Studies on the Function and Regulation of Glucose Transporters GLUT2 and GLUT4 in Teleost Fish

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Studies on the Function and Regulation of Glucose Transporters GLUT2 and GLUT4 in Teleost Fish Studies on the function and regulation of glucose transporters GLUT2 and GLUT4 in teleost fish Estudios sobre la función y regulación de los transportadores de glucosa GLUT2 y GLUT4 en peces teleósteos Rubén Marín Juez ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. 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UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE FISIOLOGÍA E INMUNOLOGÍA Studies on the function and regulation of glucose transporters GLUT2 and GLUT4 in teleost fish Estudios sobre la función y regulación de los transportadores de glucosa GLUT2 y GLUT4 en peces teleósteos Memoria presentada por Rubén Marín Juez Para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Barcelona Tesis realizada bajo la dirección del Dr. Josep Planas Vilarnau del Departamento de Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología Adscrita al Departamento de Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, programa de Acuicultura Dr Josep Planas Vilarnau Rubén Marín Juez Barcelona , 6 de Julio 2012 “Science is the poetry of reality” Richard Dawkins Index Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... XI Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 1. Glucose transporters ............................................................................................. 3 2. Class I facilitative glucose transporters ................................................................. 5 3. GLUT2 (SLC2A2) .................................................................................................. 6 4. GLUT4 (SLC2A4) ................................................................................................ 11 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter I GLUT4: Transcriptional regulation in a non-mammalian vertebrate ....................... 23 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 25 2. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 27 3. Results ................................................................................................................ 30 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................... 44 Chapter II GLUT2: Physiological role during early development in teleost fish...................... 49 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 51 2. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 53 3. Results ................................................................................................................ 58 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................... 76 Chapter III GLUT2: Establishment of a model to study fish GLUT2 function and regulation in mammalian pancreatic cells........................................................................................ 85 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 87 2. Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 89 3. Results ................................................................................................................ 92 4. Discussion ........................................................................................................... 97 General Discussion .................................................................................................... 101 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 113 Resumen del trabajo .................................................................................................. 117 Bibliography................................................................................................................ 153 Acknowledgements A pesar de que hay muchos nombres que deberían aparecer en esta tesis no me quiero extender en los agradecimientos ya que cada una de esas muchas personas que me han ayudado de alguno modo lo saben. Así que quiero agradecer: En primer lugar al Dr. Josep Planas Vilarnau por haber confiado en mi y haberme dado la oportunidad de empezar en el mundo de la ciencia. Gracias por guiarme en todo momento, ser una fuente inagotable de ideas y de energía, por preocuparse por mi formación y enriquecerme constantemente. A mi madre, Ana, la mejor persona con la que he tenido la suerte de encontrarme. Muestra de superación constante, fuente energía inagotable y ejemplo de cómo se ha de disfrutar cada segundo de la vida. Gracias por haber estado siempre conmigo, apoyarme, animarme y hacer tantos esfuerzos para que esté donde estoy. Ahora y siempre gracias. A mi “tato”, Iván, ejemplo de cómo luchar cada día para comprender un mundo extraño y no dejar de sonreír. Por nunca darse por vencido y por enseñarme lo que realmente importa. A mi abuelo, Joaquín, por estar siempre ahí y no fallarme nunca. Por ser mucho más que un abuelo y enseñarme tanto de la vida. A mi padre, abuel@s y ti@s, por preocuparse y hacer siempre lo que han creído mejor para mí. A Vanesa, todo lo que te tengo que decir intento hacerlo día a día, pero de todos modos gracias por darme tanto por tan poco. A todos los amig@s y compañer@s que a lo largo de este tiempo me han ayudado, gracias por estar ahí, por vuestro apoyo y comprensión. Gracias Introduction Introduction 1. Glucose transporters Glucose is a central molecule to the metabolism in vertebrates and plays a pivotal role as fuel and metabolic substrate (Wood and Trayhurn, 2003). Glucose is obtained mainly in two ways: directly from the diet and derived from glycogen that is mainly stored in the liver (Yamashita et al., 2001; Wood and Trayhurn, 2003; Postic et al., 2007). Glucose derived from the diet is transferred from the lumen of the small intestine to the circulation and subsequently into target cells to be used as an energy source or, when in excess, to be stored as hepatic glycogen or as triglycerides (Yamashita et al., 2001; Wood and Trayhurn, 2003; Postic et al., 2007). The transfer of glucose across plasma membranes is mediated by two different groups of transporters: the Na+-dependent glucose co-transporters (SGLT, members of a larger family of Na+-dependent transporters, gene name SLC5A) (Wright, 2001); and by the facilitative Na+-independent sugar transporters (GLUT family, gene name SLC2A) (Mueckler, 1994; Uldry and Thorens, 2004). The GLUT protein family belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporters (Pao et al., 1998) being most of them able to catalyze the facilitative (energy-independent) bidirectional transfer of their substrates across membranes (Thorens and Mueckler, 2010). GLUTs are proteins composed of approximately 500 amino acids that possess 12 trans-membrane-spanning alpha helices and a single N-linked oligosaccharide (Joost and Thorens, 2001; Joost et al., 2002; Zhao and Keating, 2007; Augustin,
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