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CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME VIII MADHYA PRADESH PART VI VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS NO.6 JAITPURI TAHSIL & DISTRICT JAB,~LPUR G. N. TIWARI DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS OPERATIONS MADHYA PRADESH PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI-8 INDORE Government Regional Press 1965 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, MADHYA PRADESH (All the Census Publications of this State will bear Volume No. vm) :PART I .. General Report including Subsidiary Tables {in Sub-parts) PART II-A " General Population Tables :PART !I-B Economic Tables {in Sub-parts) PART II-C ·. Cultural and Migration Tables (in Sub-parts) I PART III · . ·. • • Household Economic Tables PART IV ·. • • Housing and Establishment Tables (in Sub-parts) (including Subsidiary Tables) and Report -PART V .. .. Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and (in Sub-parts) Scheduled Tribes PART VI ·. • • • • Village Survey Monographs (A separate Sub-part for each Village surveyed) PART VII ·. ·. • • Survey of Handicrafts of the State (A separate Sub-part for each Handi- craft surveyed) PART VIII-A ·. Administration Report-Enumeration PART VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation PART IX Maps CONTENTb Foreword i-iii tPreface v .chapter I.-The Village: 1- 8 Introduction--Climate Flora and Fauna- Size and number of Households -Residential pattern -Distribution of Houses and Castes-Communica,tions-History of settlement. .chapter II,-The People and Their Material Equipments:· 7-34 Ethnic composition and brief note on each group-Gonds-Endo­ gamy-Exogamy and Totemism-Kols-Legend of origin,-B/ndo­ gamous Divisions-Exogamy and Totemism-Kachhis-M ehra­ House-tpyes-Repairs-New Houses-Cost of Houses-Dress and Ornaments-Ceremonial Dress-Urban influence-Value of Orna­ ments-Tattooing-Household Possessions-Other Household Goods­ Food and Drinks-Vegetaria,ns-Delicious Dishes-Foods tabooed-- Drinking a,nd alcoholism-Life Cycle rituals-Birth-Gond-Birth­ Kol-Birth-Kachhi-Birth-M ehra-Additiona,l observations on birth­ Pre-puberty rites and attainment of puberty-Ma,rriage-Gond--Union of relations-Settlement of marriages-Additional observations about marriage-Chhemardaroo-Participation of other castes in a Gond marriage-Gauna ceremony-other type of marl'Lage-­ Widow re-marriage-Views about re-marriage-Lamsena or marriage by service-Divorce- Polygamy-In Kols-marriage­ Widow re-marriage and divorce-Kachhis-marriage-Gauna cere­ mony-Re-1narriage and divorce-Mehra-Marriage-Marriage-Ex­ penditure-Inter-caste contacts at marriage-Disposal of the dead and funeral ceremony; Gonds-Period of mourning-Treatment of persons suffering from Leprosy etc.-Other practices and beliefs­ beliefs in reincarnation-The Koorna-Kol-Kachhis-Mehra General. tChapter III.-Viliage Economy: 35-52 Econom ic Reso'llrces-Land-Forest-Livestock-Other reSOU1'ces­ Land Reforms-Industrialisation and trends of Urbanisation­ Development of Communications-Marketing of produce-Livelihood classes-Castes and Livelihood classes~Ownership of economic re­ source--Forest in village economy-Changes after abolition of malguzari-Government Forest-Ownership pattern of land-­ Grooping pattern-Animal husbandray-Primary and subsidiary occupations-MiLk-selling as subsidiary occupation-Seasonal Migra­ tion of Labour-Household-Industry-Trade and Commerce­ Traditional occupatio1ls-Kols-Kachhis..._Mehra.--Description of different occupations-Kodon-h'1'igation and use of fertilizers­ Indebtedness-Indebtedness by Causes-Indebtedness by c()m­ munities-Indebtedness by the length of debt and repayment­ Payment for Sen'ices in kind. ' 2 Chapter IV.-The People: A Demographic Study-Density of Population-Age-strucfJure and Sex-ratio-Diseases and Sickness-Literacy and EducCttion-Ex- planation of discrepancy. Chapter V.-Social Structure: 61-80' Caste Structure-Village Organisation-Other Go~'ernment Officials in village-Sociv-11 eligious Organisations-Administration of Justice in caste disputes-Kols-Leadership Pattern-Family Structure and Relationships-S;'ze of Households-Average size of family--Con­ stitution of average family-Intra-family relationship: web of family ties-Husband wife relationship-Father-in-law-daughter­ in-law 1'elationship-Daughter-in-la w-Mother-in-law relationship­ Father.... child relationship-Religions and sects-Worship of H1~ndu Gonds-Saint Thanthanpal of Jamunia-Animism in village; religion-BuTra Deo-T'iger worsh_ip in Rols-The Rabirpanthi Sect-Gaon Bandhana-Houscholrl Gods-Community Festivals a'Ytri Foirs-The Jawaras-Holi-Other fe.Jt£vl1l.:-Belief in mag',c (~nd witch craft-Common Superstitiol l.S alcd Omens-­ About diseases-Others-Dances, Songs and othe1' recreation­ Other recreations-Communications and level of Qu}Ureness­ Awareness of Development aldhorities-Attit~(des