International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 391-397 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu

SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS

1B.Kaviya, 2Ashish kumar, 3Dev Prakash choudhary, 4Dipanjan sarkar, 5Kathamritha Basak Assistant Professor 1 Student, 2-5Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. [email protected]

Abstract: Surface water is an inevitable source of water, concerned people and comprehend the spatial and therefor we selected our project as Surface water quality temporal variation of quality. It acts as the indicator of assessment of perumbakkam lake using GIS. The study the quality of water. The objective of the water quality area Perumbakkam lake coordinates 12.90N to 80.19E index is to turn multifaceted water quality data into and spreads over 200 acres (0.81 km²) is a vital source of simple information that is useable by the public. Several water to residents and farmers in Perumbakkam, researchers have conducted a study on surface water Vengaivaasal and Sithalapakkam villages. The quality by estimating the water quality index to advancement in GIS and spatial analysis help to integrate substantiate the variation of surface quality. Research on the laboratory analysis data with geographic data and to spatial distribution analysis of surface water quality index model the spatial distribution of water. The main developed various thematic maps for the water quality objective of this study is to determine the spatial parameters using geostatistical Approach[1-4]. From the variability of surface water quality using GIS. A total of studies, it is inferred that pH in most of the wells of the 15 water samples were collected from the different area is acidic and alkaline in nature and in most of the locations throughout the study area by the help of GPS. locations surface water is not fit for drinking due to high The physico-chemical parameters of the samples have concentration of chloride content.The TDS and Total been determined from different locations of hardness are also playing a significant role in surface Perumbakkam lake. Sample lake location are obtained water quality assessment. using GPS and the locations are imported to Quantum GIS to create a point feature. From the results, it is concluded that the water quality of the lake is found 2. Study Area within the permissible limits. The inlet and outlets points of the lake are polluted because of the wastewater from The Perumbakkam lake, Kanchipuram district, South nearby industry. So the water cannot be used for drinking India has been chosen for conducting the study. The area purpose but it can be used for other domestic purposes. is bounded by Bay of Bengal in the Eastern part and it is situated very adjacent to the east coast. The study area 1. Introduction coordinates 12.90N to 80.19E. The Perumbakkam lake spreads over 200 acres (0.81 km2) and is a vital source of Surface water is an inevitable source of drinking water water to residents and farmers in Perumbakkam, for both urban and rural India. Besides, it is a vital source Vengaivaasal and Sithalapakkam villages. Nearly 100 of water for the drinking, agricultural and the industrial families raise vegetables and other crops whenever water sector. Being a significant part of the hydrological cycle, is available in the lake[11-14]. its occurrence and availability depends on the rainfall and Figure I. Study area Map recharge conditions. Surface water quality comprises the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of 3. Methodology surface water. The suitability of surface water for various uses majorly depends on quality of surface water. Hence The methodology of the experimental work described as protecting the quality of surface water is a major concern. shown in figure II. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the

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D. Hardness A. Sampling location Total hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to Sampling is carried out using GPS. A total of 15 water the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water. In samples were collected from the selected locations our study hardness ranges from 160 – 240(mg/l). throughout the study area. The latitude and longitu de values of the selected sampling locations are given in Table I.These samples were analyzed for different parameters as shown in Table III. The obtained water Quality data form the attribute database which is used to generate the spatial distribution map s for the present study area[15].

B. pH pH generally denotes presence of hydrogen ions in water.pH values ranged from 6.5 to 8.5 with an average value of 7.7 indicating the alkaline nature of water Figure 3. Variation of Total Hardness samples E. Chloride

Chloride occurs in all natural waters in widely varying concentrations. The chloride contents normally increase as the mineral contents increases. In our study the chloride ranges from 260 – 350(mg/l).

Figure 1. Variation of pH

C. Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize a strong acid. Alkalinity ranges from 200 – 320(mg/l).

Figure 4. Variation of Chloride

F. Total dissolved solids (TDS)

A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the concentrations of all the dissolved minerals in water. In our study the TDS values ranges from 756 to 1092(mg/l). The intake of water with the higher TDS can cause kidney stones and other health hazards.

Figure 2. Variation of Alkalinity

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I. Ammonia

Ammonia can be present in water in two forms, either ammonium hydroxide (NH3) or as the ammonium ion (NH4). Ammonia content ranges from 0.5 – 3(mg/l).

Figure 5. Variation of TDS

G. Fluoride

In our study limits of Fluorides is 0.5-1.5 mg/l, beyond this limit the water is considered as poor quality. The high concentration of the fluoride is due to fertilizer Figure 8. Variation of Ammonia usage in agricultural activities. J. Electrical Conductivity

The electrical conductivity of water estimates the total amount of solids dissolved in water -TDS. In our study Electrical Conductivity ranges from 720 – 2880(µmhos/cm).

Figure 6. Variation of Fluoride

H. Iron

Iron can affect the flavor and color of water. Iron is biologically an important element which is essential to all Figure 9. Variation of EC organisms and present in hemoglobin system. Iron content ranges from 0 – 1(mg/l), which is within the K. Biochemical Oxygen Demand permissible limits. B.O.D is defined as the amount of oxygen required by microorganism by stabilizing biological decomposable organic matter waste aerobic conditions. In our study BOD ranges from 7.9 - 8.9 (mg/l).

Figure 7. Variation of Iron Figure 10. Variation of BOD

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Thematic maps for individual water quality parameters L.Chemical Oxygen Demand are generated using Spatial Interpolation technique in Quantum GIS The COD test determines the oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter without the help of C. Spatial Variation of pH strong chemical oxidant. In our study COD ranges from 2.5 – 5.1 (mg/l)[21-23].

Figure 13. Spatial Variation of pH

Figure 11. Variation of COD D. Spatial Variation of Alkalinity

4. Results and Discussion

The physico-chemical parameters of the samples have been determined from different locations of Perumbakkam lake . Parameters analysis of test samples and the results was submitted in Phase-II of the project work. 10 samples were collected and analysed.

Figure 14. Spatial Variation of Alkalinity A. Point Feature of Sample Location Using Qgis

E. Spatial Variation of Total Hardness Sample lake location are obtained using GPS and the locations are imported to Quantum GIS to create a point feature.

Figure 15. Spatial Variation of Total hardness

F. Spatial Variation of Chloride

Figure 12. Study Area Sample Location Point Feature using QGIS

B. Generation of Thematic Maps of Water Quality Parameters

Figure 16. Spatial Variation of Chloride

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K. Spatial Variation of EC G. Spatial Variation of Total Dissolved Solids

Figure 17. Spatial Variation of TDS Figure 21. Spatial Variation of EC H. Spatial Variation of Fluoride L. Spatial Variation of BOD

Figure 22. Spatial Variation of BOD

Figure 18. Spatial Variation of Fluoride M. Spatial Variation of COD

I. Spatial Variation of Iron

Figure 23. Spatial Variation of COD

Figure 19. Spatial Variation of Iron 5. Conclusions J. Spatial Variation of Ammonia From the results, it is concluded that the water quality of the lake is found within the permissible limits. The inlet and outlets points of the lake are polluted because of the wastewater from nearby industry. So the water cannot be used for drinking purpose but it can be used for other domestic purposes. Proper treatment should be done if the water is used for drinking purpose. Since the main source is from precipitation, proper desilting activities can be done during hot weather season in order to increase the storage capacity of lake. Figure 20. Spatial Variation of Ammonia

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