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ANTHIROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 2:6 KWAKIUTL DANCING SOCIETIES BY PHILIP DRUCKER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1940 KWAKIUTL DANCING SOCIETIES ]BY PHILIP DRUCKER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 2, No. 6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS: A. L. KROEBER, R. H. LOWIE, R. L. OLSON Volume 2, No. 6, pp. 201-230, 2 figures in text, I map Transmitted May 9, 1938 Issued November 2 7 , 1940 Price, 30 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND The University of California publications dealing with anthro- pological subjects are now issued in two,series. The series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, which was established in 1903, continues unchanged in format, but is restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, is issued in photolithography in a larger size. It consists of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presen- tation primarily of new data. MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page Foreword . v Introduction . 201 Informants 201 Phonetic key 201 Wikeno dance societies . 202 Shamans' series 202 dliwulaxa series . 205 Bella Bella dance societies 208 Shamans' series. 208 dluwulaxa (or miLa) series 210 Dog Eating dance (nualhm) 211 Xaihais dance societies 211 Shamans' series. 211 miLa series. 214 Dog Eating dance (na4im). 216 Xaisla dance societies .... 216 Shamans' series . 216 mlLa series ....... 218 Dog Eating dance (nui-am). 218 Koskimo dance societies 219 Shamans' series. 219 nualm series ....... 219 Fort Rupert Kwakiutl dances 0 . a . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 220 Bella Coola dances ...... 220 Tsimshian dances . : 0. 00 ., O' O' ., 00 ., 'O 'O 0* 00 0. 221 Haida dances . 223 Tlingit dances .. 224 Nootkan dances . 225 Dance cycles and the social structure .......... 225 Suimmary: Kwakiutl dancing societies 227 Historical suggestions . 227 FIGURES IN TEXT 1. Tethering pole and room of the Cannibal dancer . .. 209 2. Posts and screen of a potlatch house ......... 209 MAP 1. Kwakiutl and neighboring tribes ............ vi FOREWORD The following data were obtained incidentally to an element-list survey of the Northwest Coast from Vancouver Island to southeast Alaska in the winter 1936-1937. The work was financed by the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of California. The writer would like to express his thanks to the many people on the coast whose kindness and hospitality facilitated the gathering of data, in fact, made the stay in the field both possible and pleasant. Limited space forbids mention of all to whom the writer is thus in- debted, but particular thanks are owing to Mr. W. A. Newcombe, of Vic- toria; Mr. and Mrs. V. Hardy, R.I.C.; Dr. H. D. Barner and staff, of the R. W. Large Memorial Hospital at Bella Bella; Mr. and Mrs. Jones, Klemtu; Rev. and Mrs. McConnell, Kitamat; Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Cadwalla- der, of Fort Rupert; Mr. and Mrs. Ed. Evenson, Quatsino; Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Findlay, Hartley Bay; and Dr. Perry and staff, of Port Simpson Hospital. Assistance in the preparation of these materials was provided by the personnel of Works Projects Administration Official Project No. 665-08-3-30, Unit A-15. tv wHAI 0 .Or China Ho .o% go ...V Bell-a Bella'9 Rivers li s 00 r4:.,, Map 1. The Kwakiutl and neighboring tribes. KWAKIUTL DANCING SOCIETIES BY PHILIP DRUCKER INTRODUCTION The aim of the present paper is to describe might enter it. Thus, the Dog Eating dancers (nui- the "secret societies" or initiatory rituals of lim) formed a distinct society among most of the various divisions of the Kwakiutl (see map 1) not groups. A person who had been initiated into dealt with in Boas' detailed study.1 For com- this group only, could not enter the house in parative purposes, sketches of comparable rituals which a Shamans' Society ritual was going on. of adjacent tribes (Bella Coola, Tsimshian, To the group of individual performances admit- Haida) have been appended. ting one to membership in such a society I have Native culture has been badly shattered in applied the name "dance series," or "dance Northern Kwakiutl territory, where European in- cycle," since the dances were arranged in ranked fluence, especially that of missionaries, has order. been strong for the last sixty or seventy years. The accounts will follow geographical order As a result, the present accounts are incomplete of the northern tribes from south to north- in many respects. Furthermore, since the sched- Wikeno, Bella Bella, Xaihais (China Hat), and ule of the trip did not allow for extended stays, Xaisla-for the Wikeno account is the fullest most of the material was obtained from a single and most detailed in many respects, and sets the informant of each group visited. Even despite stage for the less perfect descriptions which