about Governmenf--Views about untouchability-Views about family­ planning-Views abOl(t statutory village Panchayats. ConclUSion 81' Bjbliography 82 Glossary LIST OF PLATES Plate No. Description Page lVo. Plate I Location of ~aitpuri village. Between pages vi & I Plate II Location of Jaitpuri in Madhya Pradesh. Between pages vi & 1 Plate III Jaitpuri hamlet-A Photograph. Facing page 2 Plate IV Jaitpuri hamlet-A sketch. Facing page 3 Plate V Kharharghat hamlet. Facing page 4 Plate VI Holera Deo. Between pages 4 & 1) Plate VII (i) The village well & (ii) The Gour river. Between pages 4 & 5 Plate VIII Kishora Gond, oldest man in the village. Facing page 8 Plate IX (i) A Gond girl & (ii) An old Gond woman. Facing page 9 Plate X (i) Kol children with B'hograj Kol & (ii) A group of Kol women. Facing page 10 Plate XI (i) House of Type I & (ii) Wooden stand for keeping metal and earthen pitchers of water. Facing page 14 Plate XII (i) A cattle shed & (ii) The maira. Between pages 14 & 15 Plate XIII (i) Villagers going about their business, 1 Between pages 14 & 15 (ii) A Kol house-Type II. f Plate XIV (i) Deothana or place of Gods, (ii) Threshing floor. Between pages 14 & 15 Plate XV 0) House of Type I & (ii) House of Type III .. Facing page 16 (madaiya or Jhopdi) Plate XVI (i) Decorative drawings on wall in a Kol house & (ii) Decorative designs on doorway of a Gond house. Facing page 17 Plate XVII Ornaments,: Facing page 18 Plate XVIII Tattooing designs. Facing page 19 Plate XIX (i) Earthen and Brass utensils in the Mehra house & (ii) Utensils in a Kol house. Facing page 20 Plate XX Cooking utensils. Between pages 20 & 21 Plate XXI Bhuttas being preserved by tying them on branches of tree. Between pages 20 & 21 Plate XXII (i) A bakhar in the field & (ii) Village cattle gra2..ing in the village waste. • Facing page 46 Plate XXIII (i) A Gond going to Bhita for selling milk & (ii) Headloads of fire-wood and bamboo being taken to Jabalpur market. Between pages 46 & 47 Plate XXIV A hal (plough). Between pages 46 & 47 Plate XXV A plough with its parts. Between pages 46 & 47 Plate XXVI Old Gond woman threshing Kodon Facing page 48 Plate XXVII Bringing headloads of harvested grain. Between pages 48 & 49 Plate XXVIII Average indebtedness per household in debt Between pages 48 & 49 Plate XXIX Percentage of households in debt to total households. Facing page 49 Plate XXX Indebtedness by causes and communities. Facing page 50 Plate XXXI Sex and age-structure. Faeing page 58 Plate XXXII A Shiv-ling in J aitpuri hamlet. Facing page 72 Plate XXXIII Other village Gods. Facing page 73 FOREWORD Apart from laying the foundations of demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-some times with nC} ~tatistics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to their conclusions.' In a country, largely illiterate, where litatistical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, an understanding of the social structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was happening around oneself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' of 'mathematical manipulation'. This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many bypaths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship, from anthropology and fiociology to geography and religion'. In the last few decades the Census has increasingly turned its efforts to' the presentation of village statistics. Thi.s suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand and decentralization on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation of the Census tradition to try :to invest the dry bones of village sta6stics with flesh-and-blood accounts o.f social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages' in every State for special study, where personal observation would be brought to' bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing alIld how fast the winds of change wen~ blowing and from ,,,here. Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of' villages selected statistically at random. The selection was avowedly purposive; the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those­ \--illages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in thE' past as to discover how', the more 'normal' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type stUdies which by virtue of their number' and distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going on and some· kind of a map of the country. A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A mllllmum of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately gE'ogrnphical, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of thirty­ five, the distribution was to be as follows:- (a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would contain one dominant community with one predominating occupation, e.g., fishermen, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers etc.
