DOCUMENT RESUME

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AUTHOR Ismail, Margery; And Others TITLE : A Workshop Report on the Educational System and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States. PIER World Series. INSTITUTION American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, Washington, D.C.; NAFSA Association of International Educators, Washington, DC. REPORT NO ISBN-0-929851-75-7 PUB DATE 95 NOTE 104p. AVAILABLE FROM PIER Publications, P.O. Box 231, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701; fax:(301) 206-9789 (members $35, non-members $60). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS -Academic Standards; Certification; College Admission; College Credits; College Curriculum; Curriculum Design; *Degrees (Academic); Educational History; Elementary ; Foreign Countries; Foreign Students; Grading; Higher Education; Institutional Characteristics; Intellectual Disciplines; International Educational Exchange; Professional Education; Records (Forms); *Student Placement; Student Records; *Transfer Students IDENTIFIERS *Bulgaria

ABSTRACT The report presented here, the result of a workshop in Bulgaria with the cooperation of Bulgarian educators, provides information on the educational system of that country, primarily for use in student placement in U.S. schools. A brief introductory chapter gives background information on the country, its geography, resources, population, and history. The second chapter outlines the country's educational history, with emphasis on changes since 1990. Chapter 3 describes and elementary, and in more detail, secondary education. Chapter 4, on higher education, provides some recent history and information on administration, financing, faculty, institution types, admission, academic year, credentials awarded, examinations, grading, credits, transfer, student records, foreign students, and adult and . A chapter is devoted to specialized and professional curricula in a number of disciplines. Guidelines for United States college admissions officers concerning placement and recognition of credentials are offered in Chapter 6. Appended materials include a list of higher education institutions, sample record forms and documents, notes on the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials, a Bulgarian-English glossary, key to Cyrillic transliteration, and a brief bibliography. (Contains 14 references). Contents are indexed. (MSE) PIER World Education Series

I Bulgaria

WORKSHOP

REPORT

1995

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers BEST COPY AVAILABLE NAFSA: Association of International U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of and Improvemenl "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCETHIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN Educators EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) AACRAO 0 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality

Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- TO THE EDUCATIONAL ment do not necessarily represent official RESOURCES OEM position or polity INFORMATION CENTER(ERIC)." 2 PIER World Education Series Bulgaria A Workshop Report on the Educational System and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States

Margery Ismail PIER Workshop Director Purdue , West Lafayette, Indiana Arunas Alisauskas Associate Director and Co-Editor Mount Royal College, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Caroline Aldrich-Langen Workshop Co-Editor California State University, Chico, California Report Jindra Divis Netherlands Organization for 1995 International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC)

Jeannette File-Lamb Educational Testing Service

Ronald Paddack University of Central Oklahoma

Margarita Sianou World Education Services, Inc.

A Projects for International Education Research (PIER) publication sponsored by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers/ AACRAO, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and The College Board

Washington, DC

Placement Recommendations Approved by the National Council 3 on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bulgaria: a workshop report on the educational system and guide to the academic placement of students in educational institutions in the United States: workshop report 1995/Margery Ismail...(et al). p. cm. (PIER world education series) "A Projects for International Education Research (PIER) publication sponsored by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers/AACRAO, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and The College Board." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-929851-75-7 1. EducationBulgariaCongresses. 2. Education, HigherBulgaria Congresses. 3. School management and organizationBulgaria Congresses. 4. School grade placementUnited StatesCongresses. 5. College creditsUnited StatesCongresses. 6. School creditsUnited StatesCongresses. I. American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers. II. NAFSA: Association of International Educators (Washington, D.C.) III. College Entrance Examination Board. IV. Series: World education series. LA952.B82 1995 370' .94977dc20 95-43819 CIP

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers One Dupont Circle, Suite 330 Washington, DC 20036-1171 TEL: 202/293-9161 FAX: 202/872-8857

NAFSA: Association of International Educators 1875 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20009-5728 TEL: 202/462-4811 FAX: 202/667-3419

The American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, founded in 1910, is a nonprofit, voluntary professional education association of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, government agencies, private educational organizations, and education-oriented businesses. Its goal is to promote higher education and further the professional development of members working in admissions, enrollment management, financial aid, institutional research, records, and registration. NAFSA: Association of International Educators is a nonprofit membership association that provides training, information, and other educational services to professionals in the field of international educational exchange. Its 6,500 members, from the United States and more than 50 countries, make it the largest professional membership association concerned with the advancement of effective international educational exchange in the world. ©1995 American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers and NAFSA: Association of International Educators. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from AACRAO or NAFSA. Copies of this and other volumes in the World Education Series may be obtained by contacting PIER Programs (202/462- 4811). Ordering information and a list of currently available PIER publications can be found on the last pages of this book. Contents List of Illustrations V Preface VII Acknowledgments VIII Chapter 1. Introduction The Country 1 Geography 1 Resources 2 Population 2 History 2 Chapter 2. Overview of the Bulgarian Educational System History 3 The Pre-1990 System 3 Structure 3 Administration and Finance 4 Features Proposed Beginning in 1990 4 The 1992 White Paper 5 Finance 5 Structure of the System 5 Types of Schools 5 Academic Year 6 Grading 6 6 Chapter 3. Preprimary, Primary, and Secondary Education Preprimary Education 8 Primary and Secondary Education-Pre 1990 8 Primary Education 8 Secondary Education 8 Primary and Secondary Education- Proposed 10 Beginning in 1990 Primary Education 10 Secondary Education 12 Academic Secondary Education 13 Secondary "Professional"/Technical Education 13 Tekhnikum 13 Matriculation Examinations and Leaving Certificates 14 Chapter 4. Higher Education Recent History 16 Proposals for Higher Education Beginning in 1990 16 Administration 17 Financing 17

III Faculty Rank, Organization, and Academic Titles 17 Types of Institutions 18 Semi-Higher Institutes 18 18 Higher Institutes 18 Postsecondary Private Education 20 Admission 20 Academic Year 20 Structure and Credentials Awarded 20 Examinations 22 Grading System 22 Credits 23 Transfer 23 Academic Documentation 23 Foreign Students 23 Adult and Non-formal Education 23 Chapter5. Specialized and Professional Programs Agriculture and Forestry 24 Business and Economics 25 Communications 25 Engineering and Technical Education 26 Health and Medical Professions 26 Allied Health Fields 26 Dentistry (Stomatology) 27 General Medicine 27 Nursing 28 Pharmacy 28 Veterinary Medicine 29 Law 30 Performing and Fine Arts 32 Teacher Training 33 Theology 36 Tourism 36 Chapter 6. Guidelines for Admissions Officers General Advice 37 The Role of the National Council on the Evaluation of 38 Foreign Educational Credentials Guide to the Understanding of Placement Recommendations38 Council Commentary 39 Placement Recommendations 41 Appendix A. Higher Educational Institutions Semi-Higher Institutes 45 Universities 47 Higher Institutes 49

IV Appendix B. Sample Documents (see listing below) 57 Appendix C. National Council on the Evaluation of 76 Foreign Educational Credentials Glossary 77 Key to Cyrillic Transliteration 79 Bibliography 80 Index 81 Ordering WES Publications 85 Illustrations Figures 1.1 Map of Bulgaria X 1.2 Bulgarian Educational System Structure (Beginning 1990) 7 Tables 2.1 Secondary Level Enrollment In Bulgaria (1970-1990) 2.2 Secondary Education: Staffing, Enrollments, and Expenditures (1990-1991 School Year) 6 3.1 Standard Curriculum: General Academic Education, Primary & Secondary (SOU) 11 3.2 Standard Secondary "Professional"/Technical School Program/SPTU 14 3.3 Standard Tekhnikum Program 15 4.1 Curriculum at Semi-Higher Institute in Microelectronics at , Subject: Electrical Engineering on Electronics and Computers 19 Documents (Appendix B) 57 1 Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie /DZSO (Diploma of Completion of Secondary Education, with translation) 58 2 Diploma za Sredno Obrazovanie (Diploma of Secondary Education from an ESPU, with translation) 60 3 Tekhnikum Diploma (with translation) 62 4a and 4b Svidetelstvo za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Certificates of Semi-Higher Education) 64 5 Diploma za Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher Education, 66 with translation) 6 Diploma za Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher Education) issued to foreign students,with translation) 68 7 Diploma za Kandidat na Naukite (Candidate of Science, with 70 translation) 8 Svidetelstvo za Spetsializatsia (Certificate of Specialization [Postgraduate], with translation) 72 9 Diploma of Requalification in Teacher Training (Ministry of Culture Teacher's Institute, , with translation) 74 Projects for International Education Research Committee

AACRAO Members Chair: William H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Margery J. Ismail, Director Emerita of International Student Services, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Sylvia K. Higashi, Assistant Dean, College of Continuing Education and Community Service, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI NAFSA Members Kathleen Sellew, Research and Professional Development, Office of International Education, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Patricia Parker, Assistant Director of Admissions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Cynthia Fish, Assistant Director of Admissions, CUNY- Baruch College, New York, NY The College Board Member Sanford C. Jameson, Director, International Education Office, The College Board, Washington, DC

Ex-Officio Members Without Vote AACRAO-Wayne E. Becraft, Executive Director, AACRAO, Washington, DC NAFSA-Naomi Collins, Executive Vice President & CEO, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Washington, DC

Observers Agency for International Development-Dale E. Gough, Director, AACRAO- AIDIOffice of International Education Services, Washington, DC United States Information Agency-Mary Reeber, Chief, Advising and Student Services Branch, Office of Academic Programs, USIA, Washington, DC

Staff AACRAO-Henrianne K. Wakefield, Assistant Executive Director Communications, AACRAO, Washington, DC NAFSA-Linda H. Callihan, Program Manager, Field Services; Jeanne-Marie Duval, Senior Director, Educational Programs, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Washington, DC

8 This volume in the World Education Series (WES) isa workshop report of the structure and content of the educational system of Bulgaria, together with a formal set of placement recommendations based upon the research of the workshop team. The placement recommendations have been reviewed and officially approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. Each WES volume is published in accordance with standards of independent academic research and does not seek to advance any domestic or international political aim. The World Education Series is published by PIER (Projects for Internation- al Education Research), a committee of appointed representatives from the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and the College Board. PIER was formed in 1990 with the merger of two long-standing com- mittees; the World Educatidn Series Committee of AACRAO and the PIER Committee of AACRAO and NAFSA. The members of the PIER Committee during the research and development of this volume are listed on the opposite page. PIER is charged with research and dissemination of information on edu- cational systems throughout the world, for use in the admission and placement of students and scholars in educational institutions in the United States. In addition to publishing reports on these systems, PIER develops workshops and seminars on international credentials evaluation. Four types of publications make up the World Education Series: full country studies, workshop reports, special reports, and working papers. The PIER Committee oversees the selection of topics, authors, and reviewers. Among the topics covered are levels of education, institutions, admission and program re- quirements, grading systems, credentials awarded, and study abroad programs. Placement recommendations, when included, are approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. For more in- formation concerning the National Council and its members, see page 38. Information and an order form for currently available PIER volumes can be found on the last two pages of this volume.

William H. Smart, Chair

9 VII Acknowledgments

The PIER workshop on Bulgaria provided a unique opportunity to visita country wrestling with the many challenges arising from the political and economic changes that followed the overthrow of the Communist-led govern- ment in 1990. This was an especially exciting time to meet with Bulgarian colleagues, to visit their institutions, and to listen to their plans and hopes for the future as they strive to reshape the educational environment into a freer and less vocationally driven mold. It was also a difficult time to undertake a workshop to study the country's educational system, for, although a draft was being prepared, a new Education Law had not been enacted by Parliament. Economic problems threaten to limit the implementation of many of the proposed reforms, such as extending the period of compulsory education and upgrading the physical facilities at all levels. There appeared to be a great deal of interest in restructuring the Bulgarian educational system along more Western European lines, but the debate is ongoing as to the most suitable model. In the midst of this atmosphere of change and even ferment, our goal has been to present the most accurate and current information available to us at the time of the workshop in spring 1993.

Given the intense nature of this project, we were very appreciative of the warm welcome extended to us by the many educators with whom we met and talked. We are especially grateful to the rectors and staffs of the universities and institutes, and the directors of the schools we visited, for giving so generously of their time to meet with us and answer our questions. They are too numerous to name here, but we wish them well as they continue to plan for the future.

There are certain persons without whose assistance the workshop could not have taken place and to whom we wish to pay tribute. The task of planning and organizing the workshop visit would not have been possible without the generous help and support provided by the U.S. Embassy staff in , most especially by Mr. Mark Dillen, Cultural Affairs Officer, and Ms. Kathy Schallow of the United States Information Service (USIS). Their help in establishing contacts with the appropriate officials at the Ministry of Education and Science was invaluable, and we are deeply appreciative.

We are also indebted to Dr. Jordan Stoychkov, Director of the Department of International Cooperation at the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, and to his staff and colleagues for the time spent in assisting us. We make special mention also of Dr. Stoychkov's assistant, Ms. Kalinka Glaveva, who handled all of the logistics for the team visits around the country and in Sofia. Everyone enjoyed knowing and working with her. We also wish to thank the Open Society in Sofia, particularly Mr. George Prohasky, the Executive Director, and Ms. Ilyana Gulycheva, Educational Advisor, for their generosity in providing meeting space and computer support in Sofia.

For their help in translating credentials and other material and in clarifying some of the details of the Bulgarian educational system, we wish to thank Dr. Dania] Bonchev, Rector of the New University at Burgas; Dr. Zoya Avramova, Research Scientist, Purdue University; and Dr. P.J. Georgeoff, Associate Dean, School of Education, Purdue University.

Support for the PIER workshop to Bulgaria was generously provided by the United States Information Agency, the Graduate Management Admissions Council, the Graduate Record Examination Board, the TOEFL Policy Coun- VIII 10 cil, the College Board, Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc., the Interna- tional Education Research Foundation, and the Association of Registrars of the Universities and Colleges of Canada (ARUCC). Our special thanks to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute for providing meeting space in Munich for the initial orientation and for the debriefing and writing period at the end of the workshop. All of us extend an extra special measure of thanks to Dr. Duncan Perry, Deputy Director, for providing an historical introduction to the region and for being a most gracious host.

We acknowledge with gratitude the expert help and advice throughout the project of Jeanne-Marie Duval and Linda Callihan of NAFSA: Association of International Educators, of Henrianne Wakefield of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, and of N. Taylor Gregg of The Braintree Group. We also thank Rebecca Dixon and William Smart, past chairs of the PIER Committee, as well as PIER committee members for com- missioning the workshop and for all their support.

This publication represents the cooperative effort of an enthusiastic, dedicated, and hard-working team of professional colleagues. For their tolerance and fortitude, we thank them. We also thank their institutions for granting them the release time to participate in the workshop: Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC), Educational Test- ing Service, University of Central Oklahoma, and World Education Services, Inc. We very much appreciate the interest of the European Association of International Education (EAIE), which, in a first for EAIE, funded an observer to our PIER workshop, Jindra Divis of NUFFIC, whose presence added a valuable dimension.

Finally, a sincere thank you to a very special person, Caroline Aldrich-Langen, who stepped in late in the project as co-editor, and whose expertise and hard work have enabled us to complete this project.

Margery Ismail Arunas Alisauskas December 1994

Margery Ismail is Director Emerita of International Student Services, Purdue University. She has served as a member of the Admissions Section, NAFSA: Association of International Educators (1989-1991) and as Chair of the Admissions Section for Region VI (1987-1989). As an AACRAO member she served on the International Student Research Committee (1988-1989), as the representative to PIER (1991-1994) and as the Chair of the International Committee, Indiana Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (1988-1989). She was the recipient of the Distinguished Student Services Award from Purdue University (1992) and the Purdue Residence Hall Award of Excellence as a Faculty Fellow (1993). PIER publications include "Yugoslavia Work- shop Report" (team member), "The Educational System of the United Kingdom Workshop Report" (team leader for secondary education), and Bulgaria and " Workshop Reports (Director and Co-Editor).

Arunas Alisauskas is Registrar and Director of Admissions, Mount Royal College, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He was previously Director of Admissions, The University of Calgary, and Admissions Officer, Faculty of Applied Sciences (Engineering) and the School of Business, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. He received his BA degree from Loyola College of Montreal and his MA from The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. He participated in the PIER Workshop on Central America (1986-1987). He has served on the WES and PIER Committees, the Management Board of the Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials (CICIC), and the Advisory Committee for the Alberta International Qualifications Assessment Service.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE IX 11 Map: Bulgaria Chapter 1 Introduction

The Country The rapid break-up of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the late 1980s was quickly followed Bulgaria belongs to that region of southeasternby the collapse of Communist Party control in Europe that is popularly known as "the ."Bulgaria and a call for democratic elections, as Historically, this area has been in an unenviablewell as a change from a centrally controlled to a geopolitical positionwith the Turkish Ottomanfreer market economy. Elections have been held Empire extending along the southern border, theand the indications are that Bulgaria is moving Russian Empire to the north and east, and thetowards a more liberal economic system, albeit Austrian-Hungarian Empire to the north and west,with many problems and uncertainties still to be the Balkans have traditionally been subjected toaddressed. strong political and cultural pressures and influ- ences from all three directions. In addition, moreGeography distant European powers such as Great Britain, Mountains cover three-quarters of Bulgaria's France, and Germany vied for influence in thesurface area and define its topography, which is area from the 1870s until the end of World War II.dominated by a C-shaped elevated arc whose open The term "Balkanization" was coined to expressend faces the littoral. The northern crest the type of fragmentation and disruption that hasof this arc is formed by the Balkan mountain characterized this region for centuries. range, from which the entire region derives its Today, Bulgaria has three immediate neigh-name. This range overlooks a relatively narrow bors along its southern perimeter: Turkey, Greece,plain along the river to the north, while, to and the emerging state of Macedonia. The formerthe west, the 6,000-foot-high Yugoslav state of Serbia adjoins Bulgaria's westernextend into Serbia. The Rhodope mountain range, border; and along the north, the Danube Riverwhich forms the southern crest of this C-shaped forms much of the lengthy natural and politicalarc, blocks easy access to Greece and the Aegean boundary with Romania. The Black Sea washesSea. The central portion of the arc, however, is Bulgaria's eastern coastline and offers a more directdrained by the Maritsa River, which eventually gateway to the Ukraine and Russia. flows through Greece into the Aegean Sea. This Although Bulgaria does not share a commoninterior region is characterized by a high plateau in land border with Russia or the former Union ofthe west, with several basins or depressions. With Soviet Socialist Republics, traditionally there havethe exception of the larger Maritsa River valley, a been very close cultural and political ties withseries of ridges and small valleys sloping gradually Russia and, subsequently, with the .to the Black Sea coast gives rise to quite rugged The Bulgarian and Russian peoples share a similarterrain. As a consequence, human settlements tend Slavic language, a common , and ato be concentrated in pockets within the valleys similar Orthodox faith. In addition, Russia playedand depressions, the largest being the one around the dominant political, military, and diplomaticthe capital city of Sofia. role in the achievement of Bulgarian autonomy Bulgaria has a more extreme, continental type within the in 1878 and theof climate thanitssouthern latitude might achievement of formal independence from Turkeyindicate. The winters are cold and damp, while in 1908. Four decades later, Soviet troops "liber-summers generally tend to be hot and dry. The ated" the country from German occupation towardsmountain ranges that encircle the populated inter- the close of World War II. The Bulgarian mon-ior areas block the penetration of the ameliorating archy was formally abolished in 1946 and, there-winds from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlan- after, a political and economic system modelledtic Ocean, which would serve to temper the closely on that of the Soviet Union was introduced.polarizing influence of the Eurasian landmass.

