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Topic 03 Overview of Plant Taxa Lecture Reading: 1. Plate 1. Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block (2007). 2. Plate 2. Leaf Terminology (pp 980-981) in Rhoads & Block (2007). 3. Rhoads & Block (2007) descriptions of all PA-native plant families mentioned. 4. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants •Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth). •Vessels. •Sieve tubes. •Endospp(erm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization” )

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants •Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth). •Vessels. •Sieve tubes. •Endospp(erm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization” ) nymphaeids (water-lilies & friends) magnoliids monocots Ranunculids & other primitive eudicots rosids caryophyllids asterids

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms

• Retain dicotyledonous condition common to some gymnosperms

Ginkgo embryo Avocado embryo (Websters Dictionary)

• Retain eustele of gymnosperms

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms

• Retain monoaperturate pollen of gymnosperms

• Flower parts generally spiral & numerous or trimerous, or whorled & trimerous. • Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another.

a. nymphaeids (water-lily & friends)

Family to know: Nymphaeaceae

aquatic herbs; floating leaves w/ palmate venation flowers solitary, scapose floral parts spiral; petals, stamens and carpels numerous stamens laminar Ca4-6(-14) Co8-many Amany, laminar G[3-many]

Nuphar, Nymphaea & Nate in MD. Nymphaea at Longwood.

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Victoria at Longwood (Nymphaea in the background)

Victoria

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Nuphar

Nymphaea

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Nymphaea

b. magnoliids

Families to know: Magnoliaceae & Lauraceae

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Magnoliaceae 1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal oils < Liriodendron Magnolia >

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Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

2. Showy, solitary flowers

Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia kobus 14

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Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

3. Ca & Co in 3’s

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Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

4. Many spiraled, laminar stamens Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia kobus 16

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Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Many5. Many free spirallycarpels arranged, pistils

Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia kobus 17

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Many6. flat Elongatestamens receptacle

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Tropical members of Magnoliaceae

Michelia (50 spp.; Tropical, subtropical; S & SE Asia) 19

Lauraceae

Sassafras Lindera

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Lauraceae 1. Trees & shrubs with ethereal oils

Sassafras Laurus Cinnamomum 21

Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 2. Small, yellowish to whitish flowers

5 mm 5 mm 5 mm sassafras bay laurel avocado

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Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 3. Parts in 3’s

sassafras bay laurel avocado

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Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 4. Parts whorled

sassafras bay laurel avocado

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Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 5. 1 pistil, 1 carpel

sassafras bay laurel avocado

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Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 6. Anthers valvate

sassafras bay laurel avocado

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Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1 6. Anthers valvate

bay laurel

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon. • Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms. • Eustele transformed into atactostele (()lose vascular cambium)

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon. • Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms. • Eustele transformed into atactostele (()lose vascular cambium) • Most with parallel leaf venation.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon. • Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms. • Eustele transformed into atactostele (()lose vascular cambium) • Most with parallel leaf venation. • Flowers merosity becomes fixed in 3’s.

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Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

*aquatic or marsh herbs with basal leaves *pinnate or palmate venation *Ca 3 Co 3 A 3,6‐many G 3,6‐many

Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

Alisma

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Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

Sagittaria

Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

Sagittaria

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Araceae (arum or aroid family)

*terrestrial to aquatic herbs or vines *leaves with pinnate venation *flowers minute *spathe & spadix *P 2+2, 3+3, or 0 A 4or6 G [3]

Araceae (arum or aroid family)

Arisaema >

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Araceae (arum or aroid family)

Symplocarpos >

Araceae (arum or aroid family)

Zantedischia > (calla-lily)

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Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla‐lily

Amorphophallus titanum Largest inflorescence in world

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Liliaceae (lily family)

bulbous herbs parallel venation P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]

Lilium >

Liliaceae (lily family)

bulbous herbs parallel venation P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]

Tulipa >

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Orchidaceae (orchid family)

2nd largest family Terrestrial or epppiph ytic ,+/‐ succulent herbs P[3+3] [A1 G[3], inferior] Bilateral flowers, labellum, column Pollinia

Orchidaceae (orchid family)

< Vanilla

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Orchidaceae (orchid family)

Orchidaceae (orchid family)

Cymbidium

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Orchidaceae (orchid family)

Cypripedium

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

Unbranched trees or shrubs Terminal rosette of largg,e, sheathing, plicate lvs Large, spathed panicles P3+3 A3+3 G3or[3] Perianth tiny

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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

plicate lvs

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

Sheathing lvs Panicles Tiny fls

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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

< Cocos

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

< Phoenix

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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

< Washingtonia

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

Rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs or bamboos Internodes hollow Lvs distichous, sheathing, linear Fls minute, wind pollinated

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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

distichous leaf arrangement

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

open sheath

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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

Bamboos

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family) Panicles of “spikelets” Ca2, palea & lemma Co2‐3, lodicules A2-3,pendulous G[2‐3]

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 3. Primitive Eudicots

• Many stamens and carpels • Perianth reduced in number, though still poorly differentiated •Parts ggy(enerally free (some with fusion in G ) • Triaperturate pollen.

