DOCSLIB.ORG

Early and Very Early Family Formation in Bangladesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Early and Very Early Family Formation in Bangladesh Early and Very Early Family Formation in Bangladesh by Mohammad Salim Zahangir Magister Thesis in Demography, June 2011 Interdisciplinary Magister Course in Demography Demography Unit, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University Supervisor Gunnar Andersson, PhD Professor of Demography Demography Unit Department of Sociology Stockholm University Sweden Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the causes and consequences of teenage family formation of women in Bangladesh. For that purpose the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data are used. Multinomial logistic regression analysis shows that background factors such as type of place of residence, religion and ever attendance of schooling are important for distinguishing women who marry at „early‟ or „very early‟ ages from those who marry at more mature ages. Administrative region and woman‟s birth cohort matter as well. In socioeconomic terms, due to teenage family formation the majority of girls receive little or no education, more often get involved in low-paid work and often turn out to lack exposure to mass media. In demographic terms, because of teenage family formation girls become exposed to greater spousal age differences, experience longer duration from marriage to first birth and achieve higher completed fertility. Page 2 of 43 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Introduction to early marriage formation in Bangladesh 5 1.2 Trends in teenage marriage formation in Bangladesh 6 1.3 Prevalence of marriage in Bangladesh 7 1.4 Previous research on early marriage in Bangladesh 8 1.5 Research questions 13 2 DATA 14 2.1 Source of data 14 2.2 Data evaluation 16 3 ANTECEDENTS OF EARLY MARRIAGE FORMATION 18 3.1 Background factors affecting the timing of first marriage 18 3.2 Odds ratios on ages of marriage formation by selected background factors 24 4 CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY MARRIAGE FORMATION 27 4.1 Impact of teenage family formation on socioeconomic outcomes 27 4.2 Impact of teenage family formation on demographic outcomes 30 4.3 Age at marriage vs. fertility in Bangladesh 34 5 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 35 Acknowledgement 38 References 39 Page 3 of 43 List of Tables and Figures Figure 1: Observed line and trend line on mean age at marriage by years of 6 marriage of women in Bangladesh Table 1: Percentage of women who have never married, by age group, as 7 reported in various surveys, Bangladesh 1975-2007 Table 2: Percentage of women married at different ages distributed by current age 16 (in 5-year groups) Table 3: Percentage of women married at different ages distributed by current age 18 (in single years) Table 4: Descriptive statistics of women by background factors 19 Table 5: Percentage distribution of age at marriage of women on selected 21 background factors Table 6: Multinomial logistic regression coefficients and odds ratios of early 25 and very early first marriage, by background factors. Ever-married women aged 20-49 in Bangladesh Table 7: Basic descriptive statistics of women on socioeconomic factors 27 Table 8: Percentage distribution of women by age at first marriage on selected 29 socioeconomic characteristics Table 9: Descriptive statistics of women on selected demographic factors 31 Table10: Percentage distribution of women by age at marriage on selected 33 demographic factors Figure 2: Mean CEB of different ages at married and of all ever-married 34 women aged 45-49 in Bangladesh Page 4 of 43 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to early marriage formation in Bangladesh „Family‟ means there are two or more persons who are related by blood, marriage or cohabitation, and living in the same residence (Fields and Casper, 2001). In Bangladesh a family builds up through marriage and there are strong social vows against child bearing outside of marriage (Caldwell, 2005). Traditionally marriage in Bangladesh occurs very early (Aziz and Maloney, 1985; Maloney et al., 1981; Lindenbaum, 1981). Between 1960s and 1970s several studies had been done and reported very low age at marriage (Khuda, 1985; Obaidullah, 1966; Sadiq, 1965) which is still prevailing (Kabir et al., 2001). Moreover, adolescent and child marriage continues to be a strong social norm, particularly for girls (Field, 2004). Parents always remain in anxiety to protect virginity of their daughters as before marriage any sexual blame against girls is assess as a big sin and socially lookdown too. Besides, daughters are viewed as a burden, mainly in poor families as at nuptial time parents needs to pay dowry to grooms and the amount of dowry increases with increasing bride‟s age. As a result, the prevalence of teenage marriage is very common in Bangladesh, especially in poor society. Caldwell (2005) stated that early marriage is almost always associated with early childbearing. Due to early marriage and childbearing, women in Bangladesh face numerous negative social and health consequences; such as an abuse of girls‟ human rights (Schuler et al., 2005; UNICEF, 2001), a cause of sexual diseases and therefore the ultimate results might be morbidity and mortality during pregnancy and delivery (Zabin