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    TRIBES, NOMADS AND 7 SETTLED COMMUNITIES ou saw in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 how kingdoms Yrose and fell. Even as this was happening, new arts, crafts and production activities flourished in towns and villages. Over the centuries important Fig. 1 political, social and economic developments had Tribal dance, taken place. But social change was not Santal painted scroll. the same everywhere, because different kinds of societies evolved differently. It is important to understand how, and why, this happened. In large parts of the subcontinent, society was already divided according to the rules of varna. These rules, as prescribed by the Brahmanas, were accepted by the rulers of large kingdoms. The difference between the high and low, and between the rich and poor, increased. Under the Delhi Sultans and the Mughals, this hierarchy between social classes grew further. Beyond Big Cities: Tribal Societies There were, however, other kinds of societies as well. Many societies in the subcontinent did not follow the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas. Nor were they divided into numerous unequal classes. Such societies are often called tribes. TRIBES, NOMADS AND 91 SETTLED COMMUNITIES 2021-22 Members of each tribe were united by kinship bonds. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter-gatherers or herders. Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived. Some tribes were nomadic and moved from one place to another. A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly, and divided these amongst households ? according to its own rules.
  • Tribes of India: the Struggle for Survival

    Tribes of India: the Struggle for Survival

    Preferred Citation: von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph. Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1982 1982. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8r29p2r8/ Tribes of India The Struggle for Survival Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1982 The Regents of the University of California To N. V. Raja Reddi and Urmila Pingle in memory of our journeys in tribal country Preferred Citation: von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph. Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1982 1982. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8r29p2r8/ To N. V. Raja Reddi and Urmila Pingle in memory of our journeys in tribal country Preface ― xi ― This book tells of observations among Indian tribal populations spanning the period from 1940 to 1980. Ever since 1936, when a study of the Konyak Nagas marked the beginning of my career as an anthropological field-worker, I have maintained contacts with Indian tribesmen. True, there were years when I concentrated on the study of the mountain peoples of Nepal, but even then I paid periodic visits to some of the tribal areas of India, and this enabled me to keep abreast of current developments. When in 1976 I retired from the Chair of Asian Anthropology at the University of London and could devote more time to fieldwork, I decided to undertake a systematic investigation of social and economic changes affecting the tribal societies which I had studied in the 1940s. A grant from the Social Science Research Council of Great Britain, as well as subsidiary awards from the Leverhulme Trust Fund and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, provided the material basis for this project, which included also the funding of parallel research by my young colleague Dr.
  • RGICS LEGISLATIVE BRIEF (January, 2017)

    RGICS LEGISLATIVE BRIEF (January, 2017)

    RGICS RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE FOR CONTEMPORARY STUDIES JAWAHAR BHAWAN, DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD ROAD, NEW DELHI-110001 RGICS LEGISLATIVE BRIEF (January, 2017) The Constitution Amendment (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2016 Jeet Singh Social Cluster RGICS legislative brief The Constitution Amendment (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2016 2 PART: I Key Messages The Constitutional Amendment (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2016 proposes to include 23 different communities of Assam, Tripura, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand in the list STs. Despite political consensus and approval of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribe and the previous government, the NDA government took more than two and half years to move this constitutional amendment Bill. Currently there are 210 proposals of different communities for inclusion in the list of STs pending with Central government for final approval. The Bill attempts to resolve only 12 out of 210 proposals seeking ST categorization. PART: II Introduction The introduction of ‘The Constitution Amendment (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2016’ in Lok Sabha in December 2016 by NDA government has brought good news for nearly 23 tribal communities. The Union Minister of Trabal Affairs Mr. Jual Oram while introduction of the Bill in the Lok Sabha said that the Bill has accepted some proposals of inclusion of few communities in the list of ST requested by five states governments- Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu and Tripura. The Bill reads, “the Bill seeks to include certain communities as well as addition of synonyms of communities in the existing lists of Scheduled Tribes.” For many of these communities, the demand of ST categorization is very old and they fought a long battle for their rightful due.