DOCSLIB.ORG

Acetonitrile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acetonitrile N port N N N COMMISSIO 839 E INT RESEARCH CENTRE EINECS No: 200-835-2 C EUR 19 EUROPEA JO acetonitrile C 3 H CAS No: 75-05-8 European Union Risk Assessment Re Protection 18 : Substances Priority List st European Institute for Health and Consumer 1 Bureau Chemicals Existing Volume European Chemicals Bureau European Union Risk Assessment Report CAS: 75-05-8 EC: 200-835-2 nitrile 18 aceto PL-1 European Union Risk Assessment Report ACETONITRILE CAS No: 75-05-8 EINECS No: 200-835-2 RISK ASSESSMENT LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa Server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002 ISBN 92-894-1275-5 © European Communities, 2002 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy ACETONITRILE CAS No: 75-05-8 EINECS No: 200-835-2 RISK ASSESSMENT Final Report, 2002 Spain Rapporteur for the risk evaluation report on acetonitrile is the Spanish Health Ministry. Competent Authority: Francisco Vargas Marcos Subdirección General de Sanidad Ambiental. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo Paseo del Prado 18-20 28014 Madrid (España) Contact person: Covadonga Caballo Diéguez Subdirección General de Sanidad Ambiental Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo Paseo del Prado 18-20 28014 Madrid (España) Working Group: Jose Luis Tadeo Lluch Jose Vicente Tarazona Lafarga Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. INIA Carretera de La Coruña Km 7 28040 Madrid (España) Ester Martin de Dios Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo Calle Torrelaguna, 73 28027 Madrid (España) Date of Last Literature Search: 1998 Review of report by MS Technical Experts finalised: 1999 Final report: 2002 Foreword We are pleased to present this Risk Assessment Report which is the result of in-depth work carried out by experts in one Member State, working in co-operation with their counterparts in the other Member States, the Commission Services, Industry and public interest groups. The Risk Assessment was carried out in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) 793/931 on the evaluation and control of the risks of “existing” substances. “Existing” substances are chemical substances in use within the European Community before September 1981 and listed in the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances. Regulation 793/93 provides a systematic framework for the evaluation of the risks to human health and the environment of these substances if they are produced or imported into the Community in volumes above 10 tonnes per year. There are four overall stages in the Regulation for reducing the risks: data collection, priority setting, risk assessment and risk reduction. Data provided by Industry are used by Member States and the Commission services to determine the priority of the substances which need to be assessed. For each substance on a priority list, a Member State volunteers to act as “Rapporteur”, undertaking the in-depth Risk Assessment and recommending a strategy to limit the risks of exposure to the substance, if necessary. The methods for carrying out an in-depth Risk Assessment at Community level are laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/942, which is supported by a technical guidance document3. Normally, the “Rapporteur” and individual companies producing, importing and/or using the chemicals work closely together to develop a draft Risk Assessment Report, which is then presented at a Meeting of Member State technical experts for endorsement. The Risk Assessment Report is then peer-reviewed by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) which gives its opinion to the European Commission on the quality of the risk assessment. If a Risk Assessment Report concludes that measures to reduce the risks of exposure to the substances are needed, beyond any measures which may already be in place, the next step in the process is for the “Rapporteur” to develop a proposal for a strategy to limit those risks. The Risk Assessment Report is also presented to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as a contribution to the Chapter 19, Agenda 21 goals for evaluating chemicals, agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This Risk Assessment improves our knowledge about the risks to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals. We hope you will agree that the results of this in-depth study and intensive co-operation will make a worthwhile contribution to the Community objective of reducing the overall risks from exposure to chemicals. 1 O.J. No L 084, 05/04/199 p.0001 – 0075 2 O.J. No L 161, 29/06/1994 p. 0003 – 0011 3 Technical Guidance Document, Part I – V, ISBN 92-827-801 [1234] V 0 OVERALL RESULTS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT CAS Number: 75-05-8 EINECS Number: 200-835-2 IUPAC Name: acetonitrile Environment Conclusion (ii) There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures beyond those which are being applied already. Conclusion (ii) applies to atmosphere. Conclusion (iii) There is a need for limiting the risks; risk reduction measures which are already being applied shall be taken into account. Conclusion (iii) applies to the aquatic, terrestrial ecosystems and microorganisms in the sewage treatment plant as a consequence of exposure rising from the use in the pharmaceutical industry. Human health Human health (toxicity) Workers Conclusion (ii) There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures beyond those which are being applied already. Conclusion (ii) applies to acute toxicity, irritation/corrosivity, sensitisation, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity for all occupational scenarios. Conclusion (iii) There is a need for limiting the risks; risk reduction measures which are already being applied shall be taken into account. Conclusion (iii) applies to general systemic toxicity as a consequence of dermal exposure arising from use as a solvent and as an intermediate. Consumers Conclusion (ii) There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures beyond those which are being applied already. Humans exposed via the environment Conclusion (ii) There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures beyond those which are being applied already. VII Human health (risks from physico-chemical properties) Conclusion (ii) There is at present no need for further information and/or testing and no need for risk reduction measures beyond those that are being applied already. Unintentional sources The risk assessment has identified other sources of exposure of the substance to humans and to the environment, in particular, the substance is produced during biomass burning and is present in automobile exhaust, which do not result from the life-cycle of the substance produced in or imported into the European Community. The assessment of the risks arising from these exposures are not part of the this risk assessment. The comprehensive Risk Assessment Reports as forwarded to the Commission by the Member State Rapporteur however provides information about these risks. VIII CONTENTS 1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION................................................................................................ 5 1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE ....................................................................................... 5 1.2 PURITY/IMPURITIES, ADDITIVES.................................................................................................. 5 1.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES .............................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Physical state at normal temperature and pressure (ntp) ............................................................... 5 1.3.2 Melting point ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.3 Boiling point.................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.4 Relative density ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.5 Vapour pressure............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.6 Water solubility ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.7 Partition coefficient (log n-octanol/water)..................................................................................... 6 1.3.8 Flash point ..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.9 Autoflammability........................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.10 Flammability.................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Use of Solvents for Pahs Extraction and Enhancement of the Pahs Bioremediation in Coal- Tar-Contaminated Soils Pak-Hing Lee Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Use of solvents for PAHs extraction and enhancement of the PAHs bioremediation in coal- tar-contaminated soils Pak-Hing Lee Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Pak-Hing, "Use of solvents for PAHs extraction and enhancement of the PAHs bioremediation in coal-tar-contaminated soils " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13912. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13912 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quaiity of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substeindard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlilcely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Method 8315A (SW-846): Determination of Carbonyl Compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
    METHOD 8315A DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of free carbonyl compounds in various matrices by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The method utilizes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) detection to identify and quantitate the target analytes. This method includes two procedures encompassing all aspects of the analysis (extraction to determination of concentration). Procedure 1 is appropriate for the analysis of aqueous, soil and waste samples and stack samples collected by Method 0011. Procedure 2 is appropriate for the analysis of indoor air samples collected by Method 0100. The list of target analytes differs by procedure. The appropriate procedure for each target analyte is listed in the table below. Compound CAS No. a Proc. 1b Proc. 2 b Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 X X Acetone 67-64-1 X Acrolein 107-02-8 X Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 X Butanal (Butyraldehyde) 123-72-8 X X Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 X X Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 X Decanal 112-31-2 X 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 5779-94-2 X Formaldehyde 50-00-0 X X Heptanal 111-71-7 X Hexanal (Hexaldehyde) 66-25-1 X X Isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 X Nonanal 124-19-6 X Octanal 124-13-0 X Pentanal (Valeraldehyde) 110-62-3 X X Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 123-38-6 X X m-Tolualdehyde 620-23-5 X X o-Tolualdehyde 529-20-4 X p-Tolualdehyde 104-87-0 X a Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number.
