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Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program PROJECT NUMBER 07-343 TEN YEAR RESURVEYS OF THE BIODIVERSITY OF MARINE COMMUNITIES AND INTRODUCED SPECIES IN PEARL HARBOR, HONOLULU HARBOR, AND KE”EHI LAGOON, O”AHU, HAWAI”I S. L. Coles, H. Bolick, B. Hauk a d A. Mo tgomery Ju e 30, 2009 TEN YEAR RESURVEYS OF THE BIODIVERSITY OF MARINE COMMUNITIES AND INTRODUCED SPECIES IN PEARL HARBOR, HONOLULU HARBOR, AND KE”EHI LAGOON, O”AHU, HAWAI”I I Fi al Report prepared for the .epartme t of .efe se Legacy Program S. L. Coles H. Boli k B. Hauk A. Montgomery Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Hawai‘i Biological Survey Bishop Museum Technical Report No. 48 Ho olulu, Hawai0i Ju e 2009 i i Pu1lished 1y Bishop Museum Press 1323 Ber ice Street Ho olulu, Hawai4i Copyright © 2009 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Pri ted i the U ited States of America ISSN 1083-4339 Co tri1utio No. 2009-03 to the Hawai0i Biological Survey ii ii E9ECUTI:E SUMMARY The mari e a d estuari e algae, i verte1rate, a d fish commu ities i Pearl Har1or, Ho olulu Har1or a d Ke0ehi Lagoo Oahu, Hawai0i were surveyed 1etwee Octo1er 2007 a d April 2008 for a compariso of the 1iotic commu ities with results determi ed 1y previous surveys i Pearl Har1or i 1996 (Coles et al. 1997) a d Ho olulu Har1or-Ke0ehi Lagoo i 1997 (Coles et al. 19991). Both the 1996 Pearl Har1or study a d the prese t study were co ducted u der the auspices a d fu di g provided 1y the .epartme t of .efe se (.o.) Legacy Resource Ma ageme t Program, which provides fi a cial assista ce to .o. efforts to preserve our atural a d cultural heritage. The program assists .o. i protecti g a d e ha ci g resources while supporti g military readi ess while mai tai i g 1iological diversity a d sustai a1le use of la d a d water resources for missio a d other uses. For the prese t study samples were take a d o1servatio s were made at fourtee statio s at or ear fiftee statio s previously surveyed i Pearl Har1or a d six statio s i Ho olulu Har1or-Ke0ehi Lagoo . Orga isms were ide tified to species or the lowest practica1le taxo omic level, a d results were added to the lists determi ed 1y the previous study a d other pu1lished a d u pu1lished mari e 1iological surveys co ducted i Pearl Har1or, pu1lished taxo omic descriptio s of orga isms collected from the har1or a d Pearl Har1or specime s cataloged i the Ber ice P. Bishop Museum collectio s. I additio to sampli g a d o1servatio s at the former collectio statio s, s orkeli g surveys were co ducted throughout Pearl Har1or a d Ke0ehi Lagoo to estimate the a1u da ce of i troduced algae a d i Pearl Har1or to docume t the occurre ce of reef corals. A o1server, either towed o a AMa ta Board4 or swimmi g freely, semi-Bua titatively estimated a1u da ce of canthophora spicifera a d Gracilaria salicornia a d other i troduced i vasive algae approximately every 30 m a d recorded the locatio of o1servatio s usi g a CPS u it. A other s orkeli g o1server also recorded 1y CPS the locatio s of reef corals that were ide tified to species a d photographed. The results from 1oth data series were mapped usi g ArcCIS 9.1. This study collected or o1served a total of 298 species or higher taxa from the 14 statio s sampled i Pearl Har1or a d 193 i Ho olulu Har1or-Ke0ehi Lagoo .. .e drographs 1ased o Sore se I dices of Similarity of species compositio amo g statio s i dicate clusteri g of sites 1ased o the physical e viro me ts of the sites, which is also reflected i the patter s of species rich ess. Sites located ear har1or mouths had the most taxa, reflecti g the ocea ic co ditio s that support the prese ce of orga isms characteristic of 1oth har1or a d reef e viro me ts, while fewest taxa occurred at sites furthest withi Pearl Har1or a d Ke0ehi Lagoo characteriDed 1y sluggish, highly tur1id co ditio s a d domi ated 1y ma groves. The har1or mouth locatio s were also where the greatest um1er of the 91 ew species reports for Pearl Har1or a d the 41 ew reports for Ho olulu Har1or-Ke0ehi Lagoo occurred. Ni ety-six ge era or species, or 32E, of the