C If Statement to Exit for Loop
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide Peter Jay Salzman Michael Burian Ori Pomerantz Copyright © 2001 Peter Jay Salzman 2007−05−18 ver 2.6.4 The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under the terms of the Open Software License, version 1.1. You can obtain a copy of this license at http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php. This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above copyright notice remains intact and the method adheres to the provisions of the Open Software License. In summary, you may copy and distribute this book free of charge or for a profit. No explicit permission is required from the author for reproduction of this book in any medium, physical or electronic. Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the original copyright notice must remain intact. If you have contributed new material to this book, you must make the material and source code available for your revisions. Please make revisions and updates available directly to the document maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <[email protected]>. This will allow for the merging of updates and provide consistent revisions to the Linux community. If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly appreciated by the author and the Linux Documentation Project (LDP). -
Writing Your First Linux Kernel Module
Writing your first Linux kernel module Praktikum Kernel Programming University of Hamburg Scientific Computing Winter semester 2014/2015 Outline ● Before you start ● Hello world module ● Compile, load and unload ● User space VS. kernel space programing ● Summary Before you start ● Define your module’s goal ● Define your module behaviour ● Know your hardware specifications ○ If you are building a device driver you should have the manual ● Documentation ○ /usr/src/linux/Documentation ○ make { htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocks | rtfdocks } ○ /usr/src/linux/Documentation/DocBook Role of the device driver ● Software layer between application and device “black boxes” ○ Offer abstraction ■ Make hardware available to users ○ Hide complexity ■ User does not need to know their implementation ● Provide mechanism not policy ○ Mechanism ■ Providing the flexibility and the ability the device supports ○ Policy ■ Controlling how these capabilities are being used Role of the device driver ● Policy-free characteristics ○ Synchronous and asynchronous operations ○ Exploit the full capabilities of the hardware ○ Often a client library is provided as well ■ Provides capabilities that do not need to be implemented inside the module Outline ● Before you start ● Hello world module ● Compile, load and unload ● User space VS. kernel space programing ● Summary Hello world module /* header files */ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/init.h> /* the initialization function */ /* the shutdown function */ static int __init hello_init(void) { static void __exit hello_exit(void) -
Name Synopsis Description
Perl version 5.10.0 documentation - vmsish NAME vmsish - Perl pragma to control VMS-specific language features SYNOPSIS use vmsish; use vmsish 'status';# or '$?' use vmsish 'exit'; use vmsish 'time'; use vmsish 'hushed'; no vmsish 'hushed'; vmsish::hushed($hush); use vmsish; no vmsish 'time'; DESCRIPTION If no import list is supplied, all possible VMS-specific features areassumed. Currently, there are four VMS-specific features available:'status' (a.k.a '$?'), 'exit', 'time' and 'hushed'. If you're not running VMS, this module does nothing. vmsish status This makes $? and system return the native VMS exit statusinstead of emulating the POSIX exit status. vmsish exit This makes exit 1 produce a successful exit (with status SS$_NORMAL),instead of emulating UNIX exit(), which considers exit 1 to indicatean error. As with the CRTL's exit() function, exit 0 is also mappedto an exit status of SS$_NORMAL, and any other argument to exit() isused directly as Perl's exit status. vmsish time This makes all times relative to the local time zone, instead of thedefault of Universal Time (a.k.a Greenwich Mean Time, or GMT). vmsish hushed This suppresses printing of VMS status messages to SYS$OUTPUT andSYS$ERROR if Perl terminates with an error status. and allowsprograms that are expecting "unix-style" Perl to avoid having to parseVMS error messages. It does not suppress any messages from Perlitself, just the messages generated by DCL after Perl exits. The DCLsymbol $STATUS will still have the termination status, but with ahigh-order bit set: EXAMPLE:$ perl -e"exit 44;" Non-hushed error exit%SYSTEM-F-ABORT, abort DCL message$ show sym $STATUS$STATUS == "%X0000002C" $ perl -e"use vmsish qw(hushed); exit 44;" Hushed error exit $ show sym $STATUS $STATUS == "%X1000002C" The 'hushed' flag has a global scope during compilation: the exit() ordie() commands that are compiled after 'vmsish hushed' will be hushedwhen they are executed. -
