EFFECT OF YOGA PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL VARIABLES AMONG THE DIABETIC PATIENTS

A Thesis Submitted to Bharathidasan University through the Department of Physical Education, Ganesar College of Arts and Science, Melaisivapuri, Pudukkottai for the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

By A. DHANALAKSHMI

Under the Supervision of Dr. N.VIJAYAREGUNATHAN

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION GANESAR COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE MELAISIVAPURI, PUDUKKOTTAI – 622 403

DECEMBER - 2011

Dr. N.VIJAYAREGUNATHAN Director of Physical Education(SG), Department of Physical Education Ganesar College of Arts and Science Melaisivapuri, Pudukkottai – 622 403. , India.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, "Effect of Yoga

Practices on Selected Physiological and Biochemical

Variables among the Diabetic Patients", submitted for the award of Ph.D., Degree in Physical Education at Bharathidasan

University is a record of independent research work done by the candidate Mrs. A. Dhanalakshmi, Directress of Physical

Education, Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi,

Erode, Tamilnadu, under my supervision and guidance and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other similar title.

Place: Melaisivapuri (Dr. N.VIJAYAREGUNATHAN) Research Supervisor Date:

A.DHANALAKSHMI Directress of Physical Education, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi, Erode, Tamilnadu, India.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this research work entitled, "Effect of

Yoga Practices on Selected Physiological and Biochemical

Variables among the Diabetic Patients", is an original piece of research work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. N. Vijayaregunathan, Director of Physical

Education (SG), Department of Physical Education, Ganesar College of Arts and Science Melaisivapuri, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.

This work has not been submitted either in whole or in part for any other degree at any other University.

Place: (A.DHANALAKSHMI) Investigator Date:

Dedicated To My Beloved

Family & Friends

VITA

Name : A.DHANALAKSHMI

Place of Birth : GOBICHETTIPALAYAM Tamil Nadu India

Date of Birth : 18 JUNE 1971

School, Colleges and University

 Govt. HighSchool, Thudupathi,Tamil Nadu.

 Govt.Girls Higher Secondary School, ,Tamil

Nadu.

 Alamelu Angappan Arts & Science College, Komarapalayam

 Sri Saratha College of Physical Education, Mardas

University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

 Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences,

Annamalai University, Chithambaram ,Tamil Nadu.

Degrees Obtained  Bachelor of Science (1989 - 1992), Madras University,

Chennai , Tamil Nadu.

 Certificate of Physical Education (1992-1993) Karanataka

Secondary Board , Kolar.

 Bachelor of Physical Education (1995 - 1996), Madras

University, Salem, Tamil Nadu.

 Master of Physical Education (1996 - 1997), Madras

University, Salem, Tamil Nadu.  Master of Philosophy in Physical Education (2004- 2005),

Annamalai University, Chithabaram , Tamil Nadu.

Professional Experience

 Presently working as Director of Physical Education, Erode

Sengunthar Engineering College, Thudupathi ,Tamil Nadu

Since July 1998.

 Passed Tamilnadu State Athletics Referee Examination.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research work entitled, “’EFFECT OF YOGA

PRACTICES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

BIOCHEMICAL VARIABLES AMONG THE DIABETIC

PATIENTS” would have been impossible without the direct and indirect help and support of a number of important persons.

I express my deep gratitude to my Supervisor

Dr. N. VIJAYAREGUNATHAN, Director of physical Education

(Selection Grade), Department of Physical Education, Ganesar

Arts and Science College, Melasivapuri, Tamil Nadu for offering expert guidance, constant encouragement and praise worthy suggestions which enabled me to complete the study.

I gratefully acknowledge my immense thanks to Principal and Management of Ganesar Arts and Science college,

Melasivapuri, for their whole hearted support.

I express my sincere gratitude to the Doctoral Committee

Member Dr. V. Sundaramoorthy, Reader, Department of Physical

Education, Health Education and Sports, H.H. The Rajah’s

College, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu.

With a great pleasure, I wish to record my thanks to the founder of Erode Sengunthar Engineering College Late

Thiru. J.Sudhanendhan, the Correspondent, Er.R.Mohanraj and

Secretary Mr.S.Sivananthan, Principal Dr. Arun V. Parwate and

Faculty members of Erode Sengunthar Engineering College for their whole hearted support in submitting the thesis in time.

I gratefully acknowledge the help received from

Dr. R. Kalidasan, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical

Education, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu.

