a a reconnaissance assessment \Ä}lume5 economic taöd) {&§§©Qflߧ©© '©QQ0Os&S3OiU-G^QQOi)ö@QÖ^,@O..®QS@O@®S@ IlÄgO®!^ Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. Land resources of the Northern and Luapula Provinces, Zambia - a reconnaissance assessment Volume 5 Social and economic factors 1H5J9 Land Resources Division Land resources of the Northern and Luapula Provinces, Zambia -a reconnaissance assessment Volume 5 Social and economic factors J E Mansfield Land Resource Study 19 Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development, Tolworth Tower, Surbiton, Surrey, England KT6 7DY 1976 THE LAND RESOURCES DIVISION The Land Resources Division of the Ministry of Overseas Development assists developing countries in mapping, investigating and assessing land resources, and makes recommend­ ations on the use of these resources for the development of agriculture, livestock husbandry and forestry; it also gives advice on related subjects to overseas governments and organisations, makes scientific personnel available for appointment abroad and provides lectures and training courses in the basic techniques of resource appraisal. The Division works in close co-operation with government departments, research institutes, universities and international organisations concerned with land resources assessment and development planning. IV List of volumes Title: Land resources of the Northern and Luapula Provinces, Zambia - a reconnaissance assessment, J E Mansfield, J G Bennett, R B King, D M Lang and R M Lawton Volume 1 Introduction, conclusions and recommendations Volume 2 Current land use Volume 3 Land capability and development potential Volume 4 The biophysical environment Volume 5 Social and economic factors Volume 6 The land systems v Contents LIST OF SEPARATE MAPS viii ABSTRACTS AND KEYWORDS ix PART 1. PREFACE 1 PART 2. POPULATION 3 General 3 Northern and Luapula Provinces 3 Population by district 6 Population density 6 Distribution by age group 6 Tribal distribution 8 Employment categories 9 PART 3. RURAL LAND TENURE 11 PART 4. COMMUNICATIONS 13 Roads 13 Tan Zam rail-link 14 Air services 15 PART 5. CROP PRODUCTION COSTINGS 17 Introduction 17 Maize 17 VII Break-even yields for other crops 18 Groundnuts 20 Beans 20 Rice 22 PART 6. CREDIT FACILITIES 25 Credit procedure 25 PART 7. REFERENCES 29 LIST OF SEPARATE MAPS inside rear cover 5-1 Population density North-east Zambia 5-2 Communications viii Abstracts and keywords ABSTRACT Volume 5 describes population distribution, rural land tenure, communications, crop production costs and credit facilities within the Northern and Luapula Provinces of Zambia. Separate maps provide details of population density and surface communica­ tions. An abstract of the whole report is given in Volume 1. RÉSUMÉ Le Volume 5 décrit la repartition de la population par groupes d'age et par niveau d'éducation, Ie régime foncier rural, les communications, et les aspects économiques de la production et de la vente des denrées agricoles au sein des Northern et Luapula Provinces de la Zambie. Des cartes séparées fournissent des details concernant la densité démographique et les communications. Un résumé du rapport dans son ensemble est présenté au Volume 1. DESCRIPTORS FOR CO-ORDINATE INDEXING Demography, communications, land tenure, crop production, crop marketing, agricultural credit, crop production costs, Zambia. IX Parts 1-7 Parti Preface This, the fifth volume of the 'Land resources of the Northern and Luapula Provinces', briefly describes the social and economic structure in the project area. The recommendations in Volume 1 of this report pay close attention to the limitations imposed by these factors. The following social and economic data were contained in Volume 1 of the Draft Land Resource Study but are largely excluded from the present volume because they are now of marginal interest only: 1971 statistics of education, population density and roads, by districts; 1966-71 crop production statistics by districts and agricultural camps. These data are preserved in the LRD Archives and can be supplied on request. The crop production costings have been largely invalidated owing to the major increases in the costs of such factors as fuel, transport and fertilisers that followed the worldwide increase in oil prices. The recent wide variations in commodity prices have also upset these costings, but it is hoped that some of the information can be fairly easily updated from time to time in order to reassess the break-even yields of major crops. 1 Part 2 Population GENERAL The first complete de facto count of Africans in Zambia was the 1963 census in which Chiefs' areas were mainly used as the enumeration areas. Prior to that date, until a sample census was made in 1950, estimates of the African population were derived mainly from lists of taxable males or huts. Results obtained from hut tax depended on the definition of the average hut density. In 1949 Kuczynski reviewed the estimates and showed up considerable inconsistencies. The 1950 survey results are of limited value in making comparisons over a period of time (Ohadikike, 1969), as too much reliance would have to be placed on accuracy, representativeness and sampling error. The 1963 census, although not perfect, is considered to be the best base line for future comparison. However, as counts were made of all persons who slept in a dwelling on the night prior to the enumerators' visit, some duplication and omission must have occurred through movements taking place over the enumeration period. In 1969, a second major census was conducted. Between 1950 and 1963 a national population increase of 2.5% was assumed, which the 1969 census confirmed. Other estimated population data for Zambia based on this census are: crude birth rate 42 per 1 000 and crude death rate 17 per 1 000; infant «1 yr) mortality 16%. Children less than 14 years old form 45% of the total population. NORTHERN AND LUAPULA PROVINCES It was not possible to obtain population figures for the project area alone, but as it includes most of the Northern and Luapula Provinces, figures relating to these two provinces have been used, which show that Northern and Luapula Provinces are the only ones to show a decline in population growth, that between them they contain 21.7% of the country's total population and that the population density for Luapula Province is higher than that for the more agriculturally developed Central and Southern Provinces. In considering the decline in population growth it should be remembered that traditionally the two provinces have provided a labour market for the industrialised Copperbelt. Bemba is the major language of the Copperbelt, and migrants from the north enter what is virtually an extension of their own society. No recent figures of absentee rate are available but in 1962 Kay estimated that the proportion of taxable males absent as a percentage of all males was 54% for Northern Province and 49% for Luapula Province, compared with 48.3% for the whole of Zambia. A taxable male was arbitrarily defined as any male over the age of 18 years capable of obtaining paid employment. As Kay points out, most men exempt from taxation 'are capable of an active life in the rural economy'. The number of taxable males absent as a percentage of all taxable males therefore tends to overstate the case, and was not used. The figures show that the percentage of absent males from the two provinces differs little from the national average, but what is important is the percentage of absent males 3 outside the provinces. Kay estimated the percentage of the total taxable males outside Luapula Province as 45%. TABLE 1 Population data for 1963 and 1969, by province Population Total area Total population density, Percentage 1969 Province change km2 mi2 1963 1969 km2 mi2 Northern 147 826 57 076* 563 040 545 096 -3.2 3.8 10 Luapula 50 567 19 524* 358 920 335 584 -65 6.6 17 Western 126 386 48 798 363 480 413 105 +13.7 3.3 8 Central 116 240 44 900 472 180 712 630 +50.9 6.1 16 Eastern 69 106 26 682 485 560 509 515 +4.9 7.3 19 N Western 125 427 48 582 210 690 231 733 +10.0 1.9 5 Southern 85 283 32 928 458 510 496 041 +8.2 5.8 15 Copperbelt 26 738 11 096 496 160 816 309 +64.5 284 736 Zambia 752 614 290 586 3 408 540 4 056 995 +19.0 5.4 14 'Official figures, differing slightly from those calculated in this Report. In 1969 the proportions of people who were born in Northern and Luapula Provinces but were found residing outside were as follows: Males Females Total Luapula 23.7% 19.3% 21.5% Northern 28.9% 22.1% 25.4% Of these the following proportions were residing in the Copperbelt: Males Females Total Luapula 76.3% 78.4% 77.3% Northern 63.5% 65.3% 64.3% There was also an interchange between the two provinces: 8.1% from Northern Province resided in Luapula Province and 10.6% from Luapula resided in Northern (F M Walusiku, 1972, private communication). Another important aspect of migration is its selective nature. The quality of immigrants in terms of initiative, ability and drive tends to be relatively high. These qualities are difficult to quantify but Kay (1967a) used educational standards which he compared for adult males in the urban and rural areas.