Effect of Yoga Practices on Selected Physiological and Biochemical Variables Among the Diabetic Patients
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EFFECT OF YOGA PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL VARIABLES AMONG THE DIABETIC PATIENTS A Thesis Submitted to Bharathidasan University through the Department of Physical Education, Ganesar College of Arts and Science, Melaisivapuri, Pudukkottai for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION By A. DHANALAKSHMI Under the Supervision of Dr. N.VIJAYAREGUNATHAN DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION GANESAR COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE MELAISIVAPURI, PUDUKKOTTAI – 622 403 DECEMBER - 2011 Dr. N.VIJAYAREGUNATHAN Director of Physical Education(SG), Department of Physical Education Ganesar College of Arts and Science Melaisivapuri, Pudukkottai – 622 403. Tamil Nadu, India. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, "Effect of Yoga Practices on Selected Physiological and Biochemical Variables among the Diabetic Patients", submitted for the award of Ph.D., Degree in Physical Education at Bharathidasan University is a record of independent research work done by the candidate Mrs. A. Dhanalakshmi, Directress of Physical Education, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi, Erode, Tamilnadu, under my supervision and guidance and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other similar title. Place: Melaisivapuri (Dr. N.VIJAYAREGUNATHAN) Research Supervisor Date: A.DHANALAKSHMI Directress of Physical Education, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi, Erode, Tamilnadu, India. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this research work entitled, "Effect of Yoga Practices on Selected Physiological and Biochemical Variables among the Diabetic Patients", is an original piece of research work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. N. Vijayaregunathan, Director of Physical Education (SG), Department of Physical Education, Ganesar College of Arts and Science Melaisivapuri, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India. This work has not been submitted either in whole or in part for any other degree at any other University. Place: (A.DHANALAKSHMI) Investigator Date: Dedicated To My Beloved Family & Friends VITA Name : A.DHANALAKSHMI Place of Birth : GOBICHETTIPALAYAM Tamil Nadu India Date of Birth : 18 JUNE 1971 School, Colleges and University Govt. HighSchool, Thudupathi,Tamil Nadu. Govt.Girls Higher Secondary School, Perundurai ,Tamil Nadu. Alamelu Angappan Arts & Science College, Komarapalayam Sri Saratha College of Physical Education, Mardas University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Annamalai University, Chithambaram ,Tamil Nadu. Degrees Obtained Bachelor of Science (1989 - 1992), Madras University, Chennai , Tamil Nadu. Certificate of Physical Education (1992-1993) Karanataka Secondary Board , Kolar. Bachelor of Physical Education (1995 - 1996), Madras University, Salem, Tamil Nadu. Master of Physical Education (1996 - 1997), Madras University, Salem, Tamil Nadu. Master of Philosophy in Physical Education (2004- 2005), Annamalai University, Chithabaram , Tamil Nadu. Professional Experience Presently working as Director of Physical Education, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi ,Tamil Nadu Since July 1998. Passed Tamilnadu State Athletics Referee Examination. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research work entitled, “’EFFECT OF YOGA PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL VARIABLES AMONG THE DIABETIC PATIENTS” would have been impossible without the direct and indirect help and support of a number of important persons. I express my deep gratitude to my Supervisor Dr. N. VIJAYAREGUNATHAN, Director of physical Education (Selection Grade), Department of Physical Education, Ganesar Arts and Science College, Melasivapuri, Tamil Nadu for offering expert guidance, constant encouragement and praise worthy suggestions which enabled me to complete the study. I gratefully acknowledge my immense thanks to Principal and Management of Ganesar Arts and Science college, Melasivapuri, for their whole hearted support. I express my sincere gratitude to the Doctoral Committee Member Dr. V. Sundaramoorthy, Reader, Department of Physical Education, Health Education and Sports, H.H. The Rajah’s College, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu. With a great pleasure, I wish to record my thanks to the founder of Erode Sengunthar Engineering College Late Thiru. J.Sudhanendhan, the Correspondent, Er.R.Mohanraj and Secretary Mr.S.Sivananthan, Principal Dr. Arun V. Parwate and Faculty members of Erode Sengunthar Engineering College for their whole hearted support in submitting the thesis in time. I gratefully acknowledge the help received from Dr. R. Kalidasan, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu. I deliver a great deal of sincere thanks to Dr. C. Ramakrishnan, Guest Lecturer, Department of Physical Education Health Education and Sports, H.H The Rajah’s College, Mr. R.Manickam Director of Physical Education, Trichy Engineering College, Trichy. I would like to express a word of Special appreciation and thanks to all Directors of Physical Education, Anna University (Chennai) Seventh zone Engineering Colleges for their cooperation in my study. I am immensely thankful to my family members for their cooperation and constant encouragement throughout the process of this study. