Introduction | 1 INTRODUCTION ContentsINTRODUCTION About this Update . 3 Traditional Ecological Knowledge INSTITUTIONAL Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit and Science . 18 (Spirit of the Salmon) . 5 A Summary of Accomplishments . 27 The Need for a Plan . 7 The Accords, Pacific Salmon Treaty, Goals and Objectives . 9 and U .S . v . Oregon Agreements . 32 RECOMMENDATIONS Basic Principles . 10 Salmon Decline Halted . 37 Tribal Treaty Reserved Fishing Rights . 13 Remaining Problems and Gaps . 50 Sovereignty and Consultation . 15 New Challenges and Opportunities . 53 Recommendations INSTITUTIONAL . 59 10 . Water Quality . 145 What are Institutional Recommendations? . 59 11 . Harvest Management (In-river) . 150 TECHNICAL 1 . Existing Mechanisms . 61 12 . Lamprey . 153 2 . Columbia River Fish Management Plan 63 13 . Sturgeon . 156 3 . Dispute Resolution . 65 14 . Predation . 159 RECOMMENDATIONS 4 . Fish and Wildlife Program Funding . .. 67 15 . Mark Selective Fisheries . 162 5 . Watersheds . 69 16 . Restoring Fish Passage . 165 6 . Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) . 73 17 . Invasive Species . 168 7 . Tribal Hatchery Management . 74 18 . Climate Change . 170 8 . Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation . 78 19 . Update Lifecycle Model . .. 173 9 . Coordinated Information Management 82 20 . ESA Delisting . 175 10 . Harvest Management . 84 11 . Law Enforcement . .. 88 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT . 179 COMMUNITY 12 . Public Education and Outreach . 90 What Are Community Development 13 . Columbia River Treaty . 92 Recommendations? . 180 14 . Hatchery Management . 97 1 . Salmon Marketing . 181 DEVELOPMENT 15 . Tribal Energy Vision . 100 2 . Tribal FishCo, LLC . 183 16 . Regulatory Improvement and 3 . White Sturgeon Marketing . 186 Coordination . 102 4 . Housing Near Tribal RECOMMENDATIONS Fishing Access Sites . 188 TECHNICAL . 105 5 . Workforce Development . 190 What Are Technical Recommendations? . 106 1 . Land Use . 107 2 . Tributary Water Quantity . 111 3 . Watershed Restoration . 115 4 . Supplementation . 121 5 . Reintroduction . 124 APPENDICES . 193 APPENDICES 6 . Juvenile Fish Migration . .. 127 References (Updated 2013) . 194 7 . Estuary Protection and Restoration . 134 Glossary (Updated 2013) . 213 8 . Ocean Harvest . 137 9 . Adult Fish Migration . 139 2 Introduction | 3 Dipnetting on Introduction the Columbia About this Update This is an update of the 1995 Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit (Spirit of the Salmon): The Columbia River Anadromous Fish Restoration Plan of the Nez Perce, Umatilla, Warm Springs, and Yakama Tribes . It supplements the original plan using an adaptive management frame- work to describe progress and needed modifications to the original recommendations . It also identifies and addresses new challenges with new science and policy . So powerful was the The 1995 Spirit of the Salmon Plan and the 2014 Update cover the connection to the salmon anadromous fish species of the Columbia River basin: salmon, steel- that these sacred fish head, Pacific lamprey, and white sturgeon . Anadromous fish migrate shaped the culture and as juveniles from freshwater to saltwater and return to freshwater very religion of the tribes. as adults to spawn . Salmonids and lamprey continue this lifecycle, however since the massive dams were built on the Columbia River, white sturgeon populations above Bonneville Dam have been land- locked and are managed as resident fish . For more information about Columbia River salmon, lamprey, and white sturgeon, see Biological Perspective 260e in the 1995 Spirit of the Salmon Plan . The geographic scope of the Plan corresponds to the migratory range of the upriver anadromous fish covered in this Plan . That Online range includes the Columbia Basin above Bonneville Dam, the entire Resources mainstem of the Columbia River, and the Pacific Ocean as far north as Southeast Alaska and along Oregon’s northern coast . In the Introduction to this Update, The Need for a Plan recaps the reasons the tribes developed their own fish restoration plan . The 1995 Plan’s goals and objectives are stated in the Spirit of the Salmon Goals and Objectives . Quick codes are Spirit of the Salmon Basic Principles articulates how traditional found throughout this values have blended with science to guide our restoration efforts . publication to provide The Tribes’ Treaty Reserved Fishing Rights and Sovereignty and an easy way to access additional resources Consultation summarize the legal principles that guide the Plan and online. The codes look this Update . Sovereignty and Consultation provides background like this: 25e. Enter the on tribal sovereignty and government-to-government relations and number in the Quick Link describes new developments since 1995 . Traditional Ecological field found at the top of each page of the plan website plan.critfc.org. 4 Knowledge, emerging terminology in 1995, elaborates on this basic principle . Progress toward the protection and restoration of salmon, lamprey, and sturgeon since release of the 1995 Spirit of the Salmon Plan is depicted in Summary of Accomplishments, We Have Halted the