C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Fifth Edition
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition Chapter 5: Control Structures II (Repetition) Objectives In this chapter, you will: • Learn about repetition (looping) control structures • Explore how to construct and use count- controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag- controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures • Examine break and continue statements • Discover how to form and use nested control structures C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 2 Objectives (cont'd.) • Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding patches • Learn how to debug loops C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 3 Why Is Repetition Needed? • Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables • Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables • For example, to add five numbers: – Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together – Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 4 while Looping (Repetition) Structure • The general form of the while statement is: while is a reserved word • Statement can be simple or compound • Expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression • Statement is called the body of the loop • The parentheses are part of the syntax C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition 5 while Looping (Repetition) -
A Concurrent PASCAL Compiler for Minicomputers
512 Appendix A DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UCSD'S PASCAL AND STANDARD PASCAL The PASCAL language used in this book contains most of the features described by K. Jensen and N. Wirth in PASCAL User Manual and Report, Springer Verlag, 1975. We refer to the PASCAL defined by Jensen and Wirth as "Standard" PASCAL, because of its widespread acceptance even though no international standard for the language has yet been established. The PASCAL used in this book has been implemented at University of California San Diego (UCSD) in a complete software system for use on a variety of small stand-alone microcomputers. This will be referred to as "UCSD PASCAL", which differs from the standard by a small number of omissions, a very small number of alterations, and several extensions. This appendix provides a very brief summary Of these differences. Only the PASCAL constructs used within this book will be mentioned herein. Documents are available from the author's group at UCSD describing UCSD PASCAL in detail. 1. CASE Statements Jensen & Wirth state that if there is no label equal to the value of the case statement selector, then the result of the case statement is undefined. UCSD PASCAL treats this situation by leaving the case statement normally with no action being taken. 2. Comments In UCSD PASCAL, a comment appears between the delimiting symbols "(*" and "*)". If the opening delimiter is followed immediately by a dollar sign, as in "(*$", then the remainder of the comment is treated as a directive to the compiler. The only compiler directive mentioned in this book is (*$G+*), which tells the compiler to allow the use of GOTO statements. -
Scala Tutorial
Scala Tutorial SCALA TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Scala Tutorial Scala is a modern multi-paradigm programming language designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way. Scala has been created by Martin Odersky and he released the first version in 2003. Scala smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages. This tutorial gives a great understanding on Scala. Audience This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand programming Language Scala in simple and easy steps. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in using Scala from where you can take yourself to next levels. Prerequisites Scala Programming is based on Java, so if you are aware of Java syntax, then it's pretty easy to learn Scala. Further if you do not have expertise in Java but you know any other programming language like C, C++ or Python, then it will also help in grasping Scala concepts very quickly. Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Table of Content Scala Tutorial .......................................................................... -
Shell Code for Beginners