and Kiragu, 1998) and of infant and child morbidity and mortality (Casterline and Trussell, 1980; Zabin and Kiragu, 1998; Ikamari, 2005). Clearly early marriage offers longer reproductive span so it contributes substantially to rapid population growth (Bongaarts, 1994). Through analyzing the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007 data we found that 50 percent of girls leave paternal house to fabricate a new family with marital partner at aged below 16. Our study reveals that this has several negative consequences. Girls, who marry as teenagers rear in poorer families, obtain no/lower levels of schooling and consequently get married with husbands of lower socio-economic status, and have less reproductive control. Page 5 of 43 1.2 Trends in teenage marriage formation in Bangladesh Demographers already have demonstrated that teenage marriage of women is very common in Bangladesh. As an introduction to our study we observe the trend of early marriage formation in relation to calendar time and how far the trend line is from legal age of women in Bangladesh. Observed line and trend line of mean age at marriage by years of marriage of women in Bangladesh 17.0 Observed line Trend line 16.5 y = 1.0131x + 12.53 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 14.0 Mean age at marriage at age Mean 13.5 13.0 1968-1977 1978-1987 1988-1997 1998-2007 Years of marriage Figure 1: Observed line and trend line on mean age at marriage by years of marriage of women in Bangladesh According to the 2007 BDHS data (own calculations) the mean age at marriage of women is only 15.47 years while in 1984, through a government order the minimum legal age at marriage for women in Bangladesh was fixed at 18 years. From the observed line of figure 1, during 1968-77 women went in-laws residence at an average age of just 13.5 which might be just earlier or launching of puberty of a girl. There is an increasing trend of age at marriage among the women who got married in the next ten years on average age at marriage was nearly 14.8 years for the period 1978-87. Even though the increasing trend continues with time, it shows somewhat slower increase during the period 1988-97 compared to the period 1998-2007. Thus, the mean age at marriage was about 15.5 years among women who got married between 1988 and 1997 and that reached approximately 16.6 years for women who married between 1998 and 2007. Despite of gradual increasing trend, till now the mean age at marriage is far below the legal age at marriage of Bangladesh. By analyzing the trend line, mean age at marriage is increased by only 1.01 years per each ten-year time interval. As a result, to Page 6 of 43 reach mean age at marriage of women in Bangladesh at 18 years it should have been necessitated to wait until several years after 2020. Evidently, in Bangladesh, girls usually go to formulate marital life as a teenager. There are various socioeconomic, environmental, cultural and demographic factors that might partially act as supporting indicators to teenage marriage formation. 1.3 Prevalence of marriage in Bangladesh Before proceeding with our analysis we need to know the percent of women who do not marry at age 45 or at all. Women aged lower than 45-50 have physical capacity to give birth. Therefore if their have a significant amount of never married women, they might have an impact on family dynamics in Bangladesh. Table 1 represents the percent of never married women by age groups reported from various surveys in Bangladesh 1975-2007. Table 1: Percentage of women who have never married, by age group, as reported in various surveys, Bangladesh 1975-2007 1993- 1996- 1999- 1975 1983 1985 1989 1989 1991 2004 2007 Age 1994 1997 2000 BFS CPS CPS BFS CPS CPS BDHS BDHS BDHS BDHS BDHS 10-14 91.2 98.0 98.7 96.2 96.4 98.5 95.2 95.2 92.7 88.6 U 15-19 29.8 34.2 47.5 49.0 45.8 46.7 50.5 49.8 51.9 52.1 52.8 20-24 4.6 4.0 7.1 12.0 9.3 12.3 12.4 17.2 18.5 15.2 14.3 25-29 1.0 0.7 1.0 2.3 1.6 2.8 2.2 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 30-34 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.2 0.6 35-39 0.4 - - 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 40-44 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 45-49 0.0 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 - = Less than 0.1 percent, u = (Unknown (not available) Sources: 1975 Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS) (MHPC, 1978:49); 1983, 1985, 1989, and 1991 Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys (CPSs) (Mitra et al., 1993:24); 1989 BFS (Huq and Cleland, 1990:43); 1993-1994 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) (Mitra et al, 1994:72); 1996-1997 BDHS (Mitra et al.,1997:82); and 1999-2000 BDHS (NIPORT et al., 2001:78) Pre-marital birth is very exceptional in Bangladesh, thus the fertility behavior would be changed if a considerable proportion of females remains single during reproductive span.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Phenomena in Barak-Surma Valley During Medieval Period Dr