14 Chapter 1

The Black Sea coast is another significant area of Resources urban development, where the ports and modern Until after World War II, the Bulgarian econ-resort cities of Varna (with over 300,000 inhabitants) omy remained predominantly agrarian and quiteand Burgas (approximately 200,000 inhabitants) traditional in its structure and organization. Intens-have become increasingly important. ive subsistence farming with relatively high pro- Approximately 85% of the inhabitants of the ductivity and a few cash crops such as sugar beets,country are ethnic , who form the dom- rose essence, and dairy products characterizedinant linguistic and cultural group. There is, how- much of the social and economic life of theever, a significant minority of Turks who account country. Industrial development received a greatfor about 8% of the total population. The Romany impetus in the post-war period, however, as agri-people (gypsies) make up approximately 3% of the culture was collectivized and a series of five-yearinhabitants, while the remainder consists of small- plans were implemented. er concentrations of Greeks, Russians, and Armen- This resultedinthe exploitation of theians. country's coal and lignite deposits, iron ore, and some petroleum, as well as the development of aHistory nuclear energy program. Food processing and the The territory now known as Bulgaria was textileindustry were expanded,whilethesettled by Slavic peoples in the sixth century. manufacture of heavy machinery became anThey were invaded by a Turkic group known as important specialization. Since 1948, when onlythe Bulgars in the latter part of the seventh century. 18%oftheworkforcewasengagedinAlthough assimilation by the Slays occurred, the non-agricultural occupations, the percentage hasBulgars left their imprint on the region in the name risen until 80% are now employed in the industrialof the present day country of Bulgaria. The region and service sectors of the economy. Before 1989,fell under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, which Bulgaria's major trading partners were within thein turn was conquered by the Ottoman Turks at Soviet bloc. Since that time, however, joint ven-the end of the fourteenth century. There followed tures with western companies and attempts to at-the period known in Bulgarian history as "the dark tract more capital have resulted in increased tradenight" when the Ottoman yoke fell heavily on the with western European countries but also an un-native peoples. However, the arts, literature, and favorable balance of payments as the demand forarchitecture flourished under the Ottomans and the imported goods has risen. Bulgarians were able to maintain an identity Population through these media during the 500 years of occupation. With the help of Russia and Romania, Bulgaria's current population numbers close tothe Ottoman Turks were defeated in 1878 and the 9 million. With approximately 210 inhabitants perautonomous state of Bulgaria was established in square mile, the country has a very low density for1885 with boundaries similar to the present day. Europe. Until the 1950s, most of the inhabitants A desire for an outlet to the Aegean Sea has lived in the countryside, but rapid industrializationmade for uneasy relations with its neighbors since since that time has spurred urban growth so thatthe organization of the Bulgarian state. This was two-thirds of the population (approximately 6the major motivation behind the government's million) are now officially classed as urban. alignment with Germany during both world wars, With a population of well over 1 million, Sofia,leading to defeat twice in this century. The USSR Bulgaria's capital, is by far the largest city. Themarched into Bulgaria in September 1944 and other major urban centers are (with overseized power from the ruling coalition. Succeeding 350,000 inhabitants), (over 150,000governments were organized along Soviet lines and inhabitants) in the center of the country, and RuseBulgaria was closely allied with the USSR until (approximately 190,000 inhabitants) in the north.the events of 1989 brought this period to a close.

15 2 FA& Chapter 2 Overview of the Bulgarian Educational System

History According toArticle 53 of the Constitution, "citizens have the right to free education in all The first schools were established in the ninth cen-kinds and levels." tury by Cyril and Methodius, inventors of the The downfall of the Communist regime in Cyrillic alphabet, and their students. In 1393, with 1989 was only the beginning of profound changes the defeat of the Bulgarians at Turnovo, the regionin Bulgaria. During the years 1990-1992 major came under the occupation of the Ottomanchanges took place in the educational system of Empire. While education was well developed inthe Republic of Bulgaria. The Law of School the pre-Ottoman era, during the Ottoman occupa-Education, passed by the National Assembly on tionit went through a period of decline andOctober 10, 1991, and several legal acts passed arrested development, though it did not cease toduring the years 1991-1992, outline certain of the exist. Schools attached to monasteries continued toglobal aims of education: "Mastering of the basics teach the Bulgarian culture. Independence fromand the general regularities of human know- Ottoman rule came in 1878. Education developedledge... Adopting universal and national values, rapidly in the young nation-state. Compulsory edu-virtues and culture... of individuality and stim- cation, 3 years of schooling for all children, wasulating its creative potential... Mental, physical, introduced in 1878. This period of compulsoryand social development preparation for a healthy schooling was increased to 4 years in 1884 and 7way of life." years in 1922. The University of Sofia was founded The changes inthe Bulgarian education in 1888 with one faculty (chartered in1909), system that were proposed and envisioned in 1990 followed by institutions such as the Nationalwere still not in place by early 1994. Therefore, in Library (1878) and Art Academy (1896), amongthis volume, the features of the system are denoted others. While the educational achievements of thisas either "pre-1990" or "proposed beginning in period were impressive, the Balkan Wars and1990." (See Table 2.1 for a comparison of sec- World Wars I and II had a tremendous impact onondary-level enrollments from 1970 through 1990.) the socio-economic development, not only of Bulgaria but of the entire region. In September 1944 a Socialist coalition cameThe Pre-1990 System to power and the People's Republic of Bulgaria During 1981-1982, 1,498,932 individuals were was founded. The post-1944 system of educationenrolled in all levels of education. During the became a responsibility of the State and the entiresame year 23,243 students were accepted by system was completely reorganized in 1949, elim-tertiary-level institutions, and a total of 15,541 inating all religious influences. At the tertiary levelstudents graduated from those institutions. the following subjects were introduced into the curriculum: Principles of Marxism-Leninism, His- Structure tory of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, and Dia- The system of education was organized to lectical and Historical Materialism. provide the following educational stages: According to the Constitution adopted in 1971, Preprimary education (for children between 3 the legal basis of the system of education in theand 6 or 7 years of age). Republic of Bulgaria derives from Article 45, Primary education (8 years of study and com- which states: "Every citizen has the right to freepulsory for all children) divided into elementary education in all grades and types of educational(grades 1 through 3), and pregymnasium or inter- establishments, under conditions determined bymediate (grades 4 through 8). law... education is secular, democratic and progres- Secondary education (3 or 4 years of study, sive inspirit...schools belong tothe State." grades 9 through 11 or 12).

16 3 Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Secondary Level Enrollment In Bulgaria (1970 -1990) Number Of Students 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Enrolled in secondary schools 100,949 116,586 97,089 163,417 152,683 Enrolled in vocational schools 283,203 286,995 248,775 211,148 241,498 Earned secondary certificate 93,954 118,041 97,791 98,184 97,138 Admitted to higher education 18,434 21,402 16,452 24,331 31,205 Source: Ministry of Education and Science, Bulgaria

Higher education (2 or more years of study)Assembly. Public expenditure on education for offered by non-university semi-higher institutes (2-1988 was 4.4% of the GNP. to 3.5-year programs) and universities or higher institutes (4 or more years of study). Features Proposed Beginning In 1990 The recent political developments in Eastern Types of Institutions Europe have had an enormous impact on the Education was offered in the following types ofentire region. Since 1917 in the Soviet Union, and institutions: after World War II in the rest of the countries of the so-called Eastern Bloc, education was under the Detski yasli (creches) auspices of the state and based on a set of common Detski gradini ( and for principles believed to define socialist education. children 3 to 6/7 years old) These earlier principles included eradication of Edinno sredno politekhnichesko uchilishte/ESPU illiteracy;"massification" of education at the (general polytechnical schools offering the secondary level, making it universally available to entire elementary/secondary cycle of all students; emphasis on polytechnical education education, 11 years of schooling) at the secondary level; and introduction of Marxist- Poluvisshi instituti (semi-higher institutes) Leninist ideology in education. Particular focus Visshi instituti (higher institutes, schools, was placed on polytechnical education, adopted academies) from the Soviet paradigm. The main objective of Universiteti (universities). this principle was the linking of education with life outside the classroom and in particular with Administration and Finance the world of labor. It denoted the utilitarian aspect Education was coordinated by three bodies:of socialist education and its orientation towards the Ministry of Education, the Council of Higherthe demands of a planned economy in terms of Education, and the Regional Inspectorates. Theindustrial and scientific personnel, qualifications, dominant characteristic of the entire system ofand the shaping of work attitudes. education was its high degree of centralization. The collapse of the governing Communist The Ministry of Public Education, headed by theregime in Bulgaria led to the collapse of highly minister, was the most important administrativecentralized, state-controlled structureseconomic, body in the country with regard to preprimary,social, and political. It is within this context that, primary, and secondary education. Among itsbeginning in 1990, not only the government but many functions and responsibilities were curriculartheentirenation-stateembarked onthe and text development and teaching methodology,tremendous task of redefining its economic and as well as ensuring the teaching of ideology. Thepolitical structures and institutions. One of the first ministry approved the basic curricula and programsdecisions of the newly elected government was to of study, supervised the writing of textbooks, estab-establish a Ministry of Education and Science lished entrance and graduation requirements, de-(known briefly in 1992-1993 as the Ministry of termined national standards and procedures forEducation, Science, and Culture) by merging the teacher employment, and established or closedexisting Ministry of Education (general education) primary and secondary level schools. andtheMinistryof ScienceandHigher Education was financed by thenationalEducation. The new ministry has been estab- budget. The Finance Planning Section of thelished as a "body for developing and carrying out Ministry of Public Education assembled theState policy in the sphere of education and budget for review and approval by the Nationalscience... It will participate in the drafting and

4 1 '1 Overview of the Bulgarian Educational System ordination of the national strategy for the develop-enormous changes. On thestructurallevel, ment of education and science ... implementationalthough changes have been implemented, they of State directives regarding education... has theare peripheral in comparison to those calling for re- authority to open and close State and municipalthinkingtheentirephilosophy,aims, and schools at all levels of education, as well as sci-objectives of the system. entific organizations." It is responsible for every aspect of primary and secondary education in- Finance cluding the development in detail of curricula, pro- Public expenditure on education was approx- grams, textbooks and materials, and teachingimately 7% of the GNP during 1993, a 2.5% methodology. In this respect, the system remainsincrease since 1988. The percentage was equal to centralized, since the Ministry controls the de-that for public health. Funding for education cision-making process. Teachers are consultedcontinues to be public, provided by the Ministry of only for their opinion regarding whether or not theyEducation and Science, by other ministries, and think the curriculum will overwhelm the students.also from localbudgets through community Furthermore, teachers are permitted to use othercouncils. texts and materials beyond those prescribed by the Classroom sizeis approximately 18 to 26 Ministry only after they have incorporated all thestudents, and special classes for gifted children are prescribed materials into their instruction. not larger than 13 students. (See Table 2.2, The Central Department or "State School"Secondary Education: Staffing, Enrollments, and Inspectorate" at the Ministry is still in control ofExpenditures," for additional information on fac- the entire secondary system of education in termstors considered in determining public expenditures of its organization, management, and policy imple-on secondary education in Bulgaria after 1990- mentation. On the regional level, the functions of 1991.) coordination and control are assigned to 28 regional inspectorates of education, which report directly to Structure of the System the Central Department. They, in turn, implement The system of education is currently organized the State's educational policy in their respectiveto provide the following educational stages: regions. Preprimary education (for children between 3 and 6 or 7 years of age). The 1992 White Paper Basicorprimaryeducation (8 years of In 1992, the government published a whitecompulsory schooling for all children) divided into: paper on education, which gives a review ofjunior education (grades 1-4) and presecondary educationandscienceandcontainsdataeducation (grades 5-8). published for the first time in Bulgaria. The Secondary education (4 or 5 years of schooling, statistical information confirmed the extremely lowgrades 9 through 12 or 13). shareof financesallocatedtoeducation. Higher education (2 or more years of study) Furthermore, the white paper was an attempt tooffered by non-university semi-higher institutes (2- address and answer issues such as the State's roleto 3.5-year programs) and universities or higher in the processes of educational management, theinstitutes (4 or more years of study). modes of financing, the extent of autonomy of various educational institutions, and the nature of Types of Schools new curricula and programs. Part of the reforms In an attempt to decentralize the system of included in the white paper, and since theneducation, the basic types of schools are now being approved by Parliament, dealt with accreditation ofdesignated as follows: state-owned, municipal, and tertiary-leveland researchinstitutions,theprivate. Private education is a new phenomenon in establishment of new coordinating bodies such asBulgaria, marking a major departure from pre-1990 the Supreme SchoolCouncil,theNationalstate policy that forbade its development at all Council of Scientific Policy, and the Nationallevels of education. Private secondary schools were Parents' Board, among others. The establishmentestablished in Bulgaria after 1990. Children study- of these central, coordinating bodies reflects theing in private schools pay fees for their education objective of the Ministry to begin the process ofand the amount is determined by the individual decentralization and CO move toward autonomy forinstitution. The state, however has financial re- educational institutions. sponsibility for school materials for all students Finally, while research and institutionaluntil they complete the compulsory cycle of educa- autonomy are the focus of the reforms at the tertiarytion. Although these schools are autonomous, they level, secondary education similarly is undergoingare under the control of the Ministry of Education

5 18 Chapter 2 Table 2.2 Secondary Education: Staffing, Enrollments, and Expenditures (1990-1991 School Year) Educational Level Students Teachers Teachers Per 100 Students 1. Schools Of General Academic Education (SOUs) A) Primary Grades 1-4 335,306 28,392 8.5 B) Primary Grades 5-8 622,735 42,475 6.8 C) Secondary Grades 9-12 152,665 9,873 6.5 2. Vocational Schools A) Vocational-Technical Schools (PTUs) Course 1-3 2,631 64 2.4 B) Secondary "Professional"/Technical (SPTUs) Course 1-3 113,139 6,602 5.8 C) Tekhnikums (Technical Schools) Course 1-4 125,728 10,865 8.6 3. Number Of School Days: 158 to 170 4. Number Of School Classes: 658 to 972 5. Financial Provisions In The 1991 Budget (Excluding Inflation): 2,300,000 BulgarianLevas 6. English Language Teachers: 1,200 Source: Ministry Of Education, Bulgaria

in terms of licenses to operate and curricula taught.(secondary level of education) provided by the Finally, given that private education is an entirelyMinistry of Education and Science, Department of new phenomenon, currently in existence for lessSecondary Education, isas follows: 6 (8%), 5 than 3 years, it is very difficult to predict its future(34.5% to 35.5%), 4 (34.5% to 35.5%), 3 (15%), 2 or even to attempt to assess its present status. (5% to 8%), 1 (1% to 4%). Academic Year Adult Education The academic year for primary and secondaryThe Law on School Education in the Republic of education in Bulgaria consists of 158 to 170 schoolBulgaria provides that "everyone may exercise his days and runs from mid-September through theright to education regardless of age." Citizens end of May, or in some cases the middle of June.above compulsory school age (14-15 years) have the During 1990-1991 a 5-day school week was intro-right to study in the evening, part-time, by duced. The academic year for tertiary-level institu-correspondence, and in an individual form of tions runs from mid-September to the end of June. education. Education in all these forms is free of The language of instruction is Bulgarian, al-charge at institutions organized and maintained by though primary school children of ethnic minoritiesstate or municipal authorities: are taught their mother tongue in special classes. Evening education is lecture-based for working Grading individuals who have interrupted their study. Part-time education is based on partial atten- The grading system used is the same for alldance at lectures. It is a combination of day edu- levels:1 to 6, with 6 the highest mark and 3 thecation and individual education, e.g., individuals minimum passing mark. may interrupt their work for certain periods of time. Education,I Correspondence is not lecture- 6- Otlichen (excellent) based. Students receive the necessary materials 5- Mnogo dobur (very good) and assignments by correspondence. Uponcom- 4- Dobur (good) pletion of the educational level they sit for the 3- Sreden (sufficient) matriculation examinations. 2- Slab (poor) Individual education consists entirely of inde- 1- Losh (bad) pendent study withperiodicconsultations Grade promotion is on the basis of continuousprovided by the schools. Examinations at all levels assessment during the course of the academic year.are prepared, administered, and graded by the The mark distribution for the sredno obrazovanieschools. 6 /9 Overview of the Bulgarian Educational System Bulgarian Educational System Structure (beginning 1990) r Kandidat na Naukite Postgraduate Education Doktor na Naukite

1 Diploma za (Zavarsheno) Visshe Obrazovanie

Diploma za (Zavarsheno)Poluvisshe 4 Universities 3 and Higher Institutes Semi-Higher 2 2 Institutes 19