total taxa fou d i Pearl Har1or, are previously desig ated or ewly reported as i troduced or cryptoge ic (i.e. of u certai geographic origi ). For Ho olulu-Ke0ehi Lagoo 68, or 33E, of the total taxa are desig ated i troduced or cryptoge ic. These values are compara1le to 1ut somewhat higher tha the perce tages determi ed for the 1996-97 studies i the iii iii same har1or areas, 1ut the higher values are pro1a1ly related to smaller samples siDes take i the prese t study tha previously, which reduced the total um1er of total taxa reports. However the higher um1ers do i dicate wide distri1utio of i troduced a d cryptoge ic species throughout the har1ors a d lagoo , reflected i that most statio s had higher perce tages of i troduced a d cryptoge ic tha the overall averages. O ly 17 of the ge era or species fou d i the study, mostly spo ges, were ew reports for Hawaiia waters a d these were te tatively desig ated as cryptoge ic. O ly seve of the 93 i troduced or cryptoge ic ge era or species that occurred i Pearl Har1or or the 68 i Ho olulu Har1or-Ke0ehi Lagoo are co sidered i vasive, i.e. have 1ee fou d to su1sta tially alter the e viro me ts of their area of i troductio or i terfere with the survival a d propagatio of ative species. These i vasive species i clude the red ma grove Rhizophora mangle, two red algae canthophora spicifera a d Gracilaria salicornia, the ora ge keyhole spo ge Mycale armata, the s owflake octocoral Cari%oa aff. riisei, the Cari11ea 1ar acle Cthamalus proteus a d the Asia stomatopod Gonodactylaceus falcatus. Fith the exceptio of the red ma grove, which was first reported o O0ahu i 1922, all of these are rece t i troductio s to Hawaiia waters that have proliferated i the last 30 years a d either mo opoliDe ha1itat space i their ha1its of i troductio , pose a pote tial threat to ative orga isms i those ha1itats, or 1oth. All seve have 1ecome domi a t orga isms elsewhere i Hawai0i where they have various degrees of i vasive ess depe di g o local co ditio s, 1ut it is the red alga Gracilaria salicornia that is the most pro1lematic i 1oth the prese t study locatio s a d elsewhere i Hawai0I a d especially o O0ahu. Gracilaria salicornia was first i troduced to O0ahu i 1971 a d agai i 1978 a d has si ce 1ecome the most i vasive algal species i shallow shoreli e areas alo g south O0ahu a d throughout KG e0ohe Bay. At the time of the 1996 Pearl Har1or Legacy study it was fou d to 1e moderately a1u da t i shallow depths at o ly three of the 13 sampli g a d o1servatio sites, although it was k ow to 1e esta1lished at the heads of all three lochs as early as 1946. For the prese t study it was fou d to occur at 10 of the 14 statio s i Pearl Har1or a d o e i Ke0ehi Lagoo , where it did ot occur i 1998. Moreover, it is ow the domi a t 1e thic orga ism throughout all of Pearl Har1or where shoreli es have ot 1ee altered to vertical piers or Hetties or it is too tur1id to allow growth of this alga. S orkeli g survey o1servatio s fou d G. salicornia at 72E of 1213 sampled locatio s throughout the har1or, with 34E of the total havi g three dime sio al de se mats, 24E with a1u da t coverage a d 14E with low or patchy coverage. O ly 8E of the locatio s surveyed had o G. salicornia prese t. I Ke0ehi Lagoo a1u da ce was lower, with less tha half of the locatio s havi g C.salicornia prese t a d o ly 1.8E havi g a1u da t mats. However, the other i vasive alga surveyed, canthophora spicifera was more a1u da t i Ke0ehi Lagoo tha Pearl Har1or, occurri g at 632 (83E) of the 778 locatio s, with 333 (78E) of those havi g low or patchy . spicifera cover. canthophora spicifera is appare tly highly stress resista t, 1ei g the o ly alga a d o e of the few orga isms fou d growi g i highly tur1id co ditio s o fi e silt amo g ma grove roots at the head of Fest Loch i Pearl Har1or. The fi di gs of the prese t study support the co clusio from the 1996 Legacy study that e viro me tal physical co ditio s i the Pearl Har1or have improved si ce aval ship1oard efflue t release ceased i the 1970s a d most sewage discharges were removed i the 1980s.
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