Shell Code For Beginners Beenu Arora Site: www.BeenuArora.com Email: [email protected] ################################################################ # .___ __ _______ .___ # # __| _/____ _______| | __ ____ \ _ \ __| _/____ # # / __ |\__ \\_ __ \ |/ // ___\/ /_\ \ / __ |/ __ \ # # / /_/ | / __ \| | \/ <\ \___\ \_/ \/ /_/ \ ___/ # # \____ |(______/__| |__|_ \\_____>\_____ /\_____|\____\ # # \/ \/ \/ # # ___________ ______ _ __ # # _/ ___\_ __ \_/ __ \ \/ \/ / # # \ \___| | \/\ ___/\ / # # \___ >__| \___ >\/\_/ # # est.2007 \/ \/ forum.darkc0de.com # ################################################################ What is a shell Code? Shellcode is defined as a set of instructions injected and then executed by an exploited program. Shellcode is used to directly manipulate registers and the functionality of a exploited program. We can of course write shell codes in the high level language but would let you know later why they might not work for some cases, so assembly language is preferred for this. I would take an clean example of the exit() syscall used for exiting from a program. Many of you might be wondered to see why this being used is, the reason is the newer kernel don’t allow anymore the code execution from the stack so we have to use some C library wrapper or libc (responsible for providing us the malloc function). Usage at darker site: We write shellcode because we want the target program to function in a manner other than what was intended by the designer. One way to manipulate the program is to force it to make a system call or syscall. System calls in Linux are accomplished via software interrupts and are called with the int 0x80 instruction. -
Php Foreach Array Example
Php Foreach Array Example Positivism Sonnie always besought his dimeters if Esme is fruticose or touch-types incompletely. Sometimes anything.plenipotentiary Zane Gordieemits unobtrusively alchemise her while foreman untrained slower, Harlan but bubbliest presages Rodge obsoletely strides or pippingriotously masterfully. or recapitalizes You can have explored deep are using array_map prevents you forgot, and will keep multiple. How we have an associative array is a different values are times has a numeric array and arrays can be obtained by working along. This url into two variables are such type. PHP 4 introduced foreach construct it works only on arrays. Let's understand this with the help bear the porter example. The running one uses it. PHP foreach Manual. Sample PHP Code PHP For Loops Foreach While ago Do. Arrayvalue is your temporary variable that holds the current total item values block of code is the its of code that operates on already array values Example 1. Usually depending on my favourite site for passing it on how if statement. PHP foreach loops FreeKB. Start from any one statement is that, instead of items in an example of each elements with examples to get an array. PHP foreach within foreach repeat data flow not escaping loops. Of iteration helps you can access or public route on here? PHP foreach Loop GeeksforGeeks. Foreach Semantic portal learn smart. Nested for loops One for brother can be no inside another for purpose and force can generate different scripts using nested loops Here is an intelligence for. Here there is used in a block on array index or break statement or associative array by using a multidimensional array an. -
Aeroscript Programming Language Reference
AeroScript Programming Language Reference Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Structure of a Program 5 Comments 6 Preprocessor 7 Text Replacement Macro (#define/#undef) 7 Source File Inclusion (#include) 8 Conditional Inclusion (#if/#ifdef/#ifndef) 8 Data Types and Variables 11 Fundamental Data Types 11 Fundamental Numeric Data Types 11 Fundamental String Data Type 11 Fundamental Axis Data Type 11 Fundamental Handle Data Type 12 Aggregate Data Types 12 Array Data Types 12 Structure Data Types 13 Enumerated Data Types 14 Variables 15 Variable Declaration 15 Variable Names 15 Numeric, Axis, and Handle Variable Declaration Syntax 15 String Variable Declaration Syntax 15 Syntax for Declaring Multiple Variables on the Same Line 16 Array Variable Declaration Syntax 16 Structure Variable Definition and Declaration Syntax 16 Definition Syntax 16 Declaration Syntax 17 Member Access Syntax 17 Enumeration Variable Definition and Declaration Syntax 18 Definition 18 Declaration Syntax 19 Enumerator Access Syntax 19 Variable Initialization Syntax 20 Basic Variable Initialization Syntax 20 Array Variable Initialization Syntax 21 Structure Variable Initialization Syntax 22 Enumeration Variable Initialization Syntax 22 Variable Scope 23 Controller Global Variables 23 User-Defined Variables 23 User-Defined Variable Accessibility 23 User-Defined Local Variable Declaration Location 25 Variable Data Type Conversions 26 Properties 27 Property Declaration 27 Property Names 27 Property Declaration 28 Property Usage 28 Expressions 29 Literals 29 Numeric Literals -
An Introduction to Python