Diploma za (Zavarsheno) Sredno Obrazovanie Kvalifikatsiran Rabotnik

Language Stream * 13

12 12 12 Specialized 11 11 11 11 General gimnasiyal Tekhnikum 10 gimnasiya/ 10 SOU 10 SPTU 10 9 SOU 9 9 9

Svidetelstvo za Zavarsheno Osnovno Obrazovanie

14 8

13 7

12 6 Progimnasiya (Presecondary Education)

11 5

10 4 9 3 Nachalno Obrazovanie (Junior Education) 8 2 7 1

6 5 4 Preprimary Education 3 2 1

Age Year in School

Proposed Educational System Structure figure by Caroline Aldrich-Langen and Braintree Source: Adapted from Bulgarian Ministry of Science and Education material

20 7 Chapter 3 Preprimary, Primary, and Secondary Education

Preprimary Education the humanities. Most importantly, however, the aim of polytechnical education from the first grade Preprimary education for children between ages 3on was to link education with labor, including and 6 or 7 years is provided by creches (detski yasli)summer practical training, patterned after the and kindergartens (detski gradini). Attendance isSoviet paradigm. Thus, labor and production voluntaryineithercase.Preprimaryandsubjectswereofferedduringprimary and teachers are trained primarily at 2-yearsecondary levelsof education.Inaddition, semi-higher teacher training institutes (poluvisshivocational technical training was provided by uchitelski instituti). institutions specifically designed for this form of Creches function primarily as day care centerseducationSPTUs, tekhnikum, and PTUs. The for infants (children under 3 years of age) ofnumber of students enrolled in these schools working parents.Day-long kindergartens areduring the 1980s was approximately 25% of the attended for 12 hours a day by children whosetotal student enrollment. parents are at work. The aim of the system at this stage is not to teach children to read or write, but to Primary Education learn fromoralinstructiononly. The only Primary education (Osnovno Obrazovanie) was exception is preparatory classescompulsory for all children ages 7 to 15, and lasted for children of ethnic minorities whose mother8 years. This level of education was organized into tongue is other than Bulgarian, that is, Turkish,two stages: grades 1 to 3 offered at primary schools Armenian, or the Romany language of the gypsies. (nachalno uchilishte), and grades 4 to 8 offered at Kindergarten education is part of the nationalintermediate schools (progimnasiya). Instruction in system of education butisnot compulsory.grades 1to 3 consisted of approximately 22-23 Although a voluntary minimal fee has always beenhours of weekly instruction for a total of 32 weeks. charged, since 1989 the amount has increasedIt consisted of Bulgarian language, simple arith- substantially and is now required. As a result, themetic, knowledge of the motherland, art, physical number of children attending kindergartens haseducation, and polytechnical learning (related to decreased. An additional reason for the rather lowlabor and production). Instruction in grades 4 to 8 attendance is the limited number of kindergartens.consisted of approximately 24 to 30 hours of This type of education remains largely an urbaninstruction weekly for a total of 34 weeks. In phenomenon. addition to the above, the curriculum included Primary and Secondary Education physics, chemistry, Russian, a western language, Pre 1990 biology, history, and geography. Promotion and/or graduation was determined by the teachers on the Primary and secondary education was providedbasis of continuous assessment during the aca- in the unified or general polytechnical schooldemic year and did not require a final examin- (edinno sredno politekhnichesko uchilishte /ESP U), anation. Students completing the 8-year primary/ 11-year polytechnic institution. The ESPU servedintermediate cycle were awarded the Svidetelstvoza as a mass for the majority ofZavarsheno Osnovno Obrazovanie (Certificate of Bulgarian children from grades 1 through 11. TheCompleted Primary Education). aim and philosophy of the system was to provide students with general and polytechnical education Secondary Education combined with fundamental moral, physical, and Students completing the 8-year primary cycle aesthetic training. In the general education com-of education could continue their studies inone of ponent, particular emphasis was placed on thethe following four types of secondary education natural and mathematical sciences as well as on(Sredno Obrazovanie) institutions:

8 21 Preprimary. Primary, and Secondary Education

Unified or general polytechnical schools (Edinnospecialists in Russian and in several Western sredno politekhnichesko uchilishte /ESPU) languages,primarilyEnglish,German, and Secondary "professional"/technical schools French. Students were admitted to these schools (Sredno profesionalno tekhnichesko on the basis of competitive examinations. The pro- uchilishte /SPTU) gram of study lasted 5 years after completion of Technical schools (Tekhnikum) grade 7, except for those schools using Russian as Professional technical schools (Profesionalno- the language of instruction, where courses were of tekhnichesko uchilishte/PTU) 4 years' duration. The first year was devoted to preparatory study inthe chosen language of Unified or general polytechnical schools(Edin-instruction,followed by 4 yearsof regular no sredno politekhnichesko uchilishtelESPU)- Theresecondary school (3 in the schools using Russian as were three types of ESPUs: general (includingthe language of instruction). The curriculum was mathematics), foreign language, and fine and per-generally similar to that of the general poly- forming arts. technical schools, with the exception that most of The first type of general education polytech-the curricular material used and most of the in- nical school was the gymnasium (gimnasiya). Gym-struction and classroom discussions were in the nasium programs were instituted in the 1930s,foreign language of the school. Graduates of this abolished in 1952, and reinstituted with the re-type of school were awarded the same DZSO forms that began in 1990. They were university-diploma as those who were completing the general preparatory in nature; their aim was to provide stu-polytechnical schools. dents with a high level of general education and The third type of ESPU, Polytechnical Schools intensive polytechnical training at the same time.of Fine and Performing Arts, provided training in Admission required the successful completion ofmusic, ballet, and the plastic arts. Admission written examinations in mathematics and the Bul-followed completion of primary education and was garian language. on the basis of audition. The program of study at Students received approximately 30 hours ofthe secondary specialized music schools lasted 4 weekly instruction (a total of approximately 34years, for a total of 12 years of study, and students weeks for the academic year) in the same subjectswere instructed in theory of music and various taught during the previous stage. Emphasis wasaspects of performance in addition to the general placed on the teaching of Bulgarian philology andeducation component. Training in the plastic arts history, mathematics, and physical and naturalwas also provided by gimnasiya, which offered a 4- sciences, as well as polytechnical training. Uponyear program of study. Successful graduates of completion, students who had no grade lower thanthese programs were awarded the DZSO and could 3 during grade 11 could sit for a series of finalcontinue their studies in tertiary-level institutes of examinations (oral and written) in five subjectsfine arts. (e.g.,mathematics,Bulgarianlanguage and Secondary "professional"/technical schools history, Russian, physics, and chemistry). Students(Sredno profesionalno tekhnlchesko uchillshte/- successfully completing the examinations wereSPTU)- The SPTUs, established during the aca- awarded the Diploma za ZavarshenoSrednodemic year 1965-1966, trained students in certain ObrazovanielDZSO (Diploma of Completed Secon-skilled occupations that required polytechnical dary Education), which qualified the holder to sitinstruction and general education. Technical edu- for university entrance examinations. Before 1974cation was obligatory during the entire 3-year the DZSO was known as the Zrelostno Svidetelstvoperiodinareasof technology (mechanical, (Maturity Certificate). Students with no mark lowerelectrical, construction, metallurgical, transporta- than 3 during the entire secondary cycle oftion, communications, chemical), agriculture, com- education were exempted from the examinations,merce, and office training, among others. Admis- with the exception of the writtenpartsinsion required completion of grade 8, and the pro- mathematics and inthe Bulgarian language.gram of study was generally 3 years (or longer). Students who opted not to sit for the examinationsAlthough the emphasis of SPTU programs was on or failed them were awarded a Svidetelstvo (Cer-technical education, number of hours devoted tificate) of completion of study. This credentialto general education ws\ indeed considerable, and enabled the holder to study at a trade school forthe curriculum included\Bulgarian history, lan- lower-level or middle-level technicians. guage, and literature; matheTatics; physics; chem- Foreign language polytechnical schools were aistry; and physical educatio, Yearly promotion second type of ESPU, established after World Warwas on the basis of performan ce during the course II. The main objective was thetraining ofof the academic year.

9 22 Chapter 3

Upon completion of the program, students werecontinuing their education in the area of their required to sit for the written and oral maturityspecialization; 15% of all graduates were admitted examinations in the Bulgarian language and ininto higher technical institutes. Graduates were mathematics, and a qualifying examination in thealso eligible to enter the labor market in the particularareaoftechnicalspecialization.profession as a trained qualified worker. Successful candidates were awarded the Diploma Professional technical schools (Profesionalno- za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie /DZSO (Diploma Tekhnichesko Uchilishte/PTU)-These schools oper- of Completed Secondary Education) and a certif-ated at the level of trade schools, and were icate `Kvalifikatsiran Rabotnik' (`Qualified Worker'). designed to train skilled workers for industry and The certificate of qualification entitled the holderagriculture. The PTUs provided vocational training to enter the workforce in the area of specialization.at a lower level than the secondary professional/ Students completing SPTU programs were eligibletechnical schools (SPTUs) and the tekhnikums. for admission into tertiary-level institutions. They either operated independently or were at- Technical school (Tekhnikum)-Another type oftached to a tekhnikum or specific branches of indus- school that provided technical education was thetry and agriculture. Admission to these schools re- tekhnikum, designed to train intermediate-levelquired completion of primary education (8 years of technicians in certain areas of industry such asschooling). The duration of the course of study was construction, agriculture, transportation, commerce, 1or 2 years of study, according to the type of and the medical fields. Admission to a tekhnikumtraining, with emphasis on the development of program was open to students who had completedpractical skills rather than general education. Upon primary or secondary education. For day students,completion, students were awarded a Svidetelstvo the length of the program was 2 or 4 years, depend-(Certificate) indicating completion of vocational ing on the cycle of education previously com-training, which was a terminal award and gave pleted. For evening and extramural students, theaccess to employment only. length of the program was 3 or 5 years depending Due to the nature of the program, there was no on the cycle of education previously completed.articulation between PTU programs and other Thus, graduates of 8 years of primary educationforms of technical education (SPTU and Tekhnik- were admitted into 4-year tekhnikum programs that,um). Thus, PTU graduates wishing to continue in addition to the vocational training, incorporatedtheir education could only apply for admission into general education courses corresponding to thoseSPTUs and Tekhnikums and had to complete the taught by polytechnical schools. The generalentire cycle of education. Although during the education component comprised one-third of the1960s and early 1970s the PTUs served as one of entire program of study. Graduates of 12-year gener-the most popular means for vocational training, al secondary polytechnical schools who wished tothey have been gradually phased out since the late specialize in a vocational course were able to com- 1970s. plete the program in 2 years, having been exempt- ed from the entire general education component ofPrimary and Secondary Education the curriculum. This route was pursued by stu-Proposed Beginning In 1990 dents who were not admitted to tertiary institu- tions. Primary Education In order to graduate from a tekhnikum, students Primary education (OsnovnoObrazovanie), had to pass the oral and written maturity exam-which is compulsory and free, lasts 8 years for all inations in Bulgarian and in mathematics. Inchildren between ages 6 and 14-15. It is divided addition, during the final year of the tekhnikuminto two stages of 4 years each, junior education course, students either sat for a State examinationand presecondary. Children are enrolled at age 6 or or submitted a project dealing with a problem in7 according to their parents' wishes, although age 7 the particular area of specialization. Finally, allis closer to the norm. The schools operate on a 5- tekhnikum graduates had to complete a period ofday week for a total of 180 days of instruction. In practical training in their particular area. Uponview of the limited number of schools, classes are successful completion of all the requirements, aoffered both in the morning and in the afternoon. Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie /DZSOEvening schools offer programs of study for was awarded along with the Udostostoverenie zaemployed individuals. Poluvissha Tekhnicheska Praktika (Certificate of Qual- Junior Education (Nachalno Obrazovanle)-Stu- ification as a Technician) in the area of special-dents in grades 1 through 4 receive approximately ization. Tekhnikum graduates were eligible for ad-22-25 hours of weekly instruction, consisting of the mission toalltertiary institutions, with mostsystematic teaching of reading and writing, basic

10 23 Preprimary. Primary. and Secondary Education arithmetic, natural and social sciences, and arts., which are taught by different (See Table 3.1.) According to the objectives defin-teachers. First grade students obtain an average ed by the Ministry of Education and Science, dur-mark at the end of the academic year, and stu- ing this stage special attention is paid to the phys-dents in grades 2 to 4 are awarded marks only at ical and aesthetic growth of the children as well asthe end of the year. Upon completion of junior to the acquisition of technical skills. All subjectseducation theSvidetelstvo za Zabvoorshen KlasIV are taught by one teacher only, except art and(Certificate of Completion of Grade 4) is awarded. Table 3.1 Standard Curriculum: General Academic Education, Primary & Secondary (SOU) Grade in School 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (without (with pro- Primary professionalfessional preparation) preparation) Hours per Week 31 32 32 34 34 34 34 34 36 36 30 30 Block A: General Compulsory Instruction 1. Bulgarian Language and 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 5 4 3 4 3 Literature

2. Russian Language 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2* 3. Western Language 2 3 3 3 2 2 4. Mathematics 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4

5. Computer Science 1 1 1 6. Physical and Chemical 2 Phenomena

7. Physics and Astronomy 2 2 3/2 2 It 1 8. Chemistry 2 2 3/2 2

9. Knowledge of Nature 1 1/2 2 10. Biology 2 2 2 2 2

11. Knowledge of Motherland 1 1 1 2/1 12. History 2 2 2 2 2 2 13. Geography 2 2 2 2 0/2 2

14. Psychology 1 15. Ethics and Philosophy 3 3

16. Fine Arts 2/1 2/1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1/0

17. Music 1/2 1/2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0/1 18. Physical Culture 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

19. Working-polytechnical 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Training Total Block A: 20 20 22 24 27 28 30 30 28 28 12 9 Block B: Elective Compulsory Instruction 2 2 13 16 Total Blocks A+B 20 20 22 24 27 28 30 30 30 30 25 25 Block C: Optional Instruction 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 * In the 11th grade the students are required to study one foreign language- Russian or western by choice. t The school hour noted for physics and astronomy in the 11th grade is planned forastronomy, but it is to be intro- duced in academic 1991/1992 year. Source: Ministry of Education and Science

24 11 Chapter 3

Presecondary Education (Progimnaslya)-Stu-following types of institutions: dents in grades 5 through 8 receive approximately 30 hours of weekly instruction. Since all subjects General education school (Sredno obshtoo are taught by subject specialists, each subject is obrazovatelno uchilishrelSOU) incorporating taught by a different teacher. It is during this stage the gymnasium (gimnasiya), both of which that students are introduced to more systematic provide general and specialized academic and sequential knowledge in Bulgarian language training and history, mathematics, natural and physical as Secondary "professional"/technical school well as social sciences, and art. The study of a (Sredno profesionalno tekhnichesko uchilishte/ foreign language is also introduced in grade 5 (see SPTU), which provides technical Table 3.1). Promotion is on the basis of perform- education ance during the course of the academic year. Upon Technical school (Tekhnikum), future completion of grade 8, students must sit for the uncertain primary education examinations in the Bulgarian language and mathematics. Upon successful com- Teachers at this level of education are trained pletion of the 8-year cycle, the Svidetelstvo zaat pedagogical institutes or universities. However, Zavarsheno Osnovno Obrazovanie (Certificate ofuniversity qualifications are required for teachers of Completed Primary Education) is awarded. general education subjects (see Chapter 5, Teacher The majority of students who complete the pri-Training). mary cycle of education continue their education Proposals for the future are that secondary at the secondary level. Only 15% to 18% of grade 8education will be provided by only two types of graduates do not pursue further studies. Further-schools and programs, general academic (the more, the Ministry intends to increase compulsorySO Us) and technical (the SPTUs), both of which education to include grade 9 for all children up towill be highly specialized and university prepara- age 16. tory. Articulation-According to the Law on School Secondary Education Education, articulation between the different types Structural Reforms-In March of 1990 the newof institutions exists. However, because of the government reestablished the gimnasiya, whichspecialized nature of the programs, students must previously existed as part of the ESPU, as generalsit for special examinations if, for example, they academic secondary schools. This type of school,wish to transfer from tekhnikum to gimnasiya pro- classic and real gimnasiya patterned after thegrams. German and French , had been Curricular Reforms-According to the July 1992 abolished in 1952. The unified or general poly-National Report of the Republic of Bulgaria on the technical school (edinno sredno politekhnicheskoDevelopment of Education, the secondary cur- uchilishtelESPU) has been reestablished as thericulums are structured into three basic blocks: secondary school for general education (sredno Block A: General Compulsory Instruction obshtoo obrazovatelno uchilishte /SOU). It currentlyincludes the necessary and sufficient minimum provides 11 to 12 years of general education withknowledge in sciences and culture and humanities optional vocational/technical training during thethat every student in a Bulgarian school should eleventh year. The length of secondary level studyacquire. At the secondary level, this block con- is 3 to 4 years beyond completion of primary edu-stitutes from 50% to 80% of the compulsory weekly cation. However, the Ministry of Education andprogram. The general compulsory instruction block Science intends to increase the required length ofis determined by the Ministry and is compulsory study to 4 to 5 years in the future. Technical andfor every school curriculum regardless of the kind is still provided by the secon-of school and level of education. This block is dary "professional"/technical schools (sredno profes-essential for the award of the respective credential ionalno tekhnichesko uchilishte /SPTU). Thus, as a re-upon completion of the level or stage of education. sult of the reforms there are currently three types ofFurthermore, this block, with a permissible reduc- institutions available: gimnasiya, SOU, and thetion of 20%, should also be present in the cur- SPTU. Finally, while the tekhnikum still providesriculum of independent (private) schools. Only technical training, its future has not yet been deter-under this condition do the private schools have mined by the Ministry. the right to award the DZSO. In summary, as of 1993 students completing Block B: Compulsory Elective Instruction the 8-year primary/intermediate cycle of educationprovides for specialization at the secondary level of could continue their education in one of theeducation and is implemented in three variants.

12 25 Preprimary. Primaiy. and Secondary Education

First Variant: to prepare for further study at thephilosophy (grade 11); music (grades 9-10); and tertiary level in specific subjects, secondary stu-physical education and technology (grades 9-10). dents choose 3 or 4 subjects from Block A and mayIn grade 11 students may choose to study a sit for additional maturity examinations in thosetechnical subject from one of the following options: subjects, in addition to the compulsory maturitymachine operator, construction worker, or electri- examinations (Bulgarian language and mathe-cian. In addition, they have the option to select matics). These students receive the DZSO. two to four subjects that must be studied in detail Second Variant: certain streams in a school(one or two in grades 9 and 10, and at least three in specialize in distinct fields of science and culture,grade 11) chosen from sociology, logic, law, and e.g., natural sciences and mathematics, human-aesthetics. (See Table 3.1.) ities, languages, sports, art, and so forth. In these Specialized academic secondary education- classes students receive systematic instruction inAnother type of secondary education offered at the field of specialization at a level high enough togimnasiya and SOUs is specialized and university- give them the opportunity to continue their educa-preparatory in nature. The length of the program is tion in this field. The students sit for matriculation4 years (grades 9 to 12), and students can specialize examinations in two of the main subjects of theinthefollowing streams:science(physics, specialization and in the two compulsory subjects.chemistry,andmathematics),humanities, The specialization is recorded on the DZSO. languages (English, French, German, Italian, Third Variant: entire secondary schools spe-Russian, Spanish, Far Eastern, and Oriental), art, cialize in certain fields. Typical are secondaryand sports. Admission follows completion of the schools specializing in science and mathematicsprimary cycle of education. Students who wish to with further specializations in physics, chemistry,study in the language stream may also be admitted and biology, and language schools with furtherupon completion of grade 7. The length of the specializations in foreign languages. Professionalprogram is 5 years, the first being preparatory. In (technical) secondary schools are of the same type,addition, to be admitted to these programs special where, in addition to the general compulsoryexaminations are required in the subject of instruction (Block A), students acquire training inspecialization. In the subjects of their particular technology, economics, agriculture, etc. Studentsstream, students undertake a more intensive in these schools sit for exams that lead to the awardprogram, both in depth and in breadth, while for of the DZSO, and also receive the Udostoverenie zathe rest of the subjects they cover the ordinary Poluvissha Tekhnicheska Praktika. It is this block thatrequired minimum. provides the flexibility of the curriculum and deter- mines the specific features of secondary education. Secondary "Professional"/Technical Education Block C: Optional Instruction provides for the The educational reforms beginning in 1990 did fulfillment of individual interests and needs of stu-not affect the Sredno ProfesionalnoTekhnichesko dents. Until recently this type of instruction wasUchilishte /SPTUs, which continue to provide tech- regulated by the Ministry, but now is left entirelynical education to Bulgarian youth. Admission to to the schools. Different subjects and activities canthis type of school is on the basis of the certificate be included in this block, and instruction can takeof completed primary education; the length of the place either in the school or outside. In the schoolsprogram is 3 years. Students in the professional/ with specialized education this block can serve totechnical programs follow the minimum pre- broaden and deepen the specialization. scribed course of general education and, at the same time, they are trained in the chosen area of Academic Secondary Education technical specialization (see Table 3.2). General academic secondary education- A d - mission to the SOUs and gimnasiyais on the basis Tekhnikum of the certificate of completed primary education. In 1993 the Ministry had not yet decided on Students attending this type of school, which ex-the future of the tekhnikum. Students continue to tends from grades 9 through 11, obtain generalobtain general academic knowledge as well as knowledge and cover what the Ministry has pre-professional/technical education through tekhnikum scribed as the required educational minimum.programs. The length of the program is still 4 years, The subjects offered are: Bulgarian; a foreign lan-or 2 years for students who have completed a 12- guage; mathematics (grades 9-11); computer sci-year primary-secondary program, and, upon com- ence (grades 10-11); physics, astronomy, chemistry,pletion, students can either pursue tertiary educa- and biology (grades 9-10); history and geographytion or enter the labor market in the trained pro- (grades 9-10); psychology (grade 10); ethics andfession as qualified workers (see Table 3.3).

13 26 AMTnnpvAVAII ARI F Chapter 3

Diploma za Sredno Obrazovanie (Diplomaof The Matura and Secondary Credentials Secondary Education) is awarded to students who In both the pre-1990 system and the proposedsuccessfully complete the examinations or are system beginning in 1990, the secondary level ofexempted from them, regardless of the type of education concludes with written and oral matric-school attended (see Appendix B, Documents 1 ulation examinations (matura) . The examinationsand 2). In addition to the DZSO, students who are offered from the end of May through approx-complete technical education during grade 11, or imately the third week of June. Students are exam-complete an SPTU or tekhnikum program, receive ined in Bulgarian language and literature as well ontheirdiplomacertificatethenotation as one subject in the area of specialization, or"Kvalifikatsiran Rabotnik" ("Qualified Worker") or theory and practice in a selected area of technicalUdostoverenie za Poluvissha Tekhnicheska Praktika. education if the student has completed thatSimilarly, for students who complete the special- program during grade 11. Students with an averageized programs of study, the area of specialization/ school mark of very good (5.0) in Bulgarian lan-stream is noted on the DZSO. Prior to 1974 the guage and literature are exempted from the matura.DZSO was known as the ZrelostnoSvidetelstvo The matura questions are set by the Ministry[Maturity Certificate]). and received by the school one day prior to the The diploma is awarded directly by the school examinations. Examination papers are graded by abut always under the auspices of the Ministry of commission consisting of two teachers. The Diplo-Education and Science, which is responsible for ma za Zavarsheno Sredno ObrazovanielDZSO (Diplo-issuing the diploma number. The DZSO gives ma of Completed Secondary Education) or theaccess to tertiary institutions.

Table 3.2 Standard Secondary "Professional"/Technical School Program/SPTU Grade in Upper Secondary School 1 2 3 Total Hours Weeks in Term Per Grade 18 18 18 18 18 13 Block A: General Compulsory Instruction 1. Bulgarian Language and Literature 3 3 3 3 2 2 278

2. Russian Language 1 1 36

3. Western Language 1 2 54 4. History 2 2 2 2 144 5. Geography 2 2 72 6. Philosophy 2 36 7. Mathematics 3 3 3 3 2 2 278 8. Physics 3 2 90 9. Chemistry 2 2 72 10. Biology 2 2 72 11. Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2 2 206 Total Block A= 21 21 10 10 8 61338 Block B: Compulsory Elective Instruction 9 9 18 18 20 221618

Block C: Optional Instruction * 2 2 2 2 134 Block D: Production Practice - 3 30 90 Total A+B+C+D= 30 30 30 30 30 303180 Block E: Facultative/Optional Training 4 4 4 4 4 4 412 * (Academic subjects selected from general compulsory instruction and professional training, computer science, ethics, law, sociology, psychology, industrial esthetics, industrial design, fine arts, and music) Source: Ministry of Education and Science

14 27 Preprimary. Primary, and Secondary Education

Table 3.3 Standard Tekhnikum Program Grade in Upper Secondary School 1 2 3 4 Total Hours Weeks in Term Per Grade 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 18 Block A: General Compulsory Instruction 1. Bulgarian Language and Literature 3 3 3 3 2 2 286 2. Russian Language 2 2 72 3. Western Language 2 2 72 4. History 2 2 2 2 144 5. Geography 2 2 72 6. Philosophy 2 34 7. Mathematics 3 3 3 3 3 3 321 8. Physics 2 2 2 2 144 9. Chemistry 2 2 72 10. Biology 2 2 - 72 11. Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 276 Total Block A= 22 22 12 12 7 9 2 21565 Block B: Compulsory Elective 8 8 16 16 20 19 26 262353 Instruction Block C: Optional Instruction* 2 2 3 2 2 2 222 Block D: Production Practice 2x30 3x30 150 Total A+B+C+D= 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 304320 Block E: Facultative/Optional 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 522 Training * (Academic subjects selected from general compulsory instruction and professional training, computer science, ethics, law, sociology, psychology, industrial esthetics, industrial design, fine arts, and music) Source: Ministry of Education and Science

28 15 BEST COPY AVAILABLE ttVei 1131SV Chapter 4 Higher Education

Recent History to be narrowly focused, with the emphasis on tech- nical training, and designed to meet the needs of In 1939 Bulgaria had five institutions of higherthe workforce as determined by the party. Numer- education with seven faculties and 10,169 studentsous semi-higher and higher institutes prepared enrolled. Bulgaria was at that time among theyoung people for a role in the technological de- European countries with the lowest rateofvelopment of the country. Specialized institutions participation in higher education. After World Warflourished, while the three traditional comprehen- II the number of higher education institutions be-sive universities continued to grow. gan to rise, and the post-war government should be Research was encouraged in the higher educa- credited with ensuring that young people whotion institutes as well as the universities. Each were children of workers and poor farmers wereinstitution developed an affiliation featuring co- admitted to universities along with war veteransoperative agreements with similar types of institu- and others. tions in other, mostly Communist, countries. In the 1950s, the number of higher education institutions rose to 20. The highest body establish-Proposals for Higher Education ed by the Ministry of Education was the SupremeBeginning in 1990 Council of Education which had authority over all Since 1990 many changes have taken place in ministries, central departments, and people's coun-the educational system of Bulgaria. The general cils. Also significant at this time was the establish-process of democratization of society, the discard- ment of a Higher Commission for the Certificationing of Communist ideology, and the attempts to of Diplomas. This state body centralized require-establish a market economy have had a profound ments for scientific degrees and teaching staff. Prioreffect on the role of education. The Law of Auton- to 1953 only centralized professional higher educa-omy of 1990 gave institutions the freedom to join tion institutions existed. There was one State Poly-their fellow institutions in western Europe as technic Institute with branches, and one medicalplaces of intellectual inquiry. Unfortunately, the academy. In 1953, the polytechnic institute divid-finances necessary for growth and change are in ed into four separate institutions, one of them theshort supply and there is very little development of V.I. Lenin Institute of Electronic Engineering. the physical plant in Bulgaria at the present time. Gradually, the total scope of higher educationNot only are very few new facilities being built, became more rigidly controlled as the Ministry ofbut also there is little cash flow for the remodeling Education and Science sought to instill anappre-of existing structures. ciation for Communist thinking into all branches An immediate,notablechangeinthe of education. Study of the Russian language be-curriculum has been the decreased emphasison came mandatory. The Ministry of Public Healthteaching the Russian language. Within 2years its was placed totally in charge of the Medical Acad-use on campuses diminished and it went from a emy and its branches. It also became the sole em-required subject to an elective seldom chosen. ployer of medical school and allied health grad-English has become the language of choice with uates. The National Agrarian and Industrial UnionGerman, French, and Spanish also growing in took charge of agriculture and veterinary medicine.popularity. The centrally appointed Committee for Culture The strong math-science orientation of the assumed control of the country's artistic highereducational system inherited from the Soviet education institutions. Union continues. However, even here there has With centralized control of all aspects of edu-been a decline in the number of people interested cation by the party and the State, the overall curric-in various branches of engineering and medicine, ulum, including that of higher education, tendedand an increased interest in the humanities.

16 29 Higher Education From 1990 to the present, higher education hasthe various faculties. Faculties are subdivided into been under intense scrutiny. With their newdepartments of study. Faculty members are ranked autonomy many institutions have begun to takeat one of eight levels (see below). advantage of the opportunities for change. For Currently, parliamentary recognition is the only some this has meant seeking university status,legal instrument for universities to be recognized which they have tried to accomplish merely byand incorporated into the Bulgarian system of edu- changing their names. However, as of spring 1993cation. A structure of accreditation in the North the Ministry of Education and Science had notAmerican sense does not exist. However, Bulgarian recognized the new names, although some of theeducators recently have considered models for institutions themselves may already be using sta-implementing a system of accreditation and have tionery and other promotional materials that reflecteven drafted a plan similar to the U.S. model. university status. Whether or not it will be implemented in 1995, as Since 1990 the principal innovations in higherproposed, remains to be seen. education are: 1. Global aimsa new concept for Bulgarian Financing educators. Financing of higher education has traditionally 2. Giving students more voice in developing the been a part of the national budget. In allocating fi- alternatives for education. naces to institutions, the long-range state socioeco- 3. The development of individuality. nomic plans were carefully calculated each year. 4. Preparation for a healthy lifestyle through Input came from the various provinces to those mental, physical, and social development. doing nationallevel planning. The proposed 5. Adoption of universal and national values thateducation budget is assembled by the finance respect the laws, language, and culture of planning section of the Ministry of Education and others. Science and submittedtothe Ministryfor Source: Ministry of Education and Science Finances. The education budget is one part of the A major concern in Bulgaria has been thetotal state budget submitted for approval to the retraining of many Russian language teachers.Bulgarian National Assembly. Many of the tech- When retrained to teach other academic subjects,nical institutions receive financial assistance from these teachers will be permitted to remain in thevarious factories, trusts, and enterprises related to system and proceed toward retirement benefits. the programs of instruction. Bulgarian higher education credentials are Traditionally, all higher education has been recognized internationally. In 1980, Bulgaria sign-free. Some institutions have had a small percent- ed the Paris Convention for the European coun-age of tuition students, but the number is insig- tries, a document that guaranteed recognition of itsnificant in the overall educational picture. academic diplomas in western European coun- Since the Law of Autonomy of 1990 individual tries. Also, Bulgaria has signed in excess of 20institutions have experienced increased freedom in bilateral conventions for mutual recognition ofmaking financial requests for their institutions and diplomas, mainly with the developing countriesin seeking outside funding. They are also permit- from which many of its international studentsted to admit fee-paying students drawn from those come. who did not gain admission as government sup- ported applicants but who meet admission require- Administration ments established by the institution. Since 1990, the educational system of Bulgaria has been under the direction of the Ministry ofFaculty Rank, Organization, and Education and Science, briefly known in 1992-Academic Titles 1993 as the Ministry of Education, Science, and Rather than the four ranks typically found in Culture. The Ministry wields much control overU.S. institutions, Bulgarians have eight ranks. The funding and decision making in higher education.major ranks in higher education institutions are in An exception is the field of medicine and all thethe following descending order:full professor allied health fields, which are under the jurisdic-(profesor), docent (dotsent), chief assistant (glaven tion of the Ministry of Health. The Council ofasistent), senior assistant (starshi asistent), assistant Ministers approves the requirements for all diplo-(asistent), senior lecturer (starshi prepodavatel), lec- mas awarded by state institutions of postsecondaryturer (prepodavatel), and junior lecturer (mladchi education in Bulgaria. prepodavatel). Each local institution is administered by an Those in higher institutions studying at the organization of rectors, vice rectors, and deans ofgraduate level, often take part in the teaching

17 30 Chapter 4 process, covering some portion of the lectures andteachers, among others. Because they have trained practical activities of undergraduate students. teachers who have since been placed throughout Academics in higher education institutions inthe nation, the pedagogical institutes have contrib- Bulgaria are organized into faculties, a parallel touted greatly to the high (95%) literacy rate of Bul- colleges and schools in most U.S. institutions.garia. Each facultyisthen subdivided into various For most students, diplomas earned at semi- departments of study. higher institutes are somewhat terminal in nature, Types of Institutions and with diploma in hand, the graduate finds a niche in the workforce. It is possible to move on to Higher education in Bulgaria is provided byhigher institutes of education and the universities, semi-higher institutes, higher institutes and univer-but in the past this has seldom happened. Among sities, and post-1990 new universities patternedthe post-1990 reforms in postsecondary education is after the U.S. model (for a list of postsecondarya proposal to tie the semi-higher institutes more institutions see Appendix A). Private universities inclosely to the higher institutes and universities and the North American sense have not emerged. Theto facilitate transfer of students wishing to pursue long history of central control of all higher educa-further education tion development has, until recently, prevented the development of private higher institutions of learn- Universities ing. Before 1990 Bulgaria had three universities. Following the Law of Autonomy of 1990 many Semi-Higher Institutes higher institutes changed their names to include Semi-higher institutes (poluvisshi obrazovanie)the term "university" in their titles. The Ministry of are supervised by the Ministry of Education andEducation and Science has not recognized the Science. They offer programs of study designed toname changes, so they are still officially "higher prepare secondary school graduates for variousinstitutes." In effect, there are still three traditional professional and skilled positions identified by thecomprehensive universities in Bulgaria; Cyril and national planning scheme. The Diploma za Zavar-Methodius University in Veliko Turnovo, Kliment sheno Sredno Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completedof Ohrid (commonly called Secondary Education) is required for admission toUniversity of Sofia or Sofia University) and The the semi-higher institutes. Paissiy of Hilendar Plovdiv University (commonly Originally, the programs offered by the semi-called Plovdiv University). Each of these three higher institutes were 2 years in length. Themajor universities offers study in an array of areas at majority of these, 73% in the mid-1980s, were de-the undergraduate level. Prior to 1988 a degree in voted to the training of teachers. After 1985, consid-the U.S. sense did not exist. In the future termin- erable structural changes were made, with a sharpology is likely to appear similar to that of Western increase in semi-higher institutes devoted to tech-Europe and the U.S. Traditionally, universities in nical programs. As these study programs evolved,Bulgaria have noted and still indicate titles or additional semesters were added, extending thequalifications on the standard Diploma za Zavar- length of some of them to 2.5 and 3.5 years (seesheno Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Table 4.1 for a specialized semi-higher instituteHigher Education), upon completion of the first curriculum). The diploma awarded at the end ofstage of study (see "Academic Documentation" the program is the Diploma za Zavarsheno Poluvisshelater in this chapter regarding diploma notations). Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Semi-Higher At the University of Sofia the diploma is Education), which is not considered to be of theawarded after 4 years of study, and after same standard as a diploma from a higher institute5 years in all other faculties. However, beginning or university. in 1993 all faculties except law will require 4 years The various types of semi-higher institutesof study at the first stage. Programs of study at include: technical (17, 2 of which are attached toPlovdiv University and Cyril and Methodius Uni- higher institutes); pedagogical (12); medical andversity are also 4 to 5 years in length. allied health (14); economics and management (1); tourism (2); librarianship (1); and communication Higher Institutes (1). In 1990 a new semi-higher institute was estab- Programs at the higher institutes are more lished for the study of the Islamic religion. Semi-specialized than those offered by the universities. higher institutes are located throughout the countryOther than that, there is little difference between and train technicians, allied health workers includ-the two sectors. Prior to the Autonomy Law of 1990 ing nurses, and librarians and primary school (continued overleaf) 18 31 Higher Education Table 4.1 Curriculum at Semi-Higher Institute in Microelectronics at Botevgrad Subject: Electrical Engineering on Electronics and Computers Course Lecture SemesterLaboratory Year 1 (Terms 1 and 2) Applied Mathematics 60 60 Applied Physics 45 30 Introduction to Computers 45 45 Programming 15 30 30 Engineering Drawing 15 30 Electrotechnics 75 45 30 Electronic Devices 60 45 English 60 Russian/German/French 30 History of Science and Technics/Engineering Ethics 30 15 Practical Training on CAD/CAM Packages 180 Sports 60 Year 2 (Terms 3 and 4) Economics and Management 45 45 Ecology 30 15 Power Supplies 30 Practical Training 180 Sports 60 Electronics Analog Electronic Circuits 75 75 Digital Electronic Circuits 75 75 Microelectronics 45 15 30 Microprocessors and Computers 45 45 Communication and Network Systems 45 45 Computers Components and Circuits for Computers 60 15 30 Logic Design Principles and Programmable Controllers 60 45 Program Systems and Languages 60 30 45 Computer Architecture 60 30 45 Microprocessors Embedded Systems 60 30 45 Year 3 (Terms 5 and 6) Sociology and Labor Law 30 30 Sports 30 Practical Training on CAD/CAM 180 Electronics Electronic Measurement and Testing 45 45 Power Electronics 30 30 Electronic Systems for Automation 30 30 Specialization Training 145 145 Medical Electronics Industry Electronics Microelectronics