I deliver a great deal of sincere thanks to

Dr. C. Ramakrishnan, Guest Lecturer, Department of Physical

Education Health Education and Sports, H.H The Rajah’s College,

Mr. R.Manickam Director of Physical Education, Trichy

Engineering College, Trichy.

I would like to express a word of Special appreciation and thanks to all Directors of Physical Education, Anna University

(Chennai) Seventh zone Engineering Colleges for their cooperation in my study. I am immensely thankful to my family members for their cooperation and constant encouragement throughout the process of this study. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my Husband Mr. S. SACHICHTHANANDAM Director of Physical Education, Sakthi Higher Secondary School, Nachimuthupuram

Erode District, My Son S. Valavan & My Daughter S. Verti Selvi for their whole hearted support in submitting the thesis in time.

I extend my profound gratitude to all those helped me directly or indirectly for completion of this research work.

Special thanks and sense of gratitude are due to the

Diabetic Patients SRC Diabetic Centre , Erode , who served as subjects and co-operated well throughout the study for the successful completion of this research.

A. Dhanalakshmi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter I Introduction 1-30 Statement of the Problem Hypotheses Delimitations Limitations Definition of Operational terms Significance of the Study

II Review of Related Literature 31-69

III Methodology 70-92 Selection of subjects Selection of variables Selection of tests Competence of the tester Reliability of the instruments Reliability of the data Orientation to the subjects Pilot study Training programme Collection of the data Administration of the tests Experimental design and statistical technique

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd…)

Chapter Title Page

IV Analysis and interpretation of the data 93-141

Analysis of the Data Discussion on Findings Discussion on Hypotheses

V Summary, Conclusions and 142-151 Recommendations

Summary Conclusions Recommendations

Bibliography 152-161 Books Journals Miscellaneous

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Tests Selection 79

2 Intra Class Co-Efficient of Correlation on 81 Selected Dependent Variables

3 Values of dependent t-tests for 95 Experimental groups and Control group on Breath holding time

4 Values of analysis of covariance for 96 Experimental group and Control groups on Breath holding time

5 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 97 between the adjusted post test paired means on Breath holding time

6 Values of dependent t-tests for 100 Experimental groups and Control group on Resting pulse rate

7 Values of analysis of covariance for 101 Experimental group and Control groups on Resting pulse rate

LIST OF TABLES (Contd…)

Page Table Title

8 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 102 between the adjusted post test paired means on Resting pulse rate

9 Values of dependent t-tests for 106 Experimental groups and Control group on Respiratory rate

10 Values of analysis of covariance for 107 Experimental group and Control groups on Respiratory rate

11 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 108 between the adjusted post test paired means on Respiratory rate

12 Values of dependent t-tests for 112 Experimental groups and Control group on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL)

13 Values of analysis of covariance for 113 Experimental group and Control groups on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL)

LIST OF TABLES (Contd…)

Page Table Title

14 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 115 between the adjusted post test paired means on High density lipoproteins

cholesterol (HDL)

15 Values of dependent t-tests for 119 Experimental groups and Control group on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL)

16 Values of analysis of covariance for 120 Experimental group and Control groups on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL)

17 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 122 between the adjusted post test paired means on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL)

18 Values of dependent t-tests for 126 Experimental groups and Control group on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL)

LIST OF TABLES (Contd…)

Page Table Title

19 Values of analysis of covariance for 127 Experimental group and Control groups on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL)

20 The Scheffe’s test for the differences 129 between the adjusted post test paired means on Very low density lipoproteins

cholesterol (VLDL) LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page Title

1 Means values of Yoga practices three days 99 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Breath holding time

2 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 99 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and

Control group on Breath holding time

3 Means values of Yoga practices three days 104 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Resting

pulse rate 4 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 105 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Resting pulse rate

5 Means values of Yoga practices three days 110 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on

Respiratory rate LIST OF FIGURES (Contd…)

Figure Title Page

6 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 111 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and

Control group on Respiratory rate

7 Means values of Yoga practices three days 117 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL)

8 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 118 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on High density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL)

9 Means values of Yoga practices three days 124 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL)

10 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 125 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Low density lipoproteins

cholesterol (LDL)

LIST OF FIGURES (Contd…)

Figure Title Page

11 Means values of Yoga practices three days 131 per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL)

12 The adjusted post test mean values of Yoga 132 practices three days per week group, Yoga practices five days per week group and Control group on Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL)