Macau's constitution. Under the concept of “One Country, Two Systems” articulated in these documents, Macau enjoys a high degree of autonomy in economic matters, and its economic system is to remain unchanged for fifty years. The Government of Macau (GOM) maintains a transparent, non-discriminatory, and free-market economy. The GOM is committed to maintaining an investor-friendly environment. In 2002, the GOM ended a long-standing gaming monopoly, awarding two gaming concessions to consortia with U.S. interests. This opening has encouraged substantial U.S. investment in casinos and hotels, and has spurred exceptionally rapid economic growth over the last few years. Macau is today the undisputed gaming capital of the world, having surpassed Las Vegas in terms of gambling revenue in 2006. U.S. investment over the past decade is estimated to exceed US$10 billion. In addition to gaming, Macau is positioning itself to be a regional center for incentive travel, conventions, and tourism. The American business community in Macau has continued to grow. In 2007, business leaders founded the American Chamber of Commerce of Macau. 1. Openness to, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment Macau became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on December 20, 1999. Macau's status, since reverting to Chinese sovereignty, is defined in the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration (1987) and the Basic Law, Macau's constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
    UNITED NATIONS CCPR International covenant Distr. on civil and GENERAL political rights CCPR/C/79/Add.77 5 May 1997 Original: ENGLISH HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE COVENANT Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee PORTUGAL (MACAU) 1. At its 1476th and 1477th meetings, held on 4 April 1997, the Human Rights Committee considered the third periodic report of Portugal relating to Macau (CCPR/C/70/Add.9) and adopted 1 the following observations: A. Introduction 2. The Committee welcomes the presence of a high­level delegation, which included several officials of the Macau government. It expresses its appreciation to the representatives of the State party for the high quality of the report, abundance of additional information and detailed and frank answers provided in response to the oral and written questions posed and comments made by the Committee during its consideration of the report. The Committee notes with satisfaction that such information enabled it to engage in a highly constructive dialogue with the State party. B. Factors relating to reporting obligations under the Covenant 3. The Committee notes that given the late extension of the Covenant to Macau, the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and Exchange of Memoranda of 13 April 1987 does not refer to it and merely states that the laws currently in force in Macau will remain basically unchanged and that all rights and freedoms of the inhabitants and other persons in Macau, including the rights GE.97­16386 (E) CCPR/C/79/Add.77 page 2 of the person, freedoms of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel and movement, to strike, of choice of occupation, to undertake academic research, of religion and belief and of communication and the right t o own property will be ensured by law in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Globalization of Chinese Food ANTHROPOLOGY of ASIA SERIES Series Editor: Grant Evans, University Ofhong Kong
    The Globalization of Chinese Food ANTHROPOLOGY OF ASIA SERIES Series Editor: Grant Evans, University ofHong Kong Asia today is one ofthe most dynamic regions ofthe world. The previously predominant image of 'timeless peasants' has given way to the image of fast-paced business people, mass consumerism and high-rise urban conglomerations. Yet much discourse remains entrenched in the polarities of 'East vs. West', 'Tradition vs. Change'. This series hopes to provide a forum for anthropological studies which break with such polarities. It will publish titles dealing with cosmopolitanism, cultural identity, representa­ tions, arts and performance. The complexities of urban Asia, its elites, its political rituals, and its families will also be explored. Dangerous Blood, Refined Souls Death Rituals among the Chinese in Singapore Tong Chee Kiong Folk Art Potters ofJapan Beyond an Anthropology of Aesthetics Brian Moeran Hong Kong The Anthropology of a Chinese Metropolis Edited by Grant Evans and Maria Tam Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania Jan van Bremen and Akitoshi Shimizu Japanese Bosses, Chinese Workers Power and Control in a Hong Kong Megastore WOng Heung wah The Legend ofthe Golden Boat Regulation, Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China and Burma Andrew walker Cultural Crisis and Social Memory Politics of the Past in the Thai World Edited by Shigeharu Tanabe and Charles R Keyes The Globalization of Chinese Food Edited by David Y. H. Wu and Sidney C. H. Cheung The Globalization of Chinese Food Edited by David Y. H. Wu and Sidney C. H. Cheung UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I PRESS HONOLULU Editorial Matter © 2002 David Y.