19 32 Chewer 4 the Ministry of Education and Science recognizedthe Scholastic Aptitude Test/SAT and the Test of the following numbers of higher institutes ofEnglish as a Foreign Language/TOEFL, in addi- education: teacher training institutes (2); institutestion to the standard DZSO. of engineering and technology (10); institutes of The entrance examination (konkursen ispit) is economics (3); institutes of health (5); institutes ofvery important for admission to higher education in agriculture and forestry (4); institutes of fine arts (4);Bulgaria.Allholders of the Diploma za Zavarsheno institute of physical training (1); institute of com-Sredno Obrazovanie may sit for the konkursen ispit. munications (1); and institute for training of foreignCandidates must apply and be registered for these students (1). These institutions are described inentrance examinations. The konkursen ispit is very Appendix A. Some have changed their names tocompetitive and guarantees the three major univer- include the term "university" in their titles, andsities top quality students for the limited spaces stationery and other documents may reflect theavailable. Some higher education institutions may "new" name. However, the Ministry of Educationrequire applicants to take examinations in two or and Science had not recognized any namethree subjects. For admission to higher institutes of changes at the time of this PIER workshop visit, sotechnology, applicants must take examinations in we have listed the higher institutes by their offi-mathematics and Bulgarian history and culture. cially approved names as of May 1993. The examination papers are graded without the grader knowing the applicants' names or other Postsecondary Private Education identifying information. The mathematics examin- Since the democratization of Bulgaria began,ation is graded on a six-point system, while the three new private universities patterned after theBulgarian history and culture examinationis U.S. model have been established and are exper-graded on a pass-fail standard. Applicants to post- iencing rapid growth. The New Bulgarian Univer-secondary institutions are ranked for admission sity in Sofia, the Free University in Burgas, and thepurposes based on an index that reflects entrance American University in were officiallyexamination results as well as the grades earned in recognized as higher education institutions in Sep-secondary school subjects. tember 1991 through an Act of Parliament. They The Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie like to emphasize that they have the freedom to(Diploma of Completed Higher Education), make drastic changes immediately, whereas theawarded by higher institutes and universities after traditional institutions move very slowly throughthe first stage of study, serves as an admission their established bureaucracy to make changes. requirement for the second stage. The Kandidat na The programs offered by these recently estab-Naukite (Candidate of Science), awarded after the lished universities have a very North American ap-second stage of study, serves as the admission pearance, and can be viewed similarly. However,requirement for the third stage of study, successful in some cases the credentials will follow thecompletion of which results in the Doktor na traditional Bulgarian format. An example is theNaukite. professional qualification in political science that is awarded by the New Bulgarian University uponAcademic Year completion of a 2-year program following a mini- There is no typical academic year followed by mum of 3 years of study in social sciences and theBulgarian institutions of higher education. Individ- humanities elsewhere. ual institutions have had much freedom in estab- Because no degrees had been awarded bylishing their calendar. Two semesters of study these universities at the time of this research,seem to be the norm for the academic year, each placement recommendations for their credentialsconsisting of 15-17 weeks. There isa special are not being included inthis volume. Thesession of 4 weeks following each term, during contribution to Bulgaria of these institutions andwhich examinations are administered. One excep- their place in Bulgaria's overall scheme of educa-tion to the 2-semester pattern is the academic tion is yet to be determined. calendar at the Institute for Foreign Students, Admission which has only one session lasting from October to June. The sexes have equal status in competing for entrance to higher education. The basic admissionStructure and Credentials Awarded requirement is the Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie /DZSO (Diploma of Completed Secon- Semi-Higher Institutes dary Education). Admission to the new American Semi-higher institutes offered 2-year programs University in Blagoevgrad requires highscores onuntil very recently, when some programs wereex- 20 33 Higher Education tended to 2.5 or 3.5 years in length. The programsresearch, during which time the candidate is pre- are applied and highly specialized. Graduates ofparing a dissertation, is called the "study of the these institutes typically enter the work-force inaspiring graduate (aspirantura)." The student may their area of study, as the government provides jobsbe referred to as graduate student aspirant (male) or upon completion of the programs. Semi-higheraspirantka (female). The aspiranti, who are fulltime institutions are supervised by the Ministry ofstudents, are awarded a fellowship for 3 years, Education and Science. The credential awardedduring which time they are expected to complete upon satisfactory completion of the program is thetheir research and prepare and defend their Diploma za Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazovaniedissertation. Part-time students must also pass the (Diploma of Completed Semi-Higher Institute),qualifying examinations but may conduct their sometimes referred to as the Svidetelstvo za Polu-research and prepare the dissertation while work- visshe Obrazovanie (Certificate of Semi-Higher Insti-ing. There is no limit to the time taken to com- tute), with the specialization or qualification notedplete the dissertation. In many cases, the part-time on the document (e.g., Uchitel [teacher]). (Seestudent will be employed as a junior researcher in Appendix B, Documents 4a. and 4b.) a research group and will be guided by the pro- Although graduates of semi-higher institutionsfessor in charge. Aspiranti are also expected to can move into study in the higher institutes andpublish in a recognized international journal in the universities, only a small percentage actually do so.field as a prerequisite to defending the dissertation. A complete listing of semi-higher institutions is When the major professor judges the candidate found in Appendix A. to be prepared, application is made to appear at the next meeting of the national Scientific Council Universities and Higher Institutes in the appropriate field of specialization, to defend Both the higher institutes and the universitiesthe dissertation. The various scientific councils are offer three stages of tertiary study. A direct paralleleach composed of doctors of science from across between the North American concept of bach-the country who are nominated by their institu- elor's, master's, and doctoral degrees cannot betions. Three independent referees are appointed by made. Various Bulgarian institutions are expressingthe panel to evaluate the dissertation and research the desire to develop the western model for degreebefore the Council meeting and to make a recom- designations, but to date these changes have notmendation on the granting of the Kandidat na been approved by the Ministry of Education andNaukite. The aspirant describes the research and Science. answers questions posed by the Council and others The first stage of study is roughly 4 to 5 yearsattending the meeting, which is open to the inlength and very highly structured. Uponpublic. The final decision is taken by a vote of the satisfactory completion of the program the Diplomapanel. The dissertation is then forwarded to the za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma ofVisshe Atestatsion CommissialVAC (Higher Attestation Completed Higher Education) or the Diploma zaCommission) for final approval. This commission Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher Education)is composed of 30 members selected from all is awarded (see Appendix B, Document 5). Someacademic fields who are appointed by the Prime of these diplomas, which are awarded to foreignMinister to serve 5-year terms. The Kandidat na students, may be translated as "Master of Arts" orNaukite is awarded after this process is complete "Master of Science." Regardless of how the(see Appendix B, Document 7).For fulltime diploma istranslated, the academic programstudents the process usually takes 3 years. followed represents completion of the first stage of The Doktor na Naukite (Doctor of Science) higher education in Bulgaria, the same course thatawarded after a period of pure research, represents leads to the DiplomazaZavarsheno Visshe the highest level of academic achievement in Obrazovanie. Bulgaria. There is no prescribed program of study Students who have earned the Diploma za Za-or time limit involved. Only those who have varsheno Visshe Obrazovanie may qualify for entrance earned the title Kandidat na Naukite may enter into to the second stage of study leading to the Kandidata research program that leads to the Doktor na na Naukite (Candidate of Science), also referred toNaukite, awarded by higher institutes and the three as Kandidat na (field) Nauki, by successfully com-comprehensive universities. The research findings pleting a series of competitive examinations in themust represent a truly new contribution to the body field of specialization and a foreign language.of knowledge and be recognizable as such both in They then proceed to conduct their research andBulgaria and internationally. A significant number prepare a dissertation under the guidance of a pro-of publications relating to the original research fessor. This period of qualifying examinations andmust also be submitted. This credential is a pre-

34 21 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 4 requisite to being appointed full professor (profesor)changed frequently. Thus, statistical data tends to at a university or higher institute. be conflicting and unreliable. However, the num- The Kandidat na Naukite and the Doktor naber of institutions offering postgraduate programs Naukite are academic degrees earned after periodshas proliferated, particularly among those concern- of considerable research. They should not be con-ed with technology and economics. fused with the professional qualifications and titles The three newly recognized U.S.-style univer- (e.g., doktor) listed on first stage awards. For ex-sities have little postgraduate work in place; how- ample, the degree Kandidat po Veterinarna Meditsinaever, they anticipate offering master's degrees, in Nauki from the Higher Institute of Animalparallel with their U.S. counterparts. The New Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine is an aca-Bulgarian University requires a bachelor's degree of demic credential at the second stage of higherat least 4 years' duration for admission to each of its education. The Doktor po Veterinarna Meditsina is aproposed four master's degree programs and professional title at the first stage of higher educa-graduate level qualification in clinical social work. tion earned in conjunction with the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie. More information onExaminations these professional qualifications in medical fields The university entrance examinations (konkur- is provided in Chapter 5. sen ispit), are highly competitive. Comprehensive examinations for professional degrees and board Postgraduate Education examinations for various licensure purposes are Postgraduate study has now become an inte-similar to the North American model. For details, gral part of Bulgaria's educational program. Withrefer to Chapter 5: Specialized and Professional the rapid post-war development of scientific andFields of Study. technical knowledge in Bulgaria and throughout Examinations in individual courses in Bul- the world, many of the country's higher educationgaria's institutions lean heavily toward essay-type institutions began to organize postgraduate trainingquestions, with a multiple choice format seldom courses of varying lengths. Additionally, a greatused. Bulgaria's institutions tend to require class deal of postgraduate activity has been organized forattendance and participation. The practice of sim- medical personnel. All medical personnel mustply appearing for a final examination and receiving periodically returnfor postgraduate refreshercourse credit is infrequent. For those engaged in courses at an institute that trains physicians. Mostsemi-higher education, the course of study ends medically related postgraduate programs culminatewith a state final certification examination. Passing with the award of the Diploma za Spetsialnostthis examination allows students the right to exer- (Diploma of Specialization) or Svidetelstvo de Spet-cise their profession or skill. sializatsia (Certificate of Specialization). (See Appendix B, Document 8). Grading System Of all the postgraduate programs in place, per- As at the primary and secondary levels, Bul- haps the most impressive and intensive is that atgarian higher education institutions typically em- the University of Sofia, whose Institute of Postgrad-ploy a1to 6 grading system with 6 being the uate Education organizes and provides adminis-highest grade awarded. In practice, grades of 6 and trative services for postgraduate training. Short-term1 are rarely given, so that the grade of 5 constitutes courses may be 5, 10, or up to 30 days' duration.a high level of achievement and a 2 indicates Specialization courses, where additional qualifica-unsatisfactory work. In effect, a grade of 3 is the tions may be granted, are typically 6,12, or 18minimum passing mark. months in length. Teacher qualifying courses are 12 or 18 months in length. Other types of retraining 6- Excellent (Otlichen) courses may be 12, 18, or 24 months in length. 5- Very good (Mnogo Dobur) Postgraduate courses may be pursued full-time or 4- Good (Dobur) part-time, individually or in groups. They cover all 3- Sufficient (Sreden) fields of study offered at the University of Sofia. 2- Poor (Slab) Although private industry, various ministries, and 1- Bad (Losh) central departments have all implemented various postgraduate schemes, the higher institutes and Some institutions are currently investigating universities have preserved their role as the prin-the traditional A-F four-point system commonly cipal centers for postgraduate training. used in North America. The three newly estab- Prior to 1990 the administrative and organiza-lished U.S.-style universities employ the standard tional structures for postgraduate training coursesU.S. grading system.

22 35 Higher Education All indications are that the Diploma za Zavar- Credits sheno Visshe Obrazovanie will become known as a Most typically the translated transcript frombachelor's degree in the future, and translations Bulgaria will list class contact hours rather thanmay reflect this rather than the literal translation credits or semester hours. These entries may be re- "diploma of completed higher education." The corded as lecture hours and tutorial hours. A sim-newly established U.S.-style universities' tran- ple ratio of 15-17 Bulgarian lecture hours per U.S.scripts will appear in the same standard format as semester hour credit may be used to determine ap-those of their U.S. counterparts. propriate credit for transfer purposes. Foreign Students Transfer Foreign students from less developed countries Once admitted into a program, Bulgarian stu-have long been a part of the higher education dents tend to remain in their institution and de-picture in Bulgaria, as the central government velop a healthy loyalty toward it. Transfer seldomidentified this avenue as a means of sharing and takes place, and when one does transfer, there isperhaps influencing the ideological and political often a loss of credit for courses already passed.insights of the rest of the world. The fine arts Students who complete a program of study at oneinstitutions of Bulgaria have had a special appeal of the semi-higher institutes and are able to gainfor foreign students. admission to a higher institute or university may A key component for international student earn the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie astudy in Bulgaria has been the Institute for Foreign year earlier than their counterparts. However, onlyStudents (Institut za Cuzdestranni Studenti), which a small percentage of semi-higher institute grad-prepares students in the Bulgarian language and uates do this. offers certificate programs in other languages. The difficulty involved in changing from oneRecent enrollment at the institute surpassed 1,200 field of study to another discourages frequentforeign students. Several higher education institu- changes of major, although itis technically pos-tions have their own Bulgarian language training sible to do so. The lock-step nature of the highlyprograms to prepare foreign students for classwork. structured academic programs also serves as a Foreign student diplomas are awarded with deterrent to program changes and transfer. the same titles and containing the same informa- tion as domestic student diplomas. Where appro- Academic Documentation priate, these are usually translated into English on Bulgarian institutions award a small, hard-the official diploma, and there may be some addi- covered booklet as the student's original diploma.tional notations (see Chapter 6: Guidelines for It includes a photograph of the student as well asAdmissions Officers). academic documents and teachers' comments. Some institutions provide the same hard-coveredAdult and Non-formal Education booklet translated into English. If copies of tran- The Law on School Education of the Re- scripts or translated diplomas appear questionable,public of Bulgaria states, "Everyone may exercise the student's original hard-covered diploma book-his/her regardless of age." Those let should be requested for purposes of comparison.above compulsory school age who have not The credential with qualification or titleis completed primary and secondary schooling may awarded after a student completes the higher edu-do so in evening or part-time study, or via corres- cation program of studies and passes the prescribedpondence or other forms of instructional oppor- examinations. It clearly notes the qualification ortunity. For the most part, such education has been specialization. For example, for students complet-organized by state-maintained schools and is free ing the prescribed course of study in economics,of charge. Completed coursework should not be thediplomaDiploma za ZavarshenoVissheconsidered as being at the postsecondary level. Obrazovaniewill indicate the professional title of Adult education programs include general ikonomist or ikonomistka; in medicine, lekar orpolytechnical evening classes held in any school meditsinski doktor, in pharmacy, aptekar or aptekar-facility available. Some industrial enterprises pro- ka; and in dentistry, zabolekar or zabolekarka.vide various training programs of their own, apart Usually diplomas name the institution, field offrom the schools supervised by the Ministry of study, area of concentration (profil), and/or aEducation and Science. Also, most semi-higher specialty (spetsializatsia) within the field, andinstitutes, higher institutes, and the universities indicate dates of attendance and the date of theprovide correspondence courses (zadochno) for diploma award. students employed fulltime.