Salmon Decline, and The Accords, Pacific Salmon Treaty, and U.S. V. OREGON Agreements . The Plan’s updated institutional First Foods and technical recommendations also discuss accomplish- ments . The condition of anadromous fisheries a decade and a half after the Spirit of the Salmon Plan was published and how these populations are now trending is shown in a series of figures in Looking Forward—Abundance Trends . Remaining Problems and Gaps and New Challenges and Opportunities summarize what else needs to be accomplished . The outstanding actions are discussed further in Salmon is foremost among our First Foods. updates of the 1995 Plan’s original 11 institutional The First Foods—water, salmon, deer, cous recommendations and 13 technical recommendations . In (or roots) and huckleberry—are served in that these sections, the Update examines each recommenda- order in our longhouses. According to our creation story, the salmon was the first to tion, reporting on the problem or issue as it currently agree to care for the Indian people followed stands; assessing the results of actions taken; identify- by the other animals and plants. Each First ing remaining problems and gaps; and proposing modi- Food consists of ecologically related foods. The fied and new actions . salmon grouping includes the various salmon species, including steelhead, and also lamprey, The new challenges, those not identified in the 1995 freshwater mussels, trout and other fishes. The Spirit of the Salmon Plan, are the basis for new institu- deer grouping includes mule deer, white-tailed tional and technical recommendations and a new section deer and elk, among other four-legged, hoofed of community development recommendations . Issues animals. The roots are cous, celery, camas and opportunities are summarized; actions to resolve or and bitterroot. The berries are huckleberry and chokecherry. All First Foods, all life, manage the issues are proposed; and desired outcomes depends on water and is always served first in identified . our longhouse ceremonies. Our relationship For the new technical recommendations, an initial to salmon and the First Foods is a reciprocal one. The First Foods nourish the native people, hypothesis about the problem and the needed solutions while the native people must protect them and are presented and the anticipated results of the pro- the habitats that support them. posed actions are stated . This is an abbreviated version of the hypothesis/solution structure employed in the original 1995 Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit technical recommendations . Note: The technical recommendations are presented in order of the salmon lifecycle 301e . Introduction | 5 Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit (Spirit of the Salmon) Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit, the salmon’s spirit, is sacred life . The salmon was provided a perfect world Creation Story in which to thrive . For Salmon is a main dish at almost every meal, reflecting its central thousands of years the place in the cultures of Plateau tribal life in the Columbia River salmon unselfishly gave Basin . Each year Plateau peoples hold feasts to celebrate the return of itself for the physical of the salmon . The salmon’s homecoming is a promise of plentiful and spiritual sustenance food to help people grow healthy and strong . Salmon are also a part of humans . The salmon’s of the tribes’ religions . One creation legend teaches how important spirit has not changed; what has is the environ- salmon is: ment that once sustained that powerful spirit . When the Creator was preparing to bring humans onto the earth, He called a grand council of all the animal people, plant people, and This Spirit of the Salmon Update reports everything else . In those days, the animals and plants were more what appears to be a halt like people because they could talk . He asked each one to give a in the steep decline in gift to the humans—a gift to help them survive, since the humans total salmon runs . The were pitiful and would die without help . The first to come forward Update records other was Salmon . He gave the humans his body for food . The second to accomplishments on give a gift was Water . She promised to be the home to the salmon . the journey to recover After that, everyone else gave the humans a gift, but it was special salmon and the culture that the first to give their gifts were Salmon and Water . When the centered on them C426e . humans finally arrived, the Creator took away the animals’ power Just as importantly the Update describes our of speech and gave it to the humans . He then told the humans that native vision of what since the animals could no longer speak for themselves, it was the remains to be done . humans’ responsibility to speak for the animals . To this day, salmon In the years since and water are always served first at tribal feasts in remembrance of the release of Wy-Kan- this story and to honor the First Foods . Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit or Spirit of the Salmon Most modern Indians don’t eat as much salmon as their ancestors, Plan, we have buried but they still eat more than other people .