    [Show full text]
  • MACAU's BRIDGING Role BETWEEN CHINA and LATIN
    Sonia Chan Prado*1 UDC 327(510:8) 327(512.318:8) doi:10.5937/MegRev1901193C Expert article Received 9.4.2018. Approved 21.9.2018. Macau’S Bridging ROle between China and Latin America Since the beginning of the 21st century, sustained and rapid growth in relations between China and the Latin American and Caribbean countries has been witnessed. It is widely believed that a stronger tie with a promising future can be envisaged. Historically, Macau has been a Portuguese trading post in the Far East for over 442 years. After the Handover in 1999, Macau was officially returned to China as a Special Administrative Region. At present, Macau is the “world’s top gaming capital” and a part of the Greater Bay Area of national strategic importance in southern China. By capitalizing on her core strengths and special privileges, Macau can go much further, not only as a gaming and tourism city but also an effective and efficient platform between China and Latin America. Furthermore, with the new mega structure, the vast logistic network and the endorsed Greater Bay Area initiative, Macau can serve as an effective soft-power hub of the nation for helping build an extension of the “Belt and Road” to Latin America in the Pacific Rim. Keywords: Macau, Special Administrative Region of China, Greater Bay Area, Belt and Road, China-Latin America Relations 1. Introduction From the historical point of view, we can presume that contacts between Latin America and Asia have always existed, although mostly commercial ones, having in mind that Spanish and Portuguese empires kept expanding their colonial power and administration in the Philippines and the Pacific Rim.
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong Exporter Guide
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY. Voluntary - Public Date: 6/14/2019 GAIN Report Number: HK1927 Hong Kong Post: Macau Exporter Guide Report Categories: Exporter Guide Approved By: Alicia Hernandez Prepared By: Chris Li Report Highlights: Macau is a budding culinary destination in Asia receiving nearly 36 million tourists in 2018. The fast growing market registered food retail sales over US$570 million and restaurant receipts close to US$1.4 billion. Macau offers strong prospects for U.S. products such as fresh fruit, poultry, food preparations, condiment and sauces, beef, fish, chocolate, tree nuts, processed fruit, and snack foods. Page 1 of 10 Executive Summary Quick Facts CY 2018 Macau is located at the entrance of the Pearl River Delta, Imports of Consumer-Oriented Ag. Products about 90 miles southeast of Guangzhou, China and 37 miles US$1.2 billion southwest of Hong Kong. It covers 18.3 square miles, around one-sixth the size of Washington, D.C., and has a population Top 10 Consumer-Oriented Ag. Imports of 667,000. Macau’s per capita GDP was over US$82,600 in Dairy products, food preparations, fish, wine and beer, pork, poultry, snack foods, fresh fruit, beef, and chocolates 2018, one of the highest in the world. Macau is a major tourist destination in Asia, and received nearly 36 million Top Growth of Consumer-Oriented Ag. Imports visitors in 2018. Due to limited arable land, essentially all Dog and cat food, fresh fruit, poultry, food preparations, condiment food in Macau is imported.
    [Show full text]
  • CRC-2010En.Pdf
    MACAUMACAU LAWLAW JOURNAL JOURNAL Executive-Director Jorge Costa Oliveira Executive Coordination Paulo Godinho Editorial Coordination Ilda Cristina Ferreira Ownership Macao Special Administrative Region Edition, distribution and secretariat International Law Office, Avenida da Praia Grande, n.os 762-804, Edifício «China Plaza», 17th/F. – Macau, Tel: 28337210 – Fax: 28337224 Arrangement and printing Macao Press Cover Leung Pai Wan (calligrapher) and Elsa Ho (IO) Periodicity Every four months Circulation 1000 copies ISSN n.º 0872-9352 Publication of work: The Macau Law Journal is open for the collaboration of any interested parties, without prejudice to the appreciation of the contributions, for publication purpose, by the respective Review bodies. Parties interested in publishing should contact the Review’s secretariat. All published contributions are remunerated and are under the exclusive responsibility of its authors, being the Review allowed to secure for its translation. 2 MACAU LAW JOURNAL MACAU LAW JOURNAL INDEX Preface 5 Part I — The CRC and its application to Macao Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 9 Portuguese President Decree 24/98 43 Notice of the Chief Executive 5/2001 45 Notice of the Chief Executive 12/2003 47 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (CRC-OP-SC) 49 Notice of the Chief Executive 17/2006 63 Part II — Reports, written questions & answers ‘Core Document’ of the PR of China; Macau SAR 67 PR of China’s 2004 Report
    [Show full text]
  • Macau: Ten Years After the Handover, In: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 38, 1, 7-17
    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs China aktuell Chung, Thomas and Tieben, Hendrik (2009), Macau: Ten Years after the Handover, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 38, 1, 7-17. ISSN: 1868-4874 (online), ISSN: 1868-1026 (print) This introduction is part of an issue featuring the topic of Macau. The online version of this and the other articles can be found at: <www.CurrentChineseAffairs.org> Published by GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Institute of Asian Studies in cooperation with the National Institute of Chinese Studies, White Rose East Asia Centre at the Universities of Leeds and Sheffield and Hamburg University Press. The Journal of Current Chinese Affairs is an Open Access publication. It may be read, copied and distributed free of charge according to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. To subscribe to the print edition: <[email protected]> For an e-mail alert please register at: <www.CurrentChineseAffairs.org> The Journal of Current Chinese Affairs is part of the GIGA Journal Family which includes: Africa Spectrum • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs • Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs • Journal of Politics in Latin America • <www.giga-journal-family.org> Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 1/2009: 7-17 Macau: Ten Years after the Handover Thomas Chung and Hendrik Tieben This publication focuses on pertinent issues arising from Macau’s recent development, namely the city’s political economy, architecture and urbanism, heritage and tourism, cultural identity and cross-border relations.1 Coinciding with both the tenth anniversary of the 1999 handover of the former Portuguese-administered territory and the less publicised thirty-year milestone since the resumption of diplomatic ties between Portugal and China, this publication’s intentions are twofold.