23 36 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Vornital411111111111M1111111Mai Chapter 5 Specialized and Professional Programs

Grading practices in higher education institutions Year 1Fundamental Training that offer specialized and professional study are Obligatory Subjects: Higher Mathematics, Ag- identical to those utilized in all the other sectors ofriculture Energetics, Plant Anatomy and Morph- education in Bulgaria. ology, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Agriculture and Forestry Analytical Chemistry, Physics, Zoology, Syste- matics, Agricultural Statistics, Foreign Language, Bulgaria has depended heavily on agriculturePhysical Culture and Sports throughout itshistory,first with subsistence Optional Subjects: Foreign Language, Geo- farming, then collective farming, and now back todesy with Land Surveys, Geology, Philosophy an effort at land redistribution. Bulgaria's first professional program in was Year 2Fundamental Training established in 1921 with the founding of the Obligatory Subjects:Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry of SofiaAgrochemistry, Microbiology, Genetics, Plant Phys- University. Two yearslater the Faculty ofiology, Agricultural Engineering, Soil Science, Veterinary Medicine was established. In 1974 bothAnatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agro- faculties were moved from Sofia to Stara Zagorainformatics, Agrometeorology, Physical Culture and and together became known asthe HigherSports Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Optional Subjects: Foreign Language, Plant Medicine. Although this institution is now referringIntroduction, Rural Sociology, Agrarian Policy, to itself as the University of Animal HusbandryMethods of Experimentation with Biometrics andVeterinary Medicine,theMinistryof Education and Science continues to recognize the Year 3Specialization Training (Engineer- name of Higher Institute of Animal Husbandry Agronomist) and Veterinary Medicine. The Agricultural Faculty Obligatory Subjects: Irrigation and Drainage, provides education in all fields of agriculture butFarming and Herbology, Entomology, Animal especially emphasizes animal science. Husbandry, Private Animal Farming, General The Higher Institute of Agriculture, foundedEconomy, Plant Production, Phytopathology, Viti- in 1945 in Plovdiv, was the second institution ofculture, Foreign Language agricultural education in Bulgaria. In 1955it Optional Subjects: Foreign Language, Agrar- adopted the name of the distinguished Bulgarianian Legislation, Politics, Pedagogical Psychology, State leader Vassil Kolarov and became known asZoohygiene, Liming of Acids and Saline Soils, the V. Kolarov Higher Institute of Agriculture.Sericulture, Pedagogics, Physical Culture and Currently it is seeking to have its name changed toSports Agricultural University Plovdiv.Itis the only institution designed for the training of agronomists Year 4Specialization Training (Engineer- in the Republic of Bulgaria. At the present time Agronomist) five faculties exist at the V. Kolarov Higher Obligatory Subjects: Viticulture, Plant Produc- Institute of Agriculture. tion, Fodder Production, Agroecology, Farm Eco- The first stage of study culminates in thenomics, Entology, Fruit Culture, Vegetable Cul- Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (Diplomature, Plant Breeding and Production of Completed Higher Education). Postgraduate Optional Subjects: Foreign Language, Plant programs of varying lengths of study are offered.Production Biotechnologies, Floriculture, Mush- Following is a sample 4.5-year curriculum offeredroom Culture, Dairy Farming, Bookkeeping, Api- by the V. Kolarov Higher Institute of Agricultureto culture, Finances and Credit, Herbology, Physical train Engineer-Agronomists. Culture and Sports

24 37 Specialized and Professional Programs Year 5 (1 semester)Specialization allow their graduates to keep up to date and to Training (Engineer-Agronomist) change specialization when desired. Obligatory Subjects: Organization and Man- Scientific research work at the Karl Marx agement, Fruit Culture, Vegetable Culture, Ma-Higher Institute of Economics focuses mainly on chine and Tractor Fleet Utilization the prognosis of the development of the national Optional Subjects: Foreign Language, Appli-economic complex, the methodological basis of the cation of Electron Microscopy in Plant Productioneconomic mechanism of national economic man- Certification, Marketing, Cooperative Science,agement, management of branch and territorial Ethics, Information Systems, Physical Culture andmodels, systematic analysis and computerized Sports. management, world economic trends and their A second agricultural institution in the city ofimpact on Bulgaria, and labor and labor relations. Plovdiv is the Higher Institute of Food and FlavorTranscripts from the Higher Institute of Economics Industry (Vissh Institut Po Hranitelna I Vkusovawill indicate the specialty studied: Agrarian Eco- Promislenost). During its brief history the Institutenomics, Accountancy and Control, Industrial Eco- has been referred to as The Institute of Food In-nomics and Management, Economic Informatics, dustry and the Higher Institute of Food, Beverage,Finance, Trade Business and Entrepreneurship, and Tobacco Industries in Plovdiv. First foundedCorporate Auditing and Analysis, International as the Department of Agricultural Technology ofBusiness, Statistics and Econometrics, or Market- the University of Plovdiv in 1948, it became a sep-ing Planning. arate higher institute in 1953. The current name Foreign students have been particularly drawn has been used since 1983. to these economics institutes, with approximately In Bulgaria no semi-higher institutes have1,000 of them currently enrolled. Upon completion been established for study directly related to theof 4.5 years of study, these students are awarded forest industry. The Higher Institute of Forestry the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie with (Vissh Lesothniceski Institut) in Sofia is the only insti-the professional title of economist (ekonomist) tute in Bulgaria for the training of specialists in theindicated,althoughthiscredentialisoften various fields relative to forestry. provided to foreign students in translation as a Business and Economics "master's degree." The Semi-Higher Institute in Economics andCommunications Management in is Bulgaria's only semi- The Semi-Higher Institute in Communica- higher institute offering instruction in economicstions in Sofia was established in 1922 and is the and management, with credentials awarded afteronly institute devoted to communications in Bul- 2.5 to 3.5 years of study. garia. Young men and women of 18 to 20 years of Bulgaria has three higher education institutesage with a secondary school education can be ad- devoted to economics and business, located in themitted to the institute for the 3-year course of study. cities of Sofia, Varna, and Svishtov. Though ex-There is also a 4-year correspondence course. hibiting common features, each institution has its The Semi-Higher Institute in Communica- own programs, related to its specific history. Thetions offers majors in Communication Technology, Dimitre Blagoev Higher Institute of Finance andRadio and TV Technology, and Economics and Economics, now known as the Higher Institute ofthe Organization of Communications. Students Finance and Economics (Vissh Institut Za Narodnoreceive a good theoretical background in mathe- Stopanstvo Dimitre Blagoev') in Svishtov specializesmatics, informatics, electrotechnics, electrical mea- in finance and bookkeeping. The Karl Marxsurements, digitaltechnology, microelectronic Higher Institute of Economics (Vissh Ikonomiceskischemes, semiconductors, etc. Special emphasis is Institut 'Karl Marx'), now known as the Highergiven to optical and microwave systems, radio Institute of Economics, in Sofia, is the largest andnetwork, and satellite and cable systems. is of more complex character. These two higher Graduates of the institute are employed mainly institutes for business and economics, along within Bulgarian enterprises as communications spe- the Higher Institute of National Economics (Visshcialists. The Semi-Higher Institute of Communi- Institut za Narodno Stopanstvo) in Varna, offer allcations has contract relations with the TELECOM three standard diplomas and awards common toInstitutes in Germany for the exchange of curric- the Bulgarian system of higher education: theula, lecturers, students, and practical training. The Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie, the Kan- institute is being reviewed and upgraded at the didat na Naukite, and the Doktor na Naukite. Theypresent time and may soon have new curricular also offer a wide range of short-term programs COand diploma offerings.

25 38 Chapter 5

Engineering and Technical Education by the five higher institutes of medicine that have been established in Bulgaria's largest cities: Sofia, To provide training for specialists in variousVarna, Plovdiv, , and Stara Zagora. With technical fields, Bulgaria has established a net-these five institutions and their branches in Do- work of 14 semi-higher institutes, located in Bla-brich and Pozardjik, each region of Bulgaria has goevgrad, Botevgrad, Burgas, , Kardjali,filled its needs for physicians and dentists. The Love tch,Plovdiv, ,,Smoljan,responsibility for all areas of with Sofia, and Varna. These semi-higher institutes offerthe exception of opthamology, a secondary tech- programs consisting of 3 years of instruction andnical specialization, is delegated to the Ministry of training, and their graduates go directly into theHealth. workforce. Although it is theoretically possible for semi-higher institute graduates to continue study in Allied Health Fields higher institutes and universities, in reality this The various allied health fields are almost seldom happens, as the programs are not designedcompletely afunction of the 14 semi-higher to be stepping stones to more advanced study. medical institutes (poluvisshe meditsinski institute) in In the early 1900s, there was only one StateBulgaria. The programs offered require 2 to 3 years Polytechnic Institute in Bulgaria. In 1953 thatof training for secondary school graduates who have institution was divided into four separate insti-passed the entrance examinations. Individuals tutions, such as The V. I. Lenin Institute of Elec-successfully completing semi-higher institute pro- tronic Engineering, each providing engineeringgrams usually enter a health related profession. and technical education. Today, there are altogeth-Each semi-higher institution offers from two to er 10 such higher institutes for engineers andeight allied health programs. Three of these semi- specialists in technology, located in Sofia, Plovdiv,higher institutions are already 50 years old, most of Varna, Ruse, Burgas, and Gabravo, all the geo-them having been established from 1945 to 1950, graphical regions. More than 45,000 students werewith the most recent in 1979. From 1960 there have enrolled as of early 1993. The higher institutes arebeen various changes in the levels at which allied in a state of flux, with many curricular changeshealthcourses have been offered andthe taking place or projected to ensure a quality ofterminology referring to these levels: education relevant to European standards. Many of these institutes are introducing changes in content From 1960 to1976: secondary allied health necessary for their transformation from higher education (sredno meditsinsko obrazovanie) institutes to universities. The distinction between universities and the higher institutes is not very From 1976 to 1980: semi-higher allied health pronounced in Bulgaria. education (poluvisshe meditsinsko obrazovanie) Because higher institutes recognise the im- portance of the humanities in addition to oblig- From 1980 to 1990: secondary specialized/allied atory technological subjects, students also take health education (sredno spetsialno /meditsinsko pedagogy, psychology, aesthetics, journalism, for- obrazovanie) eign languages and similar subjects. All higher institutes specializing in technology From 1990 on: semi-higher require the Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazov- (poluvisshe meditsinsko obrazovanie) anie and entrance examinations for admission to their programs. Upon satisfactory completion of the Only recently have the semi-higher institutes programs, 4 to 5 years in length, students earn thebeen considered to belong to the sphere of higher Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie2)tre titleeducation. Allied health workers with training at engineer (inzhener), is also noted, along with thethe secondary school level may upgrade their specialized field (Chemical Engirreling, Metallur-qualifications to the semi-higher level and receive gical Engineering, Automation- Engineering, etc.).the same status as the graduates of the semi-higher An additional 3 years may culminate in the awardinstitutes by taking a retraining course andan of the Kandidat na Naukite. Further advanced studyexamination. Although in some fields of study and research may result in the award of the Doktorhigher institutes may grant transfer credits for allied na Naukite. health coursework completed at semi-higher insti- Health and Medical Professions tutes, the higher medical institutes do not allow any transfer credit. Health education is offered by semi-higher To be admitted to a semi-higher health insti- institutes, which focus on allied healthareas, andtute, all secondary school graduates have to pass an 26 39 Specialized and Professional Programs entrance examination in the biological sciences.genology, hygiene and epidemiology, forensic An exception is made for applicants to the dentalmedicine, social medicine, and medicine in disas- technician "modeling" program. Upon completionter situations. of all allied health programs, a state examination is Additionally, from the fourth or fifth to the given. Successful graduates are awarded the cre-tenth semester, students train in six special depart- dential Diploma za Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Meditsinskoments: Pediatric Stomatology, Therapeutic Stoma- Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Semi-Highertology, Surgical Stomatology, Prosthetic Stomatol- Medical Education) with the specialization noted.ogy (prosthodontics), Orthodontics, and Social This diploma is the final document; there is noMedicine and Public Dental Health Care. further licensing system for employment in allied The eleventh semester is the pre-graduation health fields. Following are specializations andinternship. This period is followed by the state their length of study in years: examination, and upon successful completion the student is awarded the degree of Doktor po Stoma- Nurse (meditsinska sestra) 2.5 tologija (Doctor of Dentistry) or the qualification Midwife (akusherka) 3 Stomatolog (Dentist). Community Health Practitioner (felcher) 3* Postgraduate Courses-The Higher Medical Dental Technician (zubotekhnik ) 2 years Institute in Sofia offers Pediatric Stomatology, Rehabilitation Technician (rekhab ilitator) 3 Therapeutic Stomatology, and Surgical Stoma- Assistant Pharmacist (pomoshchik farmacevt) 2 tology as postgraduate specializations witha Orthopaedic Technician (ortopedichen tekhnik) 2 duration of 3 years. The Diploma za Spetsialnost X-ray Technician (rentgenov laborant) 2.5 (Diploma of Specialization) noting the specializa- Nutrition Inspector (inspektor po khranene) 2 tion is awarded upon completion of one of these Sanitation Inspector (sanitaren inspektor) 3 programs, andisthe qualification to practice Social Worker (sotsialen rabotnik) 2 stomatology as a specialist in the field indicated. *To be eliminated; certified felchers will be allowed to work as nurses. General Medicine Training for medical doctors is offered by the It is the goal of the Ministry of Health thatfive higher medical institutes located in Sofia, these semi-higher institute programs be integratedPlovdiv, Varna, Pleven, and Stara Zagora, the latter into higher institutes in the near future. The maxi-with branches in Dobrich and Pozardjik. To be mum capacity for these programs is 4,000 but onlyadmitted, secondary school graduates have topass 2,000 to 3,000 are trained each year. The Ministryentrance examinations in chemistry and biology. of Health prescribes the workforce requirementsThe program is 6 years in length and divided into and thus controls enrollment. three levels: pre-clinical training (2 years), which Dentistry (Stomatology) gives the student indispensable biological and medical knowledge; clinical training and practice The programs of dentistry or stomatology are(3 years), aimed at gaining knowledge in diagnos- offered by the higher medical institutes at Sofiaing and treating diseases; and the internship (1 and Plovdiv. To be admitted, secondary schoolyear), with the objective of implementing in graduates have to pass entrance examinations. Thepractice the knowledge acquired. Students learn programs are of 5.5 years' duration. Instruction isfrom lectures, seminars, and practical training. given in the form of lectures, seminars, andprac- Practical and theoretical oral examinationsare ticaltraining and there are preliminary oralgiven each semester. In the past, the curricula examinations each semester. were centrally established. Since the reforms in Following is the curriculum at Sofia: 1990 when the institutions gained autonomy,cur- During the first 2 years, required subjectsricula are determined by the institutions them- include: biology, chemistry, biochemistry, physics,selves,althoughthereissomevoluntary biophysics, anatomy and histology, physiology,cooperation with the Ministry of Health. A Latin, and computer techniques. In the secondorcommittee composed of the rectors of the five third to ninth semester, students also receive train-medical institutes also seeks a certain degree of ing in general and clinical medicine, includinginter-institutional coordination. courses in pathologic anatomy, pathophysiology, Following is the curriculum at the Higher pharmacology, internal medicine, surgical disease,Medical Institute in Sofia: pediatric and infectious diseases, skin andven- Year 1: Medical chemistry, physics, biology, ereal diseases, nerve diseases and psychiatry,eyeanatomy, histology, Latin, medical terminology, diseases, ear-nose-throat diseases, obstetrics,roent-and medical ethics. 40 27 IIPCTnnavAVAll ARI C Chapter 5

Year 2: Anatomy, biophysics, physiology, bio- chemistry, medical psychology, history of medi- Nursing cine,social medicine, introduction to clinical In Bulgaria, nursing is taught in the semi- medicine, informatics, and statistics. Studentshigher institutes and is a 2.5- to 3-year program. have to take 10 exams. The average weeklyNursing study, consisting of both theoretical and workload is 30 to 35 hours, half of it compulsory. practical components, is quite similar to the diplo- Years 1 4, 5 (in various university hospitals):ma programs of community colleges and hospitals Clinical studies, microbiology, medical genetics,in the United States. Nurses are licensed to pathophysiology, pharmacology, pathologic anat-practice upon completion of the required course- omy and cytopathology, propedeutics of internalwork and a final examination. diseases, general and operative surgery, medicine After passing thefinalexamination the of disaster situations, physiotherapy and reha-graduate receives the credential Diploma za bilitation, roentgenology and radiology, ear-nose-Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Meditsinsko Obrazovanie throat diseases, eye diseases, nerve diseases, clin-(Diploma of Completed Semi-Higher Medical ical pharmacology, obstetrics and gynecology, skinEducation) withtherelevantspecialization and venereal diseases, psychiatry, internal medi-indicated. Possession of this diploma licenses the cine, clinical laboratory, immunology, pediatricnurses for practice. The three specializations are diseases, surgical diseases, orthopedics and trau-General nursing (Obshch profit), Pediatric nursing matology, urology, anesthesiology and resuscita-(Detski profil), and Dental nursing (Stomatologichen tion, infectious diseases, tropical medicine andprofil). diseases, epidemiology, hygiene, ecology and In small towns and villages it is accepted that occupational diseases, forensic medicine, andfetchersmay workascommunityhealth ethics. There are two 15-day internships; one inpractitioners, and the Ministry of Healthis internal medicine diseases and surgery, one inplanning reforms that would make this practice pediatric diseases and intensive care. Students arepossible everywhere. The diploma of midwife required to take 26 exams. (akusherka; see Allied Health) also qualifies the Year 6 (internships conducted in faculty-basedgraduate to work both as a midwife and as a nurse. hospitals): Internal medicine (60 days); intensive care (15 days); surgery (60 days); gynecology (45 Pharmacy days); pediatric diseases (45 days); emergency The qualification or first degree-level program medical aid (15 days); hygiene, infectious diseases,in pharmacy requires 5 years of study leading to and epidemiology (60 days); and eye diseases, ear-the award of Magister-Farmatsevt (Master Phar- nose-throat diseases, skin and venereal diseases,macist). The Higher Institute of Medicine in Sofia and neurology (7 days each). After each internshiphas a Faculty of Pharmacy that leads in the pre- period, students must pass a test. At the end of theparation of pharmacists for the nation. The only internship, students sit for the final certificationother faculty of pharmacy is a small one at the examination in internal medicine, surgery, pedi-Higher Institute of Medicine in Plovdiv. atric and infectious diseases, obstetrics and gyn- Secondary school graduates have to pass an ecology, hygiene, and ecology. entrance examination for admission. There are two After passing the final examination, studentsprograms or "profiles:" a general profile and a are awarded the Diploma za Zavarsheno Vissheprofile with an industrial/production emphasis. Obrazovanie with the title Doktor po MeditsinaStudents are taught in the form of lectures, sem- (Doctor of Medicine), or the qualification Lekarinars, and practical training and are required to (Physician), with the right to practice generalpass practical and oral examinations covering medicine. Holders of these qualifications functiontheory each semester. as general practitioners. The program duration is 5 years, divided into Postgraduate Courses-The medical doctorthree levels: may specialize in different fields. There are over 40 The first level consists of the first 3 years of the basic specializations with a duration of 1.5 to 4program, during which students receive general years, in each case the length of the programinstruction and take fundamental subjects in order depending on the field. Specialization, courses areto obtain basic knowledge in the specialty. During under the supervision of the Ministry of Health,the first semester, the emphasis is on biology, but are offered by the medical institutes. Graduateschemistry, and mathematics. In the following 5 receive a Diploma za Spetsialnost (Diploma ofsemesters, subjects include inorganic, organic, Specialization), whichisthequalificationtoanalytical,physical, and colloidalchemistry; practice medicine as a specialist in the field. physics and biophysics; medical botany; higher 28 41 Specialized and Professional Programs

