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Android (operating system) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the operating system. For other uses, see Android (disambiguation). Android Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / Google Inc., developer Open Handset Alliance C (core),[1]C++ (some third- Programmed in party libraries), Java (UI) Working state Current Source model Free and open source software Initial release 21 October 2008 Latest stable 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) [2] / 9 [2] release February 2011; 29 days ago Supported ARM, MIPS, Power platforms Architecture, x86[3][citation needed] Monolithic (modified Linux Kernel type kernel) Default user Graphical interface Apache 2.0 (Linux kernel License patches are licensed under GPL v2[4]) Official website android.com Android is an open-sourcesoftware stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[5][6]Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[7] Android's mobile operating system is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[8][9] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[10] Canalys reported that in Q4 2010 the Android operating system was the world's best-selling smartphone platform, dethroning Nokia's Symbian from the 10-year top position.[11][12] Jumping from 23.5 percent, Android now represents 31.2 percent of the U.S smartphone market.[13] According to Gartner, Symbian is still slightly ahead on sales if some legacy non-Nokia Symbian smartphones are included in the Q4 2010 figures.[14] Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 150,000 apps available for Android.[15][16]Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write primarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[17] The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[18][19] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[20] The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-orientedapplication framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[21]media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.03D graphicsAPI, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[22] Contents [hide] y 1 History o 1.1 Android Inc. founded in 2003 o 1.2 Android Inc. acquired by Google o 1.3 Development accelerates o 1.4 Open Handset Alliance o 1.5 Licensing o 1.6 Version history y 2 Features y 3 Hardware running Android y 4 Software development o 4.1 Software development kit o 4.2 Android Market o 4.3 App Inventor for Android o 4.4 Android Developer Challenge o 4.5 Google applications o 4.6 Third party applications o 4.7 Mobile gaming o 4.8 Native code o 4.9 Community-based firmware y 5 Security issues y 6 Marketing o 6.1 Logos o 6.2 Typeface o 6.3 Market share y 7 Fragmentation y 8 Linux compatibility y 9 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents y 10 See also y 11 References y 12 Bibliography y 13 External links [edit] History [edit] Android Inc. founded in 2003 Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, et al. to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences." Other early key employees include Andy McFadden, who worked with Rubin at WebTV, and Chris White, who led the design and interface of WebTV, before helping to found Android.[23] Rubin, a co-founder of Danger Inc., Miner, a co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc. and former vice-president of Technology and innovation at Orange, and the other early employees brought considerable wireless industry experience to the company.[23][24] Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretively, admitting only that it was working on software for mobile phones.[23] [edit] Android Inc. acquired by Google Googleacquired Android Inc. in August, 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly-owned subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.[25] At the time of the acquisition, because little was known about the work of Android Inc., some guessed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market. [edit] Development accelerates At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[26][27][28] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006.[29] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google- branded handset.[30] Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[31][32] [edit] Open Handset Alliance Main article: Open Handset Alliance "Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models." Eric Schmidt, former Google Chairman/CEO[8] On the November 5, 2007 the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and T- Mobile unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices.[8] On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[8] On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[33][34] [edit] Licensing With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software / open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[35] under an Apache License.[36] Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment.[37] Android is a trademark of Google;[38] even though the software is open-source, device manufacturers can't use the Android name unless Google certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). In September 2010, Skyhook Wireless filed a lawsuit against Google in which they alleged "This entirely subjective review, conducted solely by Google employees with ultimate authority to interpret the scope and meaning of the CDD as they see fit, effectively gives Google the ability to arbitrarily deem any software, feature or function 'non-compatible' with the CDD."[39] [edit] Version history Main article: Android version history Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically focuses on fixing bugs as well as adding new features. Generally each new version of the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The most recent released versions of Android are: y 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), which revamped the user interface and introduced HTML5 and Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support[40] y 2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization and the ChromeV8 JavaScript engine, and added Wi-Fi hotspot tethering and Adobe Flash support[41] y 2.3 (Gingerbread), which refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication[42] y 3.0 (Honeycomb), a tablet-oriented[43][44][45] release which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics.[46] The Honeycomb SDK has been released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, went on sale in February 2011.[47] Upcoming versions of Android are: y 2.3.3 (Gingerbread), an update to 2.3, anticipated to be released in April 2011.[48] Initially, Google wanted to name that version 2.4, but renumbered the version afterwards.[49] y Ice-cream sandwich, a combination of 2.3 Gingerbread and 3.0 Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole,"[50] with a possible release in mid-2011[51] [edit] Features Current features and specifications:[52][53][54] The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).
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