    [Show full text]
  • Acetonitrile
    Fact Sheet Acetonitrile What is Acetonitrile Acetonitrile is a toxic, colorless liquid with an ether-like odor and a sweet, burnt taste. It is an extremely dangerous substance and must be handled with caution as it can cause severe health effects and/or death. It is also known as cyanomethane, ethyl nitrile, ethanenitrile, methanecarbonitrile, acetronitrile cluster and methyl cyanide. Acetonitrile is easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames and gives off highly toxic hydrogen cyanide fumes when heated. It dissolves easily in water. It can react with water, steam or acids to produce flammable vapors that can from explosive mixtures when exposed to air. The vapors are heavier than air and can travel to low or confined areas. Containers of the liquid can explode when heated. Acetonitrile is used to make pharmaceuticals, perfumes, rubber products, pesticides, acrylic nail removers and batteries. It is also used to extract fatty acids from animal and vegetable oils. Before working with acetonitrile, employee training must be provided on safe handling and storage procedures. Pregnant women should avoid contact with acetonitrile. Exposure Exposure usually occurs in the industries where acetonitrile is produced or used. Though unlikely, the general population may be exposed by due to chemical spills, accidents or releases. It is also found in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. Acetonitrile changes to cyanide with the body. Route of exposure can occur by: . Breathing ─Inhalation of acetonitrile vapors can cause adverse health effects. Eating/Drinking ─Ingestion of acetonitrile is not a likely route of exposure due to its irritating effects. Skin/Eye Contact ─Acetonitrile vapors and liquids can be absorbed through the skin or eyes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Extractive Distillation System for Benzene-Acetonitrile Separation Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide As an Entrainer Bloch Sohil Y
    An Extractive Distillation System for Benzene-Acetonitrile Separation Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Entrainer Bloch Sohil Y. & Mehulkumar Sutariya Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat Email: [email protected] Unit System: Pressure-Kpa; Molar Flow-kg/hr; Other-SI Background Hydrocarbons like Acetonitrile and Benzene are important raw materials in the manufacturing of polymeric products and as a solvent. They often require high-purity Acetonitrile and Benzene. Acetonitrile is widely used mainly as a solvent in the purification of butadiene in refineries it is widely used in battery applications because of its relatively high dielectric constant and ability to dissolve electrolytes. For similar reasons it is a popular solvent in cyclic voltammetry. Acetonitrile plays a significant role as the dominant solvent used in the manufacture of DNA oligonucleotides from monomers.Industrially, it is used as a solvent for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and photographic film.The mixer of Acetonitrile and Benzene can not be seperated out by the simple distillation column because of the less difference between their boiling point (near 1.5 K) and same boiling point behaviour of azeotrope. Extractive Distillation of Close Boiling Compounds Extractive distillation is the method of separating close boiling compounds from each other by carrying out the distillation in a multiple columns in the presence of an added liquid or liquid mixture.1 This Liquid or Liquid mixture is known as extractive agent or entrainer. The presence of the entrainer alter the volatility of compounds and thus the degree of separation is increase with the same numbers of plate. This entrainer must have high boiling point than the compounds which are going to separated.