and applied mathematics; human anatomy and Postgraduate Courses-The three specializa- physiology; biochemistry with clinical medicine;tions, each lasting 3 years, are analysis of medical pharmacology; medicine in disaster situations;objects, organization and management of the pharmaceuticpropedeutics;medicalbotany;pharmaceutic business, and technology of medical pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical botany, chem-forms and objects. Other specializations are being istry, and technology; microbiology and virology;introduced. Upon successful completion of a pathoanatomy and physiology; pharmacology andspecialization program, a pharmacist earns the toxicology; and, for the industrial students only,Diploma za Spetsialnost (Diploma of Specializa- technical drawing, processes, and apparatus in thetion). pharmaceutical industry. Additional subjects stud- ied by all students at this level are Latin and for- Veterinary Medicine eign languages. Students are required to take 20 In Bulgaria, veterinary medicine is closely examinations. Practical training consists of: allied with agriculture.Currently, thechief institution for the study of veterinary medicine is Year 1: A 6-day botany excursion and an 18-the Higher Institute of Animal Husbandry and day field experience in retail pharmacy Veterinary Medicine in Stara Zagora. Theveter- Year 2: A 6-day pharmacognosy excursion andinary medicine faculty was actually established in a second 18-day field experience in retail1923 at Sofia University, the precurser to the higher pharmacy institute (see "Allied Health"). To be admitted, Year 3: A 24 day internship in retail pharmacy secondary school graduates must pass entrance examinations in chemistry and biology. Through At the second level, which consists of the next1975 the training in veterinary medicine was 5 1.5 years, students train in special pharmaceuticyears (10 semester-long terms), with 2 summer subjects and skills, and elect to follow either gen-months of practice. During the period 1975-1978 eral or production programs. Both require masterythe training was 4.5 years (9 semester-long terms), of hygiene and ecology, pharmacology, drug toxi-with 2 summer months of practice. Beginning in cology, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutic chemistry, 1988 the program again consisted of 5 years plusa and drug technology. final semester of an obligatory internship. The Specific subjects at the second level for thestudy of two foreign languages (English, French, general program are: bromatology, social pharmacyGerman, or Russian) is obligatory during the first and legislation, medical techniques and instru-three terms. Continued foreign language study is ments, economics, and environmental aspects offor those with higher marks. The programs have disease. Additional subjects required in the indus-virtually no general education component other trial/production program are: technical drawing,than foreign language. The qualifications earned pharmaceutic technology, chemical-pharmaceutic are: technology, drug control and standardization, and Doktor po Veterinarna Meditsina (Doctor of Veter- organization and economy of pharmaceutic pro- inary Medicine): The program duration is 5.5 duction. The general program requires 14 examina- years; the curriculum followedislisted tions; the production program, 17 examinations. below. After successfully passing the state The third level, which begins after 4.5 years, examination, graduates receive the Diploma consists of the final 6 months in a pre-graduation za Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher internship in pharmacies or pharmaceuticcom- Education) with the title Doktor po Veter- panies. Optional subjects offered for students in inarna Meditsina, which is the qualification for the industrial/production program are: solid dosage work as a veterinarian. (This title maysome- forms, perfume and cosmetics, marketing and times be indicated as Doktor na Veterinarno- management, biotechnology, and technology of meditsinskite.) drug synthesis. Oral exams conclude this period. Magister po Veterinarna Meditsina (Master of Veter- Students intending to become registered prac- inary Medicine): This qualification is being ticing pharmacists are required to pass thestate awarded beginning with the 1992-1993aca- examination in pharmacy. Those in the industrial/ demic year.Admissiontothe program production program are required to submit a thesis requires possession of the Diplomaza Visshe in order to complete program requirements and Obrazovaniewith the title of Doktor po receive the qualification. After successfully taking Veterinarna Meditsina with a grade average ofat the state examination or defending a thesis,stu- least 5. The program consists of 1year be- dents receive the qualification Magister-Farmatsevt yond the initial qualification. Study consists (Master Pharmacist). of the writing and defense of a thesis,com-

29 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 4 2 Chapter 5

pletion of at least 5 out of 21 optional master Year 4- Seventh term: Pathological anatomy; courses in connection with the subject of thetopographical anatomy; operative surgery; dietetics thesis, and proficiency in one foreign lan-and forage hygiene; internal non-infectious dis- guage. Before 1992 the qualification awardedeases; obstetrics and gynecology; parasitology; at this stage on the way to the research doc-special surgery, ophthalmology, and orthopedy; torate was the Kandidat na Veterinarna Medit-anesthesiology (optional). Total weekly hours: 39. sina Nauki after 2 to 3 years of study. Eighth term: Parasitology; special surgery with Doktor po Veterinarna Meditsina Nauki (Doctor ofclinics;epizootology;veterinarytoxicology; Veterinary Science): Admission to the pro-radiology and physicaltherapy; problems of gram requires possession of the Magister pogeneralpharmacoprophylaxisandtherapy Veterinarna Meditsina or the Kandidat na Veter-(optional); neurology with acupuncture (optional); inarna Meditsina Nauki. The length of theinternal non-infectious diseases; obstetrics and program varies. The candidate must writegynecology. Total weekly hours: 41. and successfully defend a dissertation, pass Year 5- Ninth term: Internal non-infectious examinations in the specialization studied,diseases; obstetrics and gynecology; diseases of and demonstrate proficiency in two foreignsmall companion animals; andrology and artificial languages. insemination; economics and organization of Following is a curriculum leading to Doctor ofanimal husbandry; mycology (optional); infectious Veterinary Medicine at the Higher School ofdiseases; hygiene and technology of animal pro- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine atducts; ambulatory and clinicalactivity with Stara Zagora: pathologo-anatomical diagnostics. Total weekly Year 1- First term: Medical chemistry; medicalhours: 40. botany; mathematics/biometry; introduction to the Tenth term: Infectious diseases; hygiene and history of veterinary medicine; informatics andtechnology of animal products; organization of computer sciences (optional); cytology, histology,veterinary service; forensic veterinary medicine and and embryology; anatomy; Latin; foreign languagedeontology; tropical diseases; game diseases; agro- (Russian, English, French, or German). Totalmanagement and marketing (optional); veterinary weekly hours: 33. dermatology (optional); ambulatory clinical activity Second term: Cytology, histology, and embry-with pathologo-anatomicaldiagnostics.Total ology; zoology; medical physics with principles ofweekly hours: 32. biophysics; philosophy; Latin; foreign language; For the duration of this program of study, there agrarian law (optional); agrarian sociology (option-are 50 obligatory courses, including Latin and al); anatomy. Total weekly hours: 33. foreign language, and 15 optional courses. Addi- Year 2- Third term: Anatomy;veterinarytionally, foreign students are required to study medical genetics and breeding of farm animals;Bulgarian. general economic theory; forage production; foreign language; biochemistry; veterinary physiology;Law politics (optional); social psychology (optional). The study of law is offered by the law faculties Total weekly hours: 39. of Sofia University, the Cyril and Methodius Uni- Fourth term: Veterinary microbiology; bio-versity of Veliko Turnovo, and the Higher Institute chemistry; animal nutrition; animal husbandry;of Economics in Sofia (Karl Marx). The Higher veterinary endocrinology (optional); pathologicalTeacher Training Institute in Blagoevgrad has a physiology. Total weekly hours: 35. Department of Law and offers the same degree. Year 3- Fifth term: Veterinary microbiology;The Faculty of Law at Sofia University is the most veterinary virology; pathological physiology; generalprestigious in Bulgaria, having been founded in pathological morphology; radiobiology and radio-1892, just 4 years after the establishment of the ecology; pharmacology; propedeutics with clinicaluniversity. Traditionally only graduates of Sofia diagnostics; animal ethology (optional). TotalUniversity become courtroom lawyers. All others weekly hours: 32. work in various legal capacities as advisers in com- Sixth term: Pharmacology; propedeutics withpanies, government agencies, etc. clinical diagnostics; general surgery with surgical The first professional qualification in law propedeutics; animal hygiene and technologies inrequires 5 years of study in the universities, and 4.5 animal husbandry; veterinary ecology; fish farmingyears in the higher institutes. In the institutes there and fish diseases; apiculture; bee and silkwormis a development in the direction of 5-year pro- diseases; special pathological anatomy; immun-grams. Two of the new private U.S.-style uni- ology (optional). Total weekly hours: 37. versitiesNew Bulgarian University in Sofia and 30 43 Specialized and Professional Programs

Burgas Free University-are offering a 4-year Bach- 15. Social Security elor in Law degree. At the time of this research no 16. Roman Law degrees had been awarded, but the Ministry of 17. Family Law and Law of Succession Education and Science indicated the degrees from 18. Labor Law these private institutions would be recognized. 19. Commercial Law To be admitted for the study of law, secondary 20. Financial Law school graduates must pass entrance examinations in Bulgarian language, literature, and history. Each II. Required Elective Courses (students in year there are approximately 9,000 applications for each specialization must choose at least 10 100 spaces for fulltime students and 80 spaces for courses) part-time students. Such intense competition means that only an excellent high school record A. Specialization: Jurisdiction and a grade of at least 5 (out of 6) in subjects on I. Administrative Jurisdiction the entrance examination guarantee consideration 2. Bank Law for admission. 3. Civil Executive Procedure The universities offer specializations in Juris- 4. State Regulation of Economic Activity diction, Public Administration, and International 5. Insurance Law Law and Relations. A separate specialization in 6. Protection of Human Rights International Relations is under development. In 7. Penitentiary Law each year of the program, students complete a 8. Constitutional Court common core of subjects along with subjects in the 9. Law of Co-operatives chosen specialization, except for the fifth year, 10. Criminology when studyistotallyconcentrated on the 11. International Relations specialization. At the end of the fifth year, students 12. International Commercial Arbitration must pass oral examinations in civil, criminal, and 13. Notarial Procedure public law, and in subjects in the specialization 14. General Theory of State they have followed. These examinations are 15. Organization of Institutions for referred to as "the state examination" even though Protection of Rights they are organized by the institutions internally. 16. Land Law After successfully passing the examinations, 17. Legal Information graduates are awarded the Diploma za Zavarsheno 18. Legal Psychology Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Higher 19. Legal Theories Education) with the qualification Pravo (Law) 20. Law of European Communities indicated. Only students with a specialization in 21. Law of Intellectual Property jurisdiction may be admitted to the 6-month period 22. Experts' Consultations in Court of court training. After passing an oral examination, 23. Comparative Civil and Commercial they are qualified to work in court. Law Following is the course list in the Faculty of 24. Comparative Labor Law Law program at Sofia University: 25. Labor Law and Labor Arbitration 26. Philosophy of Law I. Obligatory Courses 1. Administrative Law and B. Specialization: Public Administration Administrative Procedure 1. Administrative Jurisdiction 2. Law of Estate 2. Bank Law 3. Civil Procedure 3. Currencies and Customs Law 4. Civil Law (General Part) 4. Civil Status of Personalities 5. History of Bulgarian State and Law 5. Taxation Law 6. Constitutional Law 6. State Regulation of Economic 7. Criminalistics Activities 8. International Public Law 7. Ecological Law 9. International Private Law 8. Experts' Consultations 10. Criminal Procedure 9. Insurance Law 11. Criminal Law 10. Protection of Human Rights 12. Law of Obligations 11. Constitutional Control 13. Economics 12. Criminology 14. General Theory of Law 13. Local Government 44 31 Chapter 5

14. General History of State and Law 3. History of Political Parties and 15. General Theory of Law Movements 16. Parliamentary Law 4. Canon Law 17. Land Law 5. Marketing 18. Political and Legal Theories 6. Methodology and Technics of 19. Police Law Legislation 20. Legal Informatics 7. International Investigation 21. Legal Sociology 8. Legal Logics 22. Law of European Communities 9. Rhetorics 23. Comparative Constitutional Law 10. Sports 24. Theory and Practice of Foreign Policy 11. Forensic Medicine 25. Territorial and Town/Village 12. Forensic Psychiatry Organization 13. Foreign Language (English, Spanish, 26. Law of Public Officials Italian, German, Russian, French) 14. Juridical Ethics C. Specialization: International Law and International Relations Performing and Fine Arts 1. Currencies and Customs Law Chief among institutions devoted to the preser- 2. Diplomatic and Consular Law vation and promotion of fine arts and culture are 3. Ecological Law the Nikolai Pavlovic Higher Institute of Fine Arts 4. History of International Relations in Sofia, Krstyo Sarafov Higher Institute of Dra- 5. International Protection of Human matic Art, the Bulgarian State Conservatory in Rights Sofia, and the Higher Institute of 6. International Administrative Law in Plovdiv. Their graduates, who are world famous 7. International Law of Contracts singers, instrumentalists, composers, choral singers, 8. International Law of the Sea conductors, painters, sculptors, graphic artists, 9. International Criminal Law and actors, film makers, and producers, have raised the Criminal Procedure prestige of Bulgarian art and culture within the 10. International Protection of Intellectual country and abroad, leading numerous foreign Property students to apply for admission. 11. International Jurisdiction Faculties at the Bulgarian State Conservatory 12. International Labor Law and Social include Voice, Instrumental, and Musical Theory Security (Composition and Conducting). Programs leading 13. International Commercial Arbitration to teaching and professional qualifications in Stage 14. International Financial Law Art (Directing, Producing, Acting) require 4 years 15. International Family Law and Law of and all other programs require 5 years. The first Succession stage of study culminates in the Diploma za Zavar- 16. General History of State and Law sheno Visshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed 17. General Theory of State Higher Education) with a specialization noted. An 18. Political and Legal Theories extensive thesis project may culminate in the Kan- 19. Polito logy didat na Naukite. 20. Legal Status of International The Higher Institute of Music Education in Organizations Plovdiv has a heavy emphasis on national folk 21. Legal Informatics music and dance. Teaching and professional qual- 22. Law of European Communities ifications require 4 years of study and culminate in 23. Law of International Transport the award of the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe 24. Comparative Civil and Commercial Obrazovanie, with the specialization noted. Law Programs atthe Krstyo Sarafov National 25. Comparative Constitutional Law Academy for Theater and Film Arts in Sofia focus 26. Theory of International Relations on acting, producing, science of dramatic art, pup- 27. Philosophy of Law petry and staging, cinema and television produc- tion, cartoons, and film making. Admission is very III. Optional Courses competitive and entrance examinations are re- 1. Introduction in Law quired. The duration of training for acting, pup- 2. Election Systems and Election petry, and staging is 4 years. For other programs it Procedures is 5 years. Upon satisfactory completion of the pro-

32 45 Specialized and Professional Programs

gram students receive the Diploma za Zavarshenothe Department of Psychology and Preschool Peda- Visshe Obrazovanie with the specialization noted. gogics. Admission is competitive and applicants Facultiesatthe Nikolai Pavlovic Higherare required to take an entrance examination Institute of Fine Arts include Fine Arts and Ap-covering Bulgarian language and literature, com- plied Arts. The institute offers programs at themunicative abilities, speech, and music listening. diploma level only; there are no postgraduate levelBulgarian language skills of foreign students are programs. In the Applied Arts departments, thecritically examined. program of study is of 5 years' duration, and for the Following is a complete preschool teacher Fine Arts departments, 5.5 years. Upon successfultraining curriculum: completion of any of the programs offered, students receive the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obra- I. General Theoretical Cycle zovanie with specialization noted (Document 5). 1. Introduction to philosophy (45 hours) Teacher Training 2. Logic (30 hours) 3. Ethics (30 hours) 4. Aesthetics (15 hours) Preschool 5. Politics (45 hours) The majority of Bulgaria's preschool teachers 6. General economics theory (60 hours) have been trained in one of the 12 semi-higher 7. History of the world culture (45 hours) pedagogical institutes, sometimes referred to as 8. History of the Bulgarian culture (45 hours) uchitelski institut, which have been established geo- 9. Anatomy and physiology of the child (60 graphically to cover all regions of the nation. These hours) semi-higher pedagogical institutes provide a pre- 10. Hygiene of the child (45 hours) school teacher training program and are always 11. Fundamentals of fault detection (45 hours) under the guidance of university faculties of 12. Man in a mature society (60 hours) pedagogy. Over the years, the length of these 13. Defense in extreme situations (30 hours) teacher training programs has varied from 2.5 to 3.5 14. Introduction to linguistics (30 hours) years. Upon successful completion of the training 15. Modern Bulgarian language (75 hours) program, the student is awarded the Diploma za 16. Fundamentals of children's linguistics (30 Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of hours) Completed Semi-Higher Education),orthe 17. Literature for children (60 hours) Svidetelstvo za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Certificate of 18. Bulgarian folklore (30 hours) Semi-Higher Education) with the titleUchitel (teacher) noted (see Documents 4a and 4b). II. Psychological and Pedagogical Cycle Advanced teacher trainingfor preschool 1. General psychology (45 hours) teachers is available in two higher institutes locat- 2. Functional psychology (15 hours) ed in Shoumen (often translated as Choumen) and 3. Age psychology (90 hours) in Blagoevgrad. In keeping with the spirit of 4. Pedagogical psychology (45 hours) autonomy sweeping the country, both teacher 5. Experimental psychology (60 hours) training institutions are seeking to acquire new 6. Psychology of communication (30 hours) names that reflect university status. 7. History of pedagogics (90 hours) The Higher Pedagogical Institute "Konstantin 8. Pedagogics (60 hours) Preslayski" in Shoumen was developed under the 9. Pedagogical diagnostics (15 hours) sponsorship of Sofia University. Currently this insti- 10. Preschool pedagogics (150 hours) tute has 11 faculties. Upon successful completion of the 3-year program, students earn a Diplomaza Methods Block Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazovanie or a Svidetelstvoza 1. Methods of play (30 hours) PoluvissheObrazovanie,whichindicatesthe 2. Methods of introduction to the surrounding specialization (preschool), and the title,Uchitel world (90 hours) (teacher). An additional2 years of preschool 3. Methods of forming mathematical ideas (60 teacher training is required to earn the Diplomaza hours) Zavarsheno Visshe 4. Methods of musical education (90 hours) The Higher Teacher Training Institute in Bla- 5. Methods of physical education (75 hours) goevgrad established a separate department for 6. Methods of art activities (60 hours) training of teachers in the subject of preschool 7. Methods of labor training and constructive pedagogics beginning with the 1991-1992aca- technical activities (75 hours) demic year. This new department is referredto as 8. Public speech and recitation (45 hours)

