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International Labor Migration International Labor Migration Vol. 6 Editor: Prof. Dr. Béatrice Knerr Izhar Ahmad Khan Azhar Overseas Migration and Its Socio-Economic Impacts on the Families Left Behind in Pakistan A Case Study in the Province Punjab, Pakistan kassel university press This work has been accepted by the faculty of Economics of the University of Kassel as thesis for acquiring the academic degree Doktor der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.). 1st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Béatrice Knerr 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Iqbal Zafar Day of disputation 12th of December 2007 Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Zugl.: Kassel, Univ., Diss. 2007 ISBN print: 978-3-89958-366-3 ISBN online: 978-3-89958-489-9 URN: urn:nbn:de:0002-4895 2008, kassel university press GmbH, Kassel www.upress.uni-kassel.de Cover illustration: Tomasz Henning Cover layout: Bettina Brand Grafikdesign, München Printed in Germany by Unidruckerei, University of Kassel Preface The present volume is issued in our book series on International Labour Migration. It adds a valuable aspect to the topics presented so far. Due to a fresh view on the question about the impacts of international labour migration it may provide new stimuli to follow-up research. The author Izhar Khan - himself coming from a region of high out-migration in the Punjab Province Pakistan – has a strong foundation of personal observation experiences with the impacts of international migration on families left-behind. From that starting point he endeavoured to investigate the issue in the framework of a three-year research project. Given the relevance of the topic and the strong interest on the policy and social science level he received strong support for this project. In his research, Izhar Khan investigates the question how the socio-economic situation of families in the Punjab Province Pakistan changes after one of their members has migrated to Europe. The investigation is essentially based on a survey among members of migrants’ families, covering their economic conditions, family and outside-family social relationships, children’s educational achievements and subjective feelings of well-being, comparing the situation before migration with that afterwards. In addition to this original empirical work, the author provides a good overview over the outcomes of previous investigations in the area. He also provides profound background knowledge about the relationship between Pakistan’s economic and political development and the development of overseas migration, founded on an in-depth literature review and secondary data analysis. As a result of an appropriate and well-organised research design, predominantly including qualitative methods, the work provides original insights into the consequences of labour migration for the families left-behind which had not been investigated before. In the context of Pakistan’s culture of strong family ties where social relations are essential for individual achievements, and adult male family members play a key role in this context, significant changes in the overall family situation are to be expected whenever such a family member leaves for a longer time and even more if he leaves to a faraway place overseas. This has been confirmed in the study, but at the same time some results might come as surprise to those who have thought about these issues before. In any case, the results confirm that considering the question if international migration should be promoted resp. supported, the material benefits are to be reflected against the social consequences. Izhar Khan’s research results provide a lot of food for thought in this respect. The research ends with useful and clearly addressed recommendations which hopefully will find their way into the policy sphere. Béatrice Knerr Acknowledgements I am immeasurably indebted to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the propitious, the benevolent and sovereign whose blessing and glory flourished my thoughts and boosted my ambitions, giving me talented teachers, affectionate parents, sweet sisters, a lovely brother and unique friends. Trembling lips and wet eyes praise the HOLY PROPHET (PBUH) for enlightening our conscience with the essence of faith in ALLAH, converging all His kindness and mercy upon him. If there are dreams to sell, merry and sad, what would I buy, I would say “charming university days”. Actually it is impossible, but it shows my blind love for this institution which is a homeland of knowledge, wisdom and intellect. I love my Alma – mater with the soul of my heart, because it is just like a mother’s lap. I am proud of being a student at this University. I wish to express my deep thanks and appreciation to Dr. Béatrice Knerr, Professor and Head of the Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agricultural Policy, Faculty 11 of the University of Kassel, Germany, for her research expertise, guidance, and consistent demand for quality work. Her kind support, understanding and patience were of immense help to me. Through our interaction, I also learned many things that are always useful in the real world. Her thorough analysis and rigorous critique improved not only the quality of this dissertation, but also my overall understanding. I am grateful for her ever inspiring guidance, keen interest, scholarly comments and constructive suggestions throughout the course of my studies. I deem it my utmost pleasure in expressing my heartfelt gratitude with profound benedictions to Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Zafar, Professor and Chairman, Department of Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agriculture Economics & Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, for providing me with strategic commands at every step. His inculcation towards the spirit of hard work and maintenance of professional integrity besides other valuable suggestions will always serve as a beacon of light throughout the course of my life. I extend deep appreciation, gratitude and indebtedness for his valuable guidance. I Earnest and sincerest appreciation to Ms. Penny Pohlner, Secretary of the Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agriculture Policy, Faculty 11, University of Kassel, Germany, who since my first day in the Department, has always taken good care of me, both as regards academic and personal spheres. Her compassion and sense of humour have helped me through difficult times. My deepest thanks and gratitude to Mr. Fawad Asif and Dr. B. Shahbaz from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, who have always been great friends to me. They have broadened my professional horizon and supported me throughout the course of study and I feel no hesitation by saying that without their support, it was not possible for me to complete my research work. May thanks also go to my fellows Ashenafi Gedamu-Gobena, Alber El-Tabiep, Aaron Leopold, Neth Baromey and Michael Krause for their support and the intelligent critique they shared with me over the course of my writing. I recall with pleasure the seminars and conferences we attended. Thanks are also due to all my friends and colleagues, especially Thair Nadeem Bhatti, Muhammad Imran Saleem, Ghulam Rasool, Dr. K.S. Khan, Dr. Muhammad Mumtaz Khan, Saleem Khan and staff members, from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, and all friends who provided me a peaceful environment, support, exchange of ideas and courage to complete this manuscript well in time. Many thanks and appreciation to Sajed Petwari and their colleagues who assisted and facilitated my fieldwork in districts Gujarat and Jhelum. No acknowledgement could ever adequately express my obligations to my affectionate loving FATHER and MOTHER (may they live a long, happy and healthy life) whose hands were always raised in prayers for me and without their moral and financial support; the present distinction would have merely been a dream. They always acted as a lighthouse for me in the dark oceans of life’s path. No words can really express the feelings that I have for my beloved parents. The names of my parents will always be in my mind, as I will see their names on the cover of my dissertation, even though my name may be printed on it. II Cordial love and thanks to my beloved brothers Mr. Israr Ahmed, Dr. Iqrar Ahmed Khan, Major Tariq, my sister Dr. Azra, my loving wife Nazia, sweet and loving nephews Saram, Ahmad, Nehal, and my sweet daughter Amal whose hearts beat with golden sentiments, who exhibited a prolonged patience for my studies and whose hands have always been raised in prayers for my success. May ALLAH ALMIGHTY infuse me with the energy to fulfill their noble inspirations and expectations and further edify my competence. Izhar Ahmad Khan Azhar III Contents Title Page Abstract XI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of problem and research questions 1 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 Hypothesis 4 1.4 Organisation of the work 5 2 Definitions 7 2.1 Migration and migrants 7 2.2 Remittances 8 2.3 Socio-economic status 9 2.4 Active population 10 2.5 Employment status 11 3 Description of socio-economic framework of Pakistan 13 3.1 Population and education 13 3.2 Social and economic performance of Pakistan 16 3.2.1 Population in Pakistan 16 3.2.2 Labour market in Pakistan 18 3.2.3 Economic performance in Pakistan 23 3.3 Punjab: the study province 31 3.4 Selection and socio-economic description of area 37 3.4.1 International migration from Punjab
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