    [Show full text]
  • NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents As Trace Impurities
    7512 J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7512-7515 NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities Hugo E. Gottlieb,* Vadim Kotlyar, and Abraham Nudelman* Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel Received June 27, 1997 In the course of the routine use of NMR as an aid for organic chemistry, a day-to-day problem is the identifica- tion of signals deriving from common contaminants (water, solvents, stabilizers, oils) in less-than-analyti- cally-pure samples. This data may be available in the literature, but the time involved in searching for it may be considerable. Another issue is the concentration dependence of chemical shifts (especially 1H); results obtained two or three decades ago usually refer to much Figure 1. Chemical shift of HDO as a function of tempera- more concentrated samples, and run at lower magnetic ture. fields, than today’s practice. 1 13 We therefore decided to collect H and C chemical dependent (vide infra). Also, any potential hydrogen- shifts of what are, in our experience, the most popular bond acceptor will tend to shift the water signal down- “extra peaks” in a variety of commonly used NMR field; this is particularly true for nonpolar solvents. In solvents, in the hope that this will be of assistance to contrast, in e.g. DMSO the water is already strongly the practicing chemist. hydrogen-bonded to the solvent, and solutes have only a negligible effect on its chemical shift. This is also true Experimental Section for D2O; the chemical shift of the residual HDO is very NMR spectra were taken in a Bruker DPX-300 instrument temperature-dependent (vide infra) but, maybe counter- (300.1 and 75.5 MHz for 1H and 13C, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Stability Studies of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Organic Solvents and Identification of Their Transformation Products
    Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 17, No. 1 (2008), 17-24 Original Research Stability Studies of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Organic Solvents and Identification of Their Transformation Products D. Dąbrowska1, A. Kot-Wasik2, J. Namieśnik*2 1Polish geological institute, Central Chemical laboratory, warsaw, Poland 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, gdansk university of technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-892 gdańsk, Poland Received: May 7, 2007 Accepted: October 1, 2007 Abstract one of the problems in an hPlC laboratory is the preservation of samples and extracts prior to analysis without any changes. It has been found that degradation processes cannot be eliminated entirely, but they can be slowed down considerably. Photodegradation kinetics of fluorene, anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene were studied in various organic solvents. Solvents known as good media to store PAhs for a long time were selected with respect to avoid degradation. in the case of fluorene, 9-fluorenone and 9-hydroxyfluorene were detected as main photoproducts. Formation of anthraquinone and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone during the degradation of anthracene was observed. Benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-dihydrodiol and one of the isomers of hydroxy-BaP-dione as products of benzo(a)pyrene photodegradation have been identified. Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, photodegradation, degradation products, sample stability Introduction 4 or more rings and their metabolites, have a variety of mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on microorganisms, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAhs) are ubiq- plants and animals, and are classified as compounds with uitous contaminants originating from natural and anthro- significant human health risks [6]. pogenic pyrolysis of organic matter such as forest fires, In the environment, primary removal processes of low automobile exhaust, coal and oil refining processes.t heir molecular weight PAhs are microbial degradation and abundance and persistence in several polluted environ- evaporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sep-Pak Xposure Aldehyde Sampler
    [ CARE CARE AND AND USE USE MANUAL MANUAL ] ] Sep-Pak XPoSure Aldehyde Sampler CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION I. INTRODUCTION Waters Sep-Pak® XPoSure™ Aldehyde Samplers are convenient, a. Sep-Pak DNPH-Silica Cartridge Description reproducible sampling devices for quantifying formaldehyde concentrations in the workplace and indoor air within a range of II. USING THE SEP-PAK XPOSURE 0.001 to 5 parts per million (ppmv). ALDEHYDE SAMPLER a. Theory of Operation b. Preventing Contamination c. Collecting the Sample d. Eluting the Derivatives from the Sampler III. ANALYZING THE DNPH DERIVATIVES a. Theory of Operation b. Preventing Contamination c. Collecting the Sample d. Calculating Results IV. APPLICATION EXAMPLES a. Formaldehyde in Laboratory Air - STEL b. Glutaraldehyde in Laboratory Air – STEL V. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF THE SAMPLERS a. Storing Unused Samplers b. Storing Exposed Samplers c. Disposing of used cartridges VI. TROUBLESHOOTING VII. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY VIII. ORDERING INFORMATION IX. APPENDICES a. Appendix A: Measuring Acetontrile Purity b. Appendix B: Synthesizing the DNPH-Derivative Standards c. Appendix C: Measuring Breakthrough d. Appendix D: Useful Conversion Factors d.1. Carbonyl to Hydrazone Conversion Factors d.2. Equation for converting µg/L to ppmv d.3. Conversion Factors: µg/L to ppmv [ CARE AND USE MANUAL ] [ CARE AND USE MANUAL ] a. Sep-Pak XPoSure Aldehyde Sampler Description II. USING THE SEP-PAK XPOSURE and Features ALDEHYDE SAMPLER ■■ Sep-Pak XPoSure Aldehyde Samplers contain acidified a. Theory of Operation 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH)-coated silica, packed Sep-Pak XPoSure Aldehyde Samplers trap aldehydes in air by in Waters Sep-Pak Plus cartridges. reacting them with acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH), ■■ The samplers are constructed from high-purity and high- forming stable hydrazone derivatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Acetonitrile
    NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM Technical Report Series No. 447 TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF ACETONITRILE (CAS NO. 75-05-8) IN F344/N RATS AND B6C3F, MICE (INHALATION STUDIES) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health FOREWORD The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is made up of four charter agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health; the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control. In July 1981, the Carcinogenesis Bioassay Testing Program, NCI, was transferred to the NIEHS. The NTP coordinates the relevant programs, staff, and resources from these Public Health Service agencies relating to basic and applied research and to biological assay development and validation. The NTP develops, evaluates, and disseminates scientific information about potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals. This knowledge is used for protecting the health of the American people and for the primary prevention of disease. The studies described in this Technical Report were performed under the direction of the NIEHS and were conducted in compliance with NTP laboratory health and safety requirements and must meet or exceed all applicable federal, state, and local health and safety regulations. Animal care and use were in accordance with the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals. The prechronic and chronic studieswere conducted in compliance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, and all aspectsof the chronic studies were subjected to retrospective quality assurance audits before being presented for public review.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Science
    Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue A mechanistic study of proton reduction catalyzed by a pentapyridine cobalt complex: evidence for Chem. Sci. Cite this: , 2013, 4, 1578 involvement of an anation-based pathway† Amanda E. King,a Yogesh Surendranath,a Nicholas A. Piro,ae Julian P. Bigi,ae Jeffrey R. Long*ad and Christopher J. Chang*abce 2+ The pentapyridine cobalt complex [Co(PY5Me2)] and its congeners have been shown to catalyze proton reduction to hydrogen in aqueous solution over a wide pH range using electrical or solar energy input. Here, we employ electrochemical and spectroscopic studies to examine the mechanisms of proton reduction by this parent complex under soluble, diffusion-limited conditions in acetonitrile with acetic acid as the proton donor. Two pathways for proton reduction are identified via cyclic voltammetry: one pathway occurring from an acetonitrile-bound CoII/I couple and the other pathway operating from an acetate-bound CoII/I couple. Kinetics studies support protonation of a CoI species as the rate- determining step for both processes, and additional electrochemical measurements further suggest that the onset of catalysis from the acetonitrile-bound CoII/I couple is highly affected by catalyst electronics. Received 14th December 2012 Taken together, this work not only establishes the CoPY5Me unit as a unique molecular platform that Accepted 12th February 2013 2 catalyzes the reduction of protons under soluble, diffusion-limited conditions in both aqueous and DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22239j organic media, but also highlights the participation of anation processes that are likely relevant for a www.rsc.org/chemicalscience wide range of hydrogen-producing and related catalytic systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Inspired Design: Bulk Iron–Nickel Sulfide Allows for Efficient Solvent-Dependent CO2 Reduction
    Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Bio-inspired design: bulk iron–nickel sulfide allows for efficient solvent-dependent CO reduction† Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2019,10,1075 2 a ab b a All publication charges for this article Stefan Piontek, Kai junge Puring, Daniel Siegmund, Mathias Smialkowski, have been paid for by the Royal Society Ilya Sinev,c David Tetzlaff,a Beatriz Roldan Cuenya d and Ulf-Peter Apfel *ab of Chemistry The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to valuable bulk chemicals is set to become a vital factor in the prevention of environmental pollution and the selective storage of sustainable energy. Inspired by structural analogues to the active site of the enzyme CODHNi, we envisioned that bulk Fe/Ni sulfides would enable the efficient reduction of CO2. By careful adjustment of the process conditions, we demonstrate that pentlandite (Fe4.5Ni4.5S8) electrodes, in addition to HER, also support the CO2RR Received 10th August 2018 reaching a peak faradaic efficiency of 87% and 13% for the formation of CO and methane, respectively at Accepted 5th November 2018 À2 3mAcm . The choice of solvent, the presence of water/protons and CO2 solubility are identified as DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03555e key-properties to adjust the balance between HER and CO2RR in favour of the latter. Such experiments rsc.li/chemical-science can thus serve as model reactions to elucidate a potential catalyst within gas diffusion electrodes. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Introduction HER or CO2RR activity usually depends on the process condi- tions applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Acetonitrile Safety Data Sheet According to Federal Register / Vol
    Acetonitrile Safety Data Sheet according to Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations Issue date: 06/22/2009 Revision date: 10/13/2020 Supersedes: 09/21/2016 Version: 1.3 SECTION 1: Identification 1.1. Identification Product form : Substance Substance name : Acetonitrile CAS-No. : 75-05-8 Product code : LC10460 Formula : C2H3N Synonyms : ACE / acetic acid nitrile / cyanomethane / ethane nitrile / ethyl nitrile / methane carbonitrile / methyl cyanide 1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use Use of the substance/mixture : Laboratory chemical Solvent Chemical raw material Pesticide: intermediate product Stabilizer Catalyst 1.3. Supplier LabChem, Inc. 1010 Jackson's Pointe Ct. Zelienople, PA 16063 - USA T 412-826-5230 - F 724-473-0647 [email protected] - www.labchem.com 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 or +1-703-741-5970 SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS US classification Flammable liquids Category 2 H225 Highly flammable liquid and vapor Acute toxicity (dermal) Category 3 H311 Toxic in contact with skin Full text of H statements : see section 16 2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements GHS US labeling Hazard pictograms (GHS US) : Signal word (GHS US) : Danger Hazard statements (GHS US) : H225 - Highly flammable liquid and vapor H311 - Toxic in contact with skin Precautionary statements (GHS US) : P210 - Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, hot surfaces. - No smoking. P233 - Keep container tightly closed. P240 - Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. P241 - Use explosion-proof electrical, ventilating, lighting equipment. P242 - Use only non-sparking tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    METHOD NUMBER: C-002.01 POSTING DATE: November 1, 2017 POSTING EXPIRATION DATE: November 1, 2023 PROGRAM AREA: Seafood METHOD TITLE: Screening and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seafoods Using QuEChERS-Based Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection VALIDATION STATUS: Equivalent to Level 3 Multi-laboratory validation (MLV) AUTHOR(S): Samuel Gratz, Angela Mohrhaus Bryan Gamble, Jill Gracie, David Jackson, John Roetting, Laura Ciolino, Heather McCauley, Gerry Schneider, David Crockett, Douglas Heitkemper, and Fred Fricke (FDA Forensic Chemistry Center) METHOD SUMMARY/SCOPE: Analyte(s): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene Matrices: Oysters, shrimp, crabs, and finfish The method provides a procedure to screen for fifteen targeted parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and provides an estimate of total PAH concentration including alkylated homologs in oysters, shrimp, crabs, and finfish. PAHs are extracted from seafood matrices using a modified QuEChERS sample preparation procedure. The method utilizes High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD) for the determination step. This procedure is applicable to screen a variety of seafood matrices including oysters, shrimp, finfish and crab for the presence of parent PAHs and the common alkylated homologs due to oil contamination. This method was originally developed and validated in response to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. REVISION HISTORY: OTHER NOTES: Method was originally posted on November 1, 2017. It was approved for re-posting by the Chemistry Research Coordination Group for 3 years in December 2020.
    [Show full text]