33 46 Chapter 5

Methods Block III. General Cycle of Applied Knowledge 1. Methods of (90 1. Culture of speech (30 hours) hours) 2. Rhetoric (30 hours) 2. Methods of computer education in 3. Theory of music (45 hours) kindergarten (60 hours) 4. Solfeggio (45 hours) 3. Methods of art activities at nursery schools 5. Musical instruments (75 hours) (90 hours) 6. Basis of technical culture (30 hours) 4. Methods of musical education at early and 7. Technical teaching devices (30 hours) preschool age (90 hours) 8. Art activities (60 hours) 5. Methods of physical education (90 hours) 9. Singing (30 hours) 6. Methods of recitation (60 hours) 10 Puppet theatrical art (30 hours) VI. General Applied Knowledge Cycle IV. Training Practices at the Nursery 1. Foreign language (60 hours) School 2. Computer literacy (45 hours) 1. Experimental psychology (15 hours) 3. Computer games for children of preschool 2. Psychology of communications (15 hours) age (60 hours) 3. Pedagogical diagnostics (15 hours) 4. Solfeggio (45 hours) 4. Methods of games (15 hours) 5. Harmony (30 hours) 5. Preschool pedagogics (75 hours) 6. Musical instruments (60 hours) 6. Methods of native language teaching (60 7. Choir singing (60 hours) hours) 8. Choreography (60 hours) 7. Methods of forming elementary 9. Puppet art (45 hours) mathematical ideas (30 hours) 10. Manipulative construction and modelling 8. Methods of musical education (60 hours) at the preschool age (45 hours) 9. Methods of labor training and constructive 11. Art activities (60 hours) technical work (30 hours) 10. Economics of education (45 hours) Students who successfully complete a shorter 11. Marketing in education (30 hours) version of this curriculum receive the Diploma za 12. Speech therapy (30 hours) Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Document 4a.) 13. History of art (60 hours) or the Svidetelstvoza PoluvissheObrazovanie 14. Theory of literature (30 hours) (Document 4b.), which indicate the teacher 15. History and theory of fine art (60 hours) qualification (Uchitel). Those completing the full 4- 16. History and theory of stage art (60 hours) year program receive the Diploma za Zavarsheno 17. Musical literature for children (30 hours) VissheObrazovanie indicatingtheteaching 18. Musical folklore for children (30 hours) qualification (Uchitel). (See Document 5.) 19. Music therapy (45 hours) 20. Musical aesthetics (30 hours) Primary School Teacher Training 21. Musical analysis (30 hours) The 12 semi-higher pedagogical institutes also provide training for the nation's primary school V. Psychological and Pedagogic Cycle teachers. Under the guidance of university faculties 1. Social psychology (30 hours) of pedagogy, these institutes offer teacher training 2. Psychology of creation (30 hours) programs that have varied from 2.5 to 3.5 years of 3. Psychology of learning (30 hours) study. 4. Psychodiagnostics (60 hours) More advanced teacher training opportunities 5. Musical psychology (45 hours) are available in two higher teacher training insti- 6. Psychology & pedagogics of children with tutions-the Higher Teacher Training Institute in inhibitions in their development (45 Blagoevgrad and the Higher Pedagogical Institute hours) "Konstantin Preslayski" in Shoumen. Following 7. Psychotherapy (30 hours) successful completion of 3 years of study, students 8. Didactics (45 hours) earn the Diploma za Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazavie 9. Comparative pedagogics (45 hours) or the Svidetelstvo za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie with the 10. Pedagogical ethics (30 hours) title Uchitel indicated. The diploma will indicate 11. Chemical education at the preschool age the program followed, primary teacher training. A (45 hours) second stage of study for prospective primary school teachers requires an additional 2 years and 34 4 Specialized and Professional Programs culminates in the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Medical-biological: Anatomy, biochemistry, Obrazovanie for primary school teachers. physiology, kinesitherapy-physical therapy, The subjects that are typically taught in the sports medicine, and sports massage. higher teacher training institutes for the training of Sports pedagogical: Track and field athletics, primary school teachers are separated into subject gymnastics, swimming, sports games, tour- areas or "blocks" as follows: ism-alpinism, didactic games, and rhythm and dances. Social Sciences (150 hours) Special: Theory and methods of sports training Psychology (195 hours) in acrobatics, basketball, badminton, wrest- Pedagogics (345 hours) lingclassic and free style, weight lifting, Modern Bulgarian language (150 hours) boxing, wind-surfing, water skiing, water Methods of teaching music (105 hours) polo, volleyball, rowing, judo, canoe-kayak, Methods of teaching sports/P.E. (240 hours karate, cycling, riding, body-building, swim- [student's choice]) ming,rugby,synchronizedswimming, Methods of teaching foreign language (180 skiing, ski-racing, biathlon, ski-jumping, bow hours) shooting, sports gymnastics, sports shooting, Methods of teaching a musical instrument tennis, table-tennis, tourism-alpinism, tour- (105 hours) ism-orientation,fencing,figureskating, football,ice-hockey,artisticgymnastics, chess, and sledging. Secondary School Teacher Training The major responsibility for the training of The second stage of the curriculum includes secondary school teachers rests with the two highervoluntary subjects, which the students select education institutes and the universities. Theaccording to their personal interest and individual various departments or faculties organized for theneeds: general economic theory, mass physical training of secondary teachers are consideringculture, power training, and informatics. changes to update their programs. Fine arts and The third stage includes optional subjects that technological institutions offer programs to trainare not obligatory for the student: golf, aerobics, teachers in their respective areas. (See Appendix Aand Eastern combat arts. for current information at the time of publication.) Every person who graduates is trained in two The secondary teachertraining programof the specializations. The Diploma za Zavarsheno duration is 5 years. The credential earned is theVisshe Obrazovanie is awarded at the end of the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie with theprogram of studies with the specializations noted. qualification Uchitel, Sredno (secondary education) indicated. A subject specialization, if completed, In-Service Teacher Training will also be indicated. A significant organization in Bulgaria is the The Higher Institute of Physical Education, orCentral Institute of In-Service Training of Teach- National Sports Academy, also known as the Visshers in Sofia, designed to provide all such training Institut za Fisiceska Kultura `Gveorgui Dimitrov'nationwide. Short-term courses are offered to teach- (`Gveorgui Dimitrov' Institute of Physical Culture),ers, with the subject matter often concerning a par- offers pedagogical courses for physical educationticular issue in the field of education or training. teachers with specializations in Teacher in Phys-The request for such courses might come from the ical Education, Coach (for certain sports disci-school principal or even a group of teachers plines), and Kinesitherapist (training for diagnostic,themselves. It might be in the area of student remedial, and rehabilitation activity). discipline, building relationships with parents, Three stages of study are provided by the Na-faculty-administration relationships, proper use of tional Sports Academy. The first stage comprisesnew technology, understanding curricular changes, obligatory courses in the following areas, depend-or a crash review of course content. The Central ing upon the specialization chosen: Institute is responsible for retraining teachers in new specializations by providing sessions called General theory: Psychology, pedagogy and statis-modules which meet for 2 to 3 weeks, three times tics, theory and methods of physical educa-a year. Four- to five-thousand participate yearly in tion, biomechanics, sports management, for-these programs. With the decline in demand for eign language training, and the history ofRussian language study, many former teachers of physical culture and sport. Russian have been retrained through these pro- Social: Philosophy and sociology. grams. Certificates awarded at the end of in-service 48 35 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 5 courses indicate the length of the course and thePoluvisshe Obrazovanie (Document 4a) with the area of specialization. (See Document 9.) specialization noted, and both are 3 years in Teachersgraduatingfromsemi-higherlength. In addition, the institute offers numerous institutes and from higher institutes are on theshort-term programs related to tourism, completion same salary scale. To move from the second classof which lead to a certificate. to the first class salary scale, a teacher must take an Sofia University's Faculty of Economics and examination, attend a one-month course, write andBusiness Administration also offers coursework in defend a thesis, and publish in a respected jour-economic geography and management of tourism nal. Only about 10% of the teachers ever becomein the Business Administration Department. first class salaried teachers. Following is the curriculum for the certificate Theology awarded by the Institute of International Tourism, Varna: While functioning as a Communist state, Bul- garia gave the study of theology very little em- 1. French- written 20. French- oral phasis. Today, new seminaries are emerging and 2. French- oral 21. German- written established institutions are reviving their former 3. History 22. German- oral theological faculties or establishing new ones. The 4. Geography of Tourism23. French- written Baptist Union of Bulgaria and the Pentecostal 5. Stocks 24. French- oral churches are planning new seminaries, but as yet, 6. German- written 25. German- written degrees are not being awarded. A private semi- 7. German- oral 26. German- oral higher institution is preparing religious leaders for 8. French- written 27. Typing the Islamic Turkish minority of Bulgaria. 9. French- oral 28. Philosophy Today, Sofia University has aFaculty of10. German- written 29. Economics of Theology and awards the Diploma za Zavarsheno Food & Beverage Visshe Obrazovanie after 5 years of study. After an11. German- oral 30. Physical additional 3 years of fulltime study or 4 years part- Education time, students may earn the Kandidat na Naukite. 12. Physical Education 31. French- written Further extensive research and defense of a disser-13. Economics 32. French- oral tation may lead to the Doktor na Naukite in theolog-14. Tourism 33. German- written ical studies. 15. Government 34. German- oral Cyril and Methodius University has a Faculty16. Ethics 35. Correspondence of Theology and Biblical Studies with eight17. Accounting 36. Economics of separate departments, which offer programs of 5 Hotel Business years' duration leading to the Diploma za Zavar-18. Machines 37. Philosophy sheno Visshe Obrazovanie. 19. French- written 38. Hotel Business Tourism 39. Technique of Service Only one higher institute has been established for the purpose of aiding the development oftour- State examinations are required in the ism in Bulgaria. This is the Higher Institute offollowing subjects: International Tourism in Varna, where programs of 4 years of study lead to the Diploma za Zavarsheno 1. French- written Visshe Obrazovanie. Additionally, two semi-higher 2. French- oral institutes operate to meet the basic staffing needs 3. German- written of the nation's fledgling tourist industry-one lo- 4. German- oral cated in Burgas, the other in Varna. Both institutes 5. Economics of Restaurant & Hotel Business offer two programs, one in Hotel and Restaurant 6. Practice Management and one in Tourist Services Manage- ment. Both lead to the Diploma za Zavarsheno

36 49 Chapter 6 Guidelines for Admissions Officers

General Advice by North American admissions officers. For exam- ple, the stage one Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Allaspects of higher education in Bulgaria are in aObrazovanie is sometimes translated as "Master of state of flux. The changes that were envisionedArts" or "Master of Science," a view not shared by and proposed in 1990 were still not in place byNorth American educators. (See Appendix B, early 1994. Therefore, in this volume, the featuresDocument 6 for an example of diplomas issued to of the system are denoted as either "pre-1990" orforeign students by Bulgarian authorities.) Creden- "proposed beginning in 1990." tial evaluators should keep in mind that this is a There are as many as four different translationsqualification awarded for the completion of an for names of the same higher education institution.undergraduate program. The placement recom- Refer to Appendix A for the most current list ofmendations, therefore, do not suggest awarding postsecondary institutions, their officially recog-graduate credit. Similarly, following the comple- nized names and institutional profiles. Appendixtion of stage one and the award of the Diploma za A, Higher Education Institutions in Bulgaria as ofZavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie, the second stage 1993, is to the best of our knowledge complete andrequires a minimum of 3 years of study and accurate. If the name indicated on a credentialresearch, as well as a dissertation for the Kandidat does not match the name of an institution on eitherna Naukite (Candidate of Science). This credential of the lists in Appendix A, check the addressis often translated by Bulgarian authorities as listed, which may provide a clue as to whether or"Ph.D."but wereferyoutoPlacement not the institution from which you have a transcriptRecommendation number 10 and the Council actually exists and is recognized. Commentary. Additional pure research culminates Additionally, the country is yet to settle into ain the credential Doktor na Naukite. There is no comfortable consensus regarding titles for quali-equivalent for this credential in the U.S. system of fications. The trend is to move away from thehigher education, although Bulgarians consider it Russian system of awarding qualifications andto be more advanced than the U.S.Ph.D.degree. titles, and toward the Western concept of confer- ring degrees. Some institutions are already issuing Five Basic Credentials diplomas reflecting degrees, even though the The Bulgarian system is not complex, if one Ministry of Education has not officially approvedbears in mind that there are five basic credentials these changes. awarded for the completion of programs of study The term "zavarsheno" ("completed") is omit-beyond the compulsory years of primary education ted on some diplomas, so some credential names(grades 1-8). These are: the Diploma za Zavarsheno may not include this term, e.g., Diploma za VissheSredno Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Secon- Obrazovanie. This practice does not appear to bedary Education); the Diploma za Zavarsheno universal, and there is no special significancePoluvisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed attached tothis change. A program must beSemi-Higher Education), awarded by the semi- successfully completed before any diplomas arehigher institutes; the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe issued. Documents similar to U.S. transcripts,Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completed Higher indicating courses completed and grades earned,Education), awarded by both the higher institutes may be obtained from institutions previously at-and the universities; the Diploma za Spetsialnost tended upon request of the student. (Diploma of Specialization in a field), a postgrad- uate credential; and the Kandidat na Naukite (Can- Bulgarian Evaluations didate of Science), representing completion of a 3- The Bulgarian view of their educational cre-year fulltime postgraduate program. Note that dentials may be reflected in translations receivedsemi-higher diplomas may be issued by either

37 50 Chapter 6 higher institutes or universities for programs that are Sofia 1000, Bulgaria at the semi-higher level. The term Svidetelstvo Tel: (359-2) 84-81 (Certificate) appears in place of Diploma on older Fax: (359-2) 871-289 credentials at both the secondary and semi-higher level (see Chapter 4, pg. 21 and Appendix BThe Role of the National Council on the Document 4). Other credentials represent eitherEvaluation of Foreign Educational additional information concerning a basic diploma,Credentials or in-service training. For example, the Svidetelstvo The National Council on the Evaluation of za Spetsializatsia (Certificate of Specialization [Post-Foreign Educational Credentials (the Council) is graduate]) is another credential, similar to thean interassociational group that provides guidelines Diploma za Spetsialnost,representing furtherfor interpreting foreign educational credentials for specialized training in a specific field of studythe placement of holders of these credentials in (e.g., obstetrics, tropical medicine). See AppendixU.S. educational institutions. Its main purpose is B, Document 8 for a sample of the Svidetelstvo zato review, modify, and approve placement recom- Spetsializatsia. mendations drafted for publications used by the U.S. admissions community. The Council also Additional Comments helps establish priorities, research guidelines, and A transcript of subjects taken with gradesreview procedures for international admissions earned is an integral part of every diploma. Stu-publications. The Council participates in interna- dents should have no trouble in providing a copy. tional meetings that involve foreign educational It appears that Bulgarians use interchangeablycredentials for the purpose of international ex- the pronouns "no" (for) and "po" (of) in referring tochanges of students and scholars. The member- qualifications. "Po" may be more typical on theship of the Council reflects the diversity of U.S. professional diplomas, as reflected in this volume'seducational institutions for which recommenda- text and the placement recommendations. tions are made. See page 77 for a listing of the The institutional profiles in Appendix A do notCouncil member organizations and their represen- list all the programs, such as programs offered totatives. train teachers in specific fields of study. However, The placement recommendations approved by the higher institutes do offer teacher training inthe Council identify the level or stage of education specialized disciplines. represented by an educational credential and thus One component of the proposed Educationthe appropriate placement of the holder of the ReformBillis the restructuring of tertiary educationcredential in U.S. educational institutions. Council along U.S. lines, with a 4-year first degree program,recommendations are not directives, nor do they followed by a 2-year master's degree program, andmake judgments about the quality of programs and at the end, a doctoral program. This structure hasschools. Quality indicators may be provided by the not yet been approved although, during our in-author in the text. The effective use of placement country visits, some institutions reported to PIERrecommendations depends on careful review of the researchers that new 4-year programs were alreadysupporting text in the publication and consider- in place. The contents however, had not changedation of individual institutional placement policies from that of the 5-year programs. As none of theseand practices. anticipated diplomas had been awarded at the The Council suggests that institutions apply time of the PIER workshop, they are not includedthe same standards for a foreign applicant as for a in the section on placement recommendations (seeU.S. applicant with a similar educational back- below). ground. Recommendations reflect U.S. philosophy Admissions officers may obtain further infor-and structure of education and so may differ from mation by contacting the Ministry directly: practices within the educational system being re- Ministry of Education and Science viewed. Blvd. Dondukov 2

The National Council on the Evaluation of Guide to the Understanding of Foreign Educational Credentials has approved the Placement Recommendations for placementrecommendationspublished inthis Bulgaria PIER workshop report in consultation with the workshop director and co-editors.

38 51 Guidelines for Admissions Officers

Over the years, certain phrases used repeatedlygraduate education within the foreign system. This in the recommendations have acquired specificrecommendation may be used for programs