the poor state of preservation of the culture, a follow. Resumes of the rituals of two Southern program of intensive research could undoubtedly Kwakiutl groups, and sketches of the ceremonials salvage much more than I was able to as a side of adjacent non-Kwakiutl tribes follow, mainly issue of a rapid survey. Nevertheless it seems for comparison. Some of the more obvious aspects worth while to present the accounts, since they, of the social integration of the secret societies with all their gaps, suffice to outline the major will conclude the descriptive material. ritual patterns and reveal some hitherto unsus- In justice to my Indian friends, I must say pected features of Kwakiutl ceremonialism. It that the use of the historical present tense in should be noted that although none of the indi- the descriptions is a purely literary device. vidual sketches are complete, they supplement and None of these dances (vhich are prohibited by corroborate each other on most points of impor- law in British Columbia, I am told) have been tance. The chief effect of the lacunae is to make performed for many years. any detailed comparative analysis of the rites un- safe; such a study will be deferred, therefore, Informants until more complete data have been obtained. It will be necessary to define certain of the The following were the informants from whom terms used in the following pages, and to account the present data were obtained: Wikeno: "Cap'rP for the o-rganization of the material. I apply Johnson (Dave Bernard, interpreter); Bella Bella: the term "secret society" to the group of people Moses Knight (Willie Gladstone, interpreter); who by virtue of a dance performance are admitted Xaihais: Peter Starr (Arthur Neasloss, interpret- to witness any of the esoteric dances grouped to- er); Xaisla: Andrew G(reen (Heber Amos, interpret- gether into a ritual system. The individual er); Fort Rupert Kwakiutl: Charley Nowell; Koski- dances (which are the 'societies" of Boas' termi- mo: Chief Sam (Walter Nelson, interpreter); nology) I have termed "dances" or "orders." There Hartley Bay Tsimshian: Heber Clifton; Tsimshian were several secret societies among the Northern proper: Ben Tate (Henry Pierce, interpreter) Kwakiutl, each comprising a series of dances. Na- Mrs. Dudoward; Gitksan: John Brown (KispiyoxS, tives phrase the situation by saying that each so- Alfred Daines (Kitanamaks) (Louisa Daines, ciety 'had a separate house" (referring to the interpreter); Massett Haida: Andrew Brown; Skide- designation of the house in which the rituals were gate Haida: Henry Moody. held as taboo during the performances); only those who had performed dances belonging to that house" Phonetic Key 1F. Boas, Social Organization and Secret Soci- In transcribing native terms the following eties of the Kwakiutl Indians, USNM-R 1895:318- symbols have been used: 737, 1897; cited hereafter as: Boas, Sec. Soc. Boas describes the societies of only the Kwakiutl a, as in English fat proper (the Fort Rupert Kwakiutl) in detail, a, as in English idea with a few sketches of the rituals of other E, Southern Kwakiutl; the northern divisions-Wike- as in English let no, Bella Bella, Xaihais (China Hat), and Xais- e, as in English late la-are not treated. a, obscure vowel [201] 202 2ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS o, as in English awe who has] encountered a supernatural treasure" o, as in English stone [dlugwi]). The rank and nature of the dances is u, as in English foot as follows, beginning with the highest: u, as in English boot 1. Cannibal dancer (hamatsa, or tanis; the i as in English pin latter term is the ritual one, used within the l, as in English lean dance house). c, as in English shoe 2. Fire dancer tc, as in English chin Throwing (nun4tsistalal). This dancer is almost equal in rank to the Cannibal. x, as in German hoch The name contains the word "fool" Cer- ai, as in English pine (nun4tsum). X, surd 1 tain but not all of the Fire Throwing dancers eat L, lateral affricative dogs; all play with fire, throwing burning brands about. H, strong unvoiced aspiration 3. Grizzly Bear dancer (nan). ', glottal stop 4. Rat Spirit dancer The Underlined letters are whispered sounds (q'ya'plal). dancer goes about tearing off people's clothes. 5. Chewing Spirit dancer (q'6mkwilal). This WIKENO DANCE SOCIETIES dancer goes about destroying property. 6. q'6min5akslal. This represents a female spirit. The dancer appears to be scalped; his For purposes of orientation, it should be blood excites the Cannibals. pointed out that the Wikeno dance pattern is fun- 7. aLa'qim. The name is said to mean "taken damentally the same as that of all the Northern back,? that is, into the woods. There are two Kwakiutl divisions. There are among the Wikeno types of aLa'qlm: one who brings back a number two distinct societies, that of the "Shamans" and of spirits (represented by masked dancers), and the dluwulaxa.
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