An Introduction to Python Day 1 Simon Mitchell [email protected] Why Python? * Clear code * Great beginner language * Powerful text manipulation * Wrangle large data files * Great compliment to other languages * Large user group * Supports many advanced features Warning: Spacing is important! Wrong: Error: Correct: No Error: Open A Terminal * Open a terminal: * Mac: cmd + space then type terminal and press enter * Windows: Start -> Program Files -> Accessories -> Command Prompt. * Type “python” (no quotes). Exit() to exit python. This is python Hello World Launch python Call the built in function print, which displays whatever comes after the command. Put any message in quotes after the print command. The command has finished and python is ready for the next command. >>> means tell me what to do now! Getting help - interactive Getting help – single command But usually just Google! If you got stuck on something, someone else probably has. Let’s get programming - Variables Set a variable with equals Display a variable by typing its name Variables can be text, numbers, boolean (True/ False) and many more things. Capitalization is important for True/ False Numeric Operators Add + Subtract – Multiply * Divide / Power ** Modulo (remainder) % Reassigning Variables Reassign with equals. (Same as assigning) ????? Warning! In some version of python division might not do what you expect. Integer division gives an integer result. Types of number Integer: Plus and minus. No decimal points or commas Float: Decimal points or scientific notation okay. 2e-2 = 2 x 10-2 Working With Numbers What is the minimum of these numbers: What is the maximum of these numbers: What type of variable is this? Remember that str(anything) makes that variable into a string: Working With Text Single or double quotes. -
Standardizing SAS Code for Quality Programs Clarence Wm
Standardizing SAS Code for Quality Programs Clarence Wm. Jackson, CQA, Change Manager City of Dallas, Communication and Information Services, Change Management Group Abstract and Introduction SAS software is a powerful programming system that allows even casual users to write very complicated solutions for business problems. It is free form, meaning that it has no syntactical constraints for defining the program structure, as is found in such programming languages as COBOL and ALC. However, the free form of SAS code can be a mixed blessing, where code maintenance is concemed. Whenever changes in the SAS code are required, if someone other than the original programmer has to make the changes, this may result in errors, lost productivity and a reduction in the consistency and overall quality of the program. This situation may be avoided by the implementation of appropriate standards for the writing of SAS programs. This paper will review industry standards for other programming languages, and will discuss how SAS code could be standardized. The paper also will review the benefits and opportunities for quality improvement. Standards Provide Basis for Quality What is a "Standard"? The American Heritage dictionary defines "standard" as "an acknowledged measure 0/ comparison/or quantitative or qualitative value; criterion; nonn; a degree or level 0/ requirement, excellence or attainment. " There are two categories of standards related to Information Technology, 'industry' and 'installation'. The industry standards are those set by a recognized standards organization meant to facilitate the efficient interchange of information between organizations and companies. The installation standards serve the purpose of providing guidelines for the efficient operation of a single installation or shop. -
G, a Language Based on Demand-Driven Stream Evaluations
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF John R. Placer for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science presented on November 4, 1988. Title: C: A Language Based On Demand-Driven Stream Evalutions Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: Timothy Budd A programming paradigm can be defined as a model or an approach employed in solving a problem. The results of the research described in this document demon- strate that it is possible to unite several different programming paradigms into a single linguistic framework. The imperative, procedural, applicative, lambda-free, relational, logic and object-oriented programming paradigms were combined ina language called G whose basic datatype is the stream. A stream is a data object whose values are produced as it is traversed. In this dissertation we describe the methodology we developed to guide the design of G, we present the language G itself, we discuss a prototype implementation of G and we provide example programs that show how the paradigms included in G are expressed. We also present programs that demonstrate some ways in which paradigms can be combined to facilitate the solutions to problems. G : A Language Based On Demand-Driven Stream Evaluations by John R. Placer A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed November 4, 1988 Commencement June 1989 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Professor of Computer Science in Charge of Major Redacted for privacy Head of Department of Computer Science Redacted for privacy Dean of Gradutate Sc o 1 Date thesis is presented November 4, 1988 Typed by John R.