    প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo ISSN 2278-5264 প্রতিধ্বতি the Echo An Online Journal of Humanities & Social Science Published by: Dept. of Bengali Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam, India. Website: www.thecho.in Political Phenomena in Barak-Surma Valley during Medieval Period Dr. Sahabuddin Ahmed Associate Professor, Dept. of History, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam Email: [email protected] Abstract After the fall of Srihattarajya in 12 th century CE, marked the beginning of the medieval history of Barak-Surma Valley. The political phenomena changed the entire infrastructure of the region. But the socio-cultural changes which occurred are not the result of the political phenomena, some extra forces might be alive that brought the region to undergo changes. By the advent of the Sufi saint Hazrat Shah Jalal, a qualitative change was brought in the region. This historical event caused the extension of the grip of Bengal Sultanate over the region. Owing to political phenomena, the upper valley and lower valley may differ during the period but the socio- economic and cultural history bear testimony to the fact that both the regions were inhabited by the same people with a common heritage. And thus when the British annexed the valley in two phases, the region found no difficulty in adjusting with the new situation. Keywords: Homogeneity, aryanisation, autonomy. The geographical area that forms the Barak- what Nihar Ranjan Roy prefers in his Surma valley, extends over a region now Bangalir Itihas (3rd edition, Vol.-I, 1980, divided between India and Bangladesh. The Calcutta). Indian portion of the region is now In addition to geographical location popularly known as Barak Valley, covering this appellation bears a historical the geographical area of the modern districts significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimizing Uses of Gas for Industrial Development: a Study on Sylhet, Bangladesh by Md
    Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management Volume 15 Issue 7 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853 Optimizing Uses of Gas for Industrial Development: A Study on Sylhet, Bangladesh By Md. Asfaqur Rahman Pabna University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Abstract- Proper and planned industrialization for any country can help to earn its expected GDP growth rate and minimize the unemployment rate. Industrial sector basically consists of manufacturing, together with utilities (gas, electricity, and water) and construction. But all these components to establish any industry are not available concurrently that only guarantee Sylhet. Here this study is conducted to identify the opportunities to generate the potential industrial sectors into Sylhet that ensures the proper utilization of idle money, cheap labor, abundant natural gas, and other infrastructural facilities. This industrialization process in Sylhet will not only release from the hasty expansion of industries into Dhaka, Chittagong but also focuses it to be an imminent economic hub of the country. As a pertinent step, this study analyzed the trend of gas utilization in different sectors and suggests the highest potential and capacity for utilizing gas after fulfilling the demand of gas all over the country. Though Sylhet has abundant natural resources and enormous potentials for developing gas-based industries, it has also some notable barriers which could easily be overcome if all things go in the same horizontal pattern. This paper concludes with suggestions that Sylhet could undertake the full advantage of different gas distribution and transmission companies and proposed Special Economic Zone (SEZ) as well for sustaining the momentum.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Water Quality of Sylhet City and Its Restaurants: Health Associated Risk Assessment
    Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2006, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 9-18 STUDY OF WATER QUALITY OF SYLHET CITY AND ITS RESTAURANTS: HEALTH ASSOCIATED RISK ASSESSMENT *1R. Alam, 1J. B. Alam, 2M. M. Hasan, 1 S. R. Das, 1K. Rahman, 1B. K. Banik 1Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh 2Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh Received 13 July 2005; revised 20 August 2005; accepted 25 November 2005 ABSTRACT A study of the water quality conditions of Sylhet city of Bangladesh and its restaurants was carried out to assess risks to human health. The investigation was based on questionnaire survey of restaurants and laboratory tests on water samples obtained from the restaurants, tube wells of the city and Surma River the two main sources of water supply to the city. The test parameters were dissolved oxygen; conductance, hardness, pH, temperature, turbidity, essential and trace elements, dissolved and suspended solids and coliform bacteria. The quality of sanitary facilities and handling of food in the restaurants were also examined. It was found that the drinking water of each restaurant was contaminated with fecal coliforms and 25% restaurants had unsafe levels of iron in the water supply. Improper solid waste dumping was found as one of the reasons of groundwater pollution. Statistical analysis based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed significant correlation between the extent of groundwater pollution and dumping of solid waste effluents in the immediate vicinity of ground water (tube wells). It was observed that 75.69% (coefficient of determination r2= 0.7569) variation in the value of groundwater near the dumping place showed association with variation in the value of water quality within the dumping place.