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my Husband Mr. S. SACHICHTHANANDAM Director of Physical Education, Sakthi Higher Secondary School, Nachimuthupuram Erode District, My Son S. Valavan & My Daughter S. Verti Selvi for their whole hearted support in submitting the thesis in time. I extend my profound gratitude to all those helped me directly or indirectly for completion of this research work. Special thanks and sense of gratitude are due to the Diabetic Patients SRC Diabetic Centre , Erode , who served as subjects and co-operated well throughout the study for the successful completion of this research. A. Dhanalakshmi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page List of Tables List of Figures Chapter I Introduction 1-30 Statement of the Problem Hypotheses Delimitations Limitations Definition of Operational terms Significance of the Study II Review of Related Literature 31-69 III Methodology 70-92 Selection of subjects Selection of variables Selection of tests Competence of the tester Reliability of the instruments Reliability of the data Orientation to the subjects Pilot study Training programme Collection of the data Administration of the tests Experimental design and statistical technique TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd…) Chapter Title Page IV Analysis and interpretation of the data 93-141 Analysis of the Data Discussion on Findings Discussion on Hypotheses V Summary, Conclusions and 142-151 Recommendations Summary Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography 152-161 Books Journals Miscellaneous LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 1 Tests Selection 79 2 Intra Class Co-Efficient of Correlation on 81 Selected Dependent Variables 3 Values of dependent t-tests for 95 Experimental groups and Control group on Breath holding time 4 Values of analysis of covariance for 96 Experimental group and Control groups on Breath holding time 5 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 97 between the adjusted post test paired means on Breath holding time 6 Values of dependent t-tests for 100 Experimental groups and Control group on Resting pulse rate 7 Values of analysis of covariance for 101 Experimental group and Control groups on Resting pulse rate LIST OF TABLES (Contd…) Page Table Title 8 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 102 between the adjusted post test paired means on Resting pulse rate 9 Values of dependent t-tests for 106 Experimental groups and Control group on Respiratory rate 10 Values of analysis of covariance for 107 Experimental group and Control groups on Respiratory rate 11 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 108 between the adjusted post test paired means on Respiratory rate 12 Values of dependent t-tests for 112 Experimental groups and Control group on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL) 13 Values of analysis of covariance for 113 Experimental group and Control groups on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL) LIST OF TABLES (Contd…) Page Table Title 14 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 115 between the adjusted post test paired means on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL) 15 Values of dependent t-tests for 119 Experimental groups and Control group on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) 16 Values of analysis of covariance for 120 Experimental group and Control groups on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) 17 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 122 between the adjusted post test paired means on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) 18 Values of dependent t-tests for 126 Experimental groups and Control group on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL) LIST OF TABLES (Contd…) Page Table Title 19 Values of analysis of covariance for 127 Experimental group and Control groups on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL) 20 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 129 between the adjusted post test paired means on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL) LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Title 1 Means values of Yoga practices three days 99 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Breath holding time 2 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 99 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Breath holding time 3 Means