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Herbs to vines or woody vines Lvs simpp,le, compp,ound, to dissected, all with sheathing bases; basal rosette of lvs common. Ca4-many Co4-5-many Amany Gseveral-many

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Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Ranunculus

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Clematis

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s • Stamens & carpels reduced in number • Parts whorled • Perianth well differentiated • Triaperturate pollen.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s • Stamens & carpels reduced in number • Parts whorled • Perianth well differentiated • Triaperturate pollen.

a. Rosids

• Habit variable • #Stamens > #petals (often 2x or more) • Petals free.

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Rosaceae (rose family)

Herbs w/ trifoliate lvs, or shrubs & trees w/ simple (compound) leaves. Lvs toothed. Ca5 Co5, clawed A10-many G[1-5] – many, sup or inf Hypanthium often well developed

55 clawedpetals petalswith many with stmanyamens stamens

Cherry Rose Apple 68

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hypanthium w/ 1 carpel

Cherry Rose Apple

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hypanthium w/ many free carpels

Cherry Rose Apple

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hypanthium fused around 5 fused carpels

Cherry Rose Apple

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Cherry Rose Apple (drupe) (hip) (pome) 72

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Malus & Pyrus

Rubus

http://mcgregor.sbs.auckland.ac.nz

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Fabaceae or Leguminosae (legume family)

Plants with compound (simple) lvs with pulvinus at petiole (petiolule) base and apex. Lvs usu entire. Ca[5] Co5 or 1+2+[2] A10 or [9]+1 G1, sup Hypanthium more or less developed Legume

Fabaceae

Subfamily Faboideae (pea-type flowers) Ca[5] Co1+2+[2], banner + wings + [keel] A [9]+1 G1, superior Irregular (monosymmetric, zygomorphic)

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Lupinus

Coronilla

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Trifolium

Fabaceae

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae Ca[5] Co5 A10 G1, superior Irregular or regular (radial) symmetry

Cercis

Senna

Chamaecrista

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Fabaceae

Cercis (redbud)

Fabaceae

Subfamily Mimosoideae (mimosa-type flowers) Ca[5] Co5, inconspicuous A10, conspicuous G1, sup Regular (radial) symmetry Lvs often bipinnate

Albizia (mimosa tree)

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Fabaceae

Acacia tortuosa (acacia)

Fagaceae (beech & oak family)

Monoecious trees Fls tiny Male: P4-6 A4-20 G1 pistillode,catkin Female: P4-6 Astaminodes G[3-6] cupule Nut(s) w/ subtending cupule

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oaks (Quercus)

85 © K. Nixon

oaks (e.g., willow-oak, Quercus phellos)

© USDA Not all oak leaves are lobed, but all have acorns

86 © ©K. K.Nixon Nixon

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Genus: Fagus Shown here: American beech (Fagus americana)

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Genus: Castanea; 9 species; north temperate Shown here: American chestnut (Castanea dentata)

©Timothy Van88 Vliet

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Genus: Lithocarpus; 334 species; eastern Asia & California Shown here: tan-oak, stone-oak (Lithocarpus densiflora)

©Timothy Van89 Vliet

The Cupule is Diagnostic for the Fagaceae

Beech (Fagus) Oak (Quercus)

Chestnut (Castanea) Stone-oak (Lithocarpus) 90 © K. Nixon

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes) B. Angiosperms or flowering plants 4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s • Stamens & carpels reduced in number • Parts whorled • Perianth well differentiated • Triaperturate pollen.

b. Asterids

• Habit variable • #Stamens < #petals • Petals fused • Stamens fused to petals

Ericaceae (heath family)

Evergreen or semievergreen shrubs or trees (herbs) Ca[5] Co[5], funnelform or urceolate A10, epipetalous, poricidal G[5], sup or inf Capsule from sup ovary or berry form inf ovary

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Pieris

Rhododendron

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Vaccinium

Lamiaceae or Labiatae (mint family)

Aromatic herbs or shrubs with opposite lvs and square stems Ca[5] Co[5], bilabiate A2+2, epipetalous G[2], gynobasic style Fruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets

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Lamium

Mentha

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Solanaceae (nightshade family)

Habit variable Ca[5] Co[5] A5, epipetalous G[2] Psychoactive chemistry Many seeded berry or capsule with persistent and more or less enlarged calyx

Solanum

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Petunia

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Nicotiana tabacum

Physalis

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Capsicum

Datura

Asteraceae or Compositae (composite family)

Largest plant family Habit variable Capappus Co[5], regular or irregular A5, connivent anthers, epipetalous G[2], inf Head with involucre Fruit an achene

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Types of Heads in the family

Radiate Head Ligulate Head Discoid/Disciform Head

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Taraxacum

Cichorium

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Symphyotrichum

Solidago Erigeron

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