    [Show full text]
  • 140102 Final Value Chian Report Sylhet Region
    Study Report on Selection and Analysis of Value Chains (Final) For North East Region January 06, 2014 USAID’s Climate-Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) Component 4: Improve and diversified livelihoods that are environmentally sustainable and resilient to Climate Change Winrock International Acknowledgment This report is produced by Innovision Consulting Private Limited for review by the Climate Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) project, the lead implementer of which is Winrock International. The report is done under purchase order number CREL-INNO-005. The views expressed in the report are of Innovision and its consultants and not necessarily of CREL, Winrock International or USAID. Innovision Consulting Private Limited would like to thank USAID and Winrock-CREL project for providing us the opportunity to undertake the study. We would like to acknowledge the support provided by Mr. Darrell Deppert, Chief of Party, CREL, especially for his valuable advice and suggestions at the inception phase of the study. We are also very thankful to Mr. Mahmud Hossain, Livelihood Manager, CREL and his team for their valuable guidelines on the design and implementation of the study and also for their relentless supports throughout the study. Thanks to Mr. Abul Hossain and Mr. P.K. Pasha for their support. We are very grateful to the regional coordinators, Mr. Sheikh Md. Ziaul Huque of Khulna, Mr. Mazharul Islam Zahangir of Srimangal, Mr. Narayan Chandra Das of Chittagong and Mr. Md. Safiqur Rahman of Cox‟s Bazar, for their constant and wholehearted cooperation throughout the study period. We are very thankful to the livelihood officers of the four regions of CREL project for their valuable suggestions in the planning, coordination and strong presence in the field investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh Preparatory Survey on Renewable
    People’s Republic of Bangladesh Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) People’s Republic of Bangladesh Preparatory Survey on Renewable Energy Development Project Final Report November 2012 Japan International Cooperation Agency Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. 4R JR（先） 12-039 “PREPARATORY SURVEY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT” <Final Report> Prepared for: JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED (IDCOL) Prepared by: MITSUBISHI RESEARH INSTITUTE, INC. Submitted to JICA November 2012 Table of Contents 1. Overview of JICA-REDP ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Features of JICA-REDP ................................................................................................... 2 2. Deployment Status of Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) Technologies in Bangladesh.................................................................................... 5 2.1. Overview of Energy Sector in Bangladesh ...................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Energy Balance....................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Power Generation ................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3. Renewable
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Tourism Development in Bangladesh: an Empirical Study on Sylhet
    Journal of Business Studies, Vol. XXXV, No. 2, August 2014 Sustainable Tourism Development in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study on Sylhet Nusrat Jahan* Mohammad Ruhual Amin** Abstract : Sustainable tourism development indicates the travel and tourism designed to minimize the impacts of visitors and tourists on the places they visit, encourage protection of both cultural and natural heritage, upkeep the environment, and provide long-term means for social improvements and economic opportunities for local residents. Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability. Sylhet, most picturesque and naturally affluent regions in Bangladesh, is a major tourist destination in Bangladesh and has the great potential to be developed and promoted as a major sustainable tourism destination of Bangladesh. This study elucidates the social, cultural, environmental, economical, political and other factors affecting the sustainability of the Sylhet through factor analysis and other measurements and provide recommendation about the initiatives that should be taken to mitigate and to control the negative impacts of tourism (environmentally, economically, and socially) to make Sylhet as a sustainable tourism destination. Keywords: sustainable tourism, sustainable tourist destination, tourists’ experience, tourists’ perception, index analysis, factor analysis Introduction According to WTTC (2014), the importance of travel and tourism in an economy continued to grow in 2013. Its total contribution comprised 9.5% of global GDP (US $7 trillion) and the sector generated over 266 million jobs – 1 in 11 of all jobs in the world. The industry outperformed the entire wider economy in 2013, growing faster than other notable industries such as manufacturing, financial services, and retail (WTTC, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Problems and Prospects of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh: a Study on Cumilla District