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Aspects of Sustainability Challenges of Island-Like Territories: Case Study of Macau, China
    Ecocycles 2016 Scientific journal of the European Ecocycles Society Ecocycles 1(2): 35-45 (2016) ISSN 2416-2140 DOI: 10.19040/ecocycles.v1i2.37 ARTICLE Cultural aspects of sustainability challenges of island-like territories: case study of Macau, China Ivan Zadori Faculty of Culture, Education and Regional Development, University of Pécs E-mail: [email protected] Abstract - Sustainability challenges and reactions are not new in the history of human communities but there is a substantial difference between the earlier periods and the present situation: in the earlier periods of human history sustainability depended on the geographic situation and natural resources, today the economic performance and competitiveness are determinative instead of the earlier factors. Economic, social and environmental situations that seem unsustainable could be manageable well if a given land or territory finds that market niche where it could operate successfully, could generate new diversification paths and could create products and services that are interesting and marketable for the outside world. This article is focusing on the sustainability challenges of Macau, China. The case study shows how this special, island-like territory tries to find balance between the economic, social and environmental processes, the management of the present cultural supply and the way that Macau creates new cultural products and services that could be competitive factors in the next years. Keywords - Macau, sustainability, resources, economy, environment, competitiveness
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong By
    Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong by Cecilia Louise Chu A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair Professor C. Greig Crysler Professor Eugene F. Irschick Spring 2012 Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong Copyright 2012 by Cecilia Louise Chu 1 Abstract Speculative Modern: Urban Forms and the Politics of Property in Colonial Hong Kong Cecilia Louise Chu Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Berkeley Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Chair This dissertation traces the genealogy of property development and emergence of an urban milieu in Hong Kong between the 1870s and mid 1930s. This is a period that saw the transition of colonial rule from one that relied heavily on coercion to one that was increasingly “civil,” in the sense that a growing number of native Chinese came to willingly abide by, if not whole-heartedly accept, the rules and regulations of the colonial state whilst becoming more assertive in exercising their rights under the rule of law. Long hailed for its laissez-faire credentials and market freedom, Hong Kong offers a unique context to study what I call “speculative urbanism,” wherein the colonial government’s heavy reliance on generating revenue from private property supported a lucrative housing market that enriched a large number of native property owners. Although resenting the discrimination they encountered in the colonial territory, they were able to accumulate economic and social capital by working within and around the colonial regulatory system.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Macanese Music Through Tuna Macaense Group in a Postcolonial Perspective (1935-2017)
    Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Comunicação e Arte 2018 CHAN SI MAN A STUDY OF MACANESE MUSIC THROUGH TUNA MACAENSE GROUP IN A POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVE (1935-2017) UM ESTUDO DA MÚ SICA MACAENSE ATRAVÉ S DO AGUPAMENTO A TUNA MACAENSE NA PERSPECTIVA PÓ SCOLONIAL (1935-2017) Dissertation presented to the University of Aveiro to fulfill the requirements for obtaining the Master in Music – Musicology, carried out under the scientific guidance of Doctor Susana Bela Soares Sardo, assistant Professor of Department of Communication and Art of the University of Aveiro Jury Presidente Doutor Jorge Manuel de Mansilha Castro Ribeiro Professor Auxiliar, Universidade de Aveiro Vogais Doutora Ana Flávia Miguel (arguente) Investigadora, Inet-MD Instituto de Etnomusicologia – Centro de Estudos em Música e Dança Doutora Susana Bela Soares Sardo (orientadora) Professora Associada, Universidade de Aveiro 1 Acknowledgement I feel thankful that I was born in Macau and raised in the area where full of the Portuguese-Macanese ambience especially I was raised in a Catholic family that provides me a true value of life. These also have been nurturing my interest to the Portuguese-Macanese culture and encouraged me to make a study to explore not only one of the most important cultures in Macau, but also the suzerain of Macau, Portugal. During the life in Portugal, I feel thankful that I gained life experiences which made me grow up a lot and to see how great the world is. This will become my good memory and it will be in my heart forever. I would like to thank for my parents who give me the best support all the time even I stay apart from them so far and they had been waiting for me to finish my studies unconditionally.
    [Show full text]