    South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 10(4): 27-35, 2021; Article no.SAJSSE.64585 ISSN: 2581-821X Problems and Prospects of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh: A Study on Cumilla District S. M. Nazrul Islam1* and Sk. Rahima Akter1 1Department of Business Administration, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/SAJSSE/2021/v10i430271 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Angel Paniagua Mazorra, Spanisch Council for Scientific Research, Spain. (2) Dr. John M. Polimeni, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA. (3) Dr. Ridzwan Che Rus, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. Reviewers: (1) Ravindra L.W. Koggalage, University of Vocational Technology, Sri Lanka. (2) S. R. Dastane, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/64585 Received 15 November 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 20 January 2021 Published 19 May 2021 ABSTRACT Tourism is one of the most growing industries all around the world. Bangladesh is a new tourist destination on the map of the world. Bangladesh has enormous potential to develop tourism because of its attractive natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. The tourism industry of Bangladesh has several positive impacts on the overall economy of this country. Tourism can add value to the Bangladeshi economy if a proper marketing plan and strategy can be built and implemented for this purpose. The main objective of the study was to find out the major problems and prospects of the tourism industry in Bangladesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Dhaka to Sylhet Tour Guide in Bangla
    Dhaka To Sylhet Tour Guide In Bangla surcharge:sinfulHalf-time Jermaine and which sniffier wising Reggis Yacov so isdually nighted neoterizing that enough? Cooper his tiredness beseeched overripen his whoremonger. reeve considerably. Bemused Geodesical and literal andThornie Are very nice, when going and transparent waterway and tour to dhaka in sylhet guide Dhaka-Chattogram Dhaka-Sylhet and Dhaka-Saidpur - on a limited scale. Afternoon return ticket cost as dhaka to in sylhet guide bangla and travelling along. Ratargul Swamp Forest the Amazon of Bengal Boat asleep on Lalakhal famous for. People lives in bangla and traditional art with your trip to the launch or alone at tibetan buddhist archaeological department. Sylhet Bengali is a metropolitan center in northeastern Bangladesh It part the. A Dhaka Travel Guide by Darren McLean covering culture sights. Your exit your browser and you can choose one form below is a tour options may contain only limited resources of stone kingdom and. Next time in sylhet tour guides and tours is! Here in dhaka is a tours. It in dhaka, guides are very heavy fines. Your Ultimate Sylhet Tour Guide For 2021 GOGO AIR FRESH. The guided tour in the numerous trails inside. Tourist in dhaka depart bangladesh tour was exhausting as independent regional empire, and tours of the guided tour. Hotels near Tour Guide Bangladesh Sylhet City on Tripadvisor Find 67 traveller reviews. You covered by the trenches, rocks and well, simple in cash only land of deer, including the beauty of dhaka? Choose the day school support learning at home and observe their children from great futures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diffusion of Islam in Bengal and the Articulation of a New Order
    Yousuf Siddique THE DIFFUSION OF ISLAM IN BENGAL AND THE ARTICULATION OF A NEW ORDER The Land: The fruit grows from the tree, And the tree again from the fruit.... The egg comes from the bird, And the bird again from the egg. ‘All is one’ - is the essence of truth.... Shar¬‘a and Ma‘rifa are essentially one. (Ali Raja, Agam folio 24-25)1 The lines that appear above are typical of the Bengali mystical verses found in a genre of early Muslim Bengali literature known as puthi, which was popular among the rural masses until the late nineteenth century. Like this folk poetry, the early history of the spread of Islam in Bengal is still shrouded in myth and mystery due to the intricate nature of its history, complexities of its social evolution and the diversities of its religious traditions and popular beliefs. The name Bengal in its English form -- Bang®la or Bang®l, in Arabic and Persian and Bangl® or Bangladesh (as a historical term), in its Bengali version -- refers to the territory roughly situated between 27o and 21o latitude and 92.50o and 87o longitude (see map 1). The eastern parts of the present Dhaka district, the districts of Comilla and Sylhet (Hab®naq according to Ibn Battuta, Sukn®t in other Islamic sources and Xrihatta in Sanskrit) in Bangladesh and the state of Tripura in 1 2 [J.R.S.P., Vol. 45, No. 2, 2008] India were known in ancient times as Samatata. The northwest part of Bengal, to the west of the river Atrai up to the Ganges, is relatively high land.
    [Show full text]
  • Journals Reflect Its Generated Knowledge for the Society
    ISSN: 2706-8560 JALALABAD PAPERS, VOLUME - 1 | ISSUE - 1 | JULY - 2020 JALALABAD PAPERS CHIEF PATRON Major General Md Jubayer Salehin, SUP, ndu, psc GOC, 17 Infantry Division and Area Commander, Sylhet Area PATRON Brigadier General Al Faroque Siddiquee, ndu, afwc, psc, M.Phil Commander, 360 Infantry Brigade CHIEF EDITOR Brigadier General Ejazur Rahman Choudhury, ndc, hdmc, psc (retd) Director Army Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet Army Institute of Business Administration Sylhet - 3104 JALALABAD PAPERS Editorial Advisor Professor Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam Department of Business Administration, SUST Professor Dr. Mohammed Taj Uddin Department of Statistics, SUST Professor Dr. Sharif Uddin Ahmed, Chairman Department of History & Philosophy, North South University Professor Dr. Mohammad Mozahidul Islam Department of History, Jahangirnagar University Professor Dr. Mohammed Rafiqul Islam Department of Economics, SUST Professor Dr. Md. Monirul Islam Department of Business Administration, SUST Dr. Mian Md. Naushaad Kabir Assistant Professor, IML, University of Dhaka JALALABAD PAPERS Editorial Board Chief Editor Brigadier General Ejazur Rahman Choudhury, ndc, hdmc, psc (retd) Director Army Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet Associate Editor Major Sheikh Lutfur Rahman (retd), MBA, OCA, LL.B Deputy Director (Admin & Finance) Executive Editor Mohammad Kawsar Mia Deputy Director (Program), AIBA Sylhet Assistant Editors Mr. Khan Mohummad Mohiuddin Assistant Professor, AIBA, Sylhet Mr. Md. Ali Ashraf Lecturer, AIBA, Sylhet Mr. Golam Morshed Shahriar Tanim Lecturer, AIBA, Sylhet Mr. Chinmoy Das Gupta Lecturer, AIBA, Sylhet Mr. Md. Mahfuzur Rahman Lecturer, AIBA, Sylhet Mr. Ajaan Rahman Khan Lecturer, AIBA, Sylhet Message from the Chief Patron I congratulate Army institute of Business Administration (AIBA) Sylhet for bringing out the first issue of its Academic Journal ‗Jalalabad Papers‘.
    [Show full text]
  • BAN: Urban Public and Environment Health Sector Development Program: Sylhet Secondary Transfer Stations
    Initial Environmental Examination ___ March 2013 BAN: Urban Public and Environment Health Sector Development Program: Sylhet Secondary Transfer Stations Prepared by the Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 8 April 2013) Currency unit – Taka (Tk) Tk.1.00 = $0.01281 $1.00 = Tk. 78.075 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BBS – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BCC – Behavior Change Communication BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand CC – City Corporations CCPIU - City Corporations Program Implementation Units COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand DES – Domestic Environmental Specialist DLS - Department of Livestock Services DO – Dissolved Oxygen DoE – Department of Environment DSC – Design, Supervision, and Construction Consultant DSCC – Dhaka South City Corporation DWASA – Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority EA – executing agency ECC – Environmental Clearance Certificate EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EU – European Unions HDPE – High Density Poly-Ethylene IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IES – International Environmental Specialist IMA – Independent Monitoring Agency LGD – Local Government Division LGRDC – Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives NGO – nongovernmental organization OM – Operations Manual O&M – operation and maintenance PPTA – Project Preparation Technical Assistance RCC – Reinforced Cement
    [Show full text]
  • South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Dhaka–Sylhet
    South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Dhaka-Sylhet Corridor Road Investment project (RRP BAN 53382) ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS A. Introduction 1. Economic rationale. Road transport is Bangladesh’s dominant mode of transport, and the road network serves as the backbone for domestic connections and regional and international trade. Bangladesh is experiencing positive economic growth, rising incomes, increased domestic consumption, and additional trade activities resulting from deeper engagement in the global value chain, causing road traffic to increase at an average rate of 6.6% per year between 2016 and 2020.1 However, the limited capacity and deteriorating condition of roads—about 25% are in poor condition—have served as major obstacles to stable economic growth and caused serious road safety issues. To resolve these issues, the Government of Bangladesh is upgrading its major roads, especially those that constitute subregional trade corridors, to international standards, with the goal of facilitating international trade. 2. Project road. The Dhaka–Sylhet–Tamabil corridor is part of National Highway No. 2 and Asian Highway No. 2 and is considered a critical international trade corridor. As a result of customs policy reform and trade and transport infrastructure development, the importance of Sheola and Tamabil land ports in regional trade is expected to increase, along with the traffic on the corridor connecting the border with the national capital city of Dhaka. However, the existing road has only two lanes with no provision for slow-moving and nonmotorized vehicles; is of poor quality because of a multiyear maintenance backlog; and poses a significant safety risk. The proposed investment project will finance construction works to widen about 210 kilometers (km) of the road to a four-lane carriageway, with design features to assist the elderly, women, children, and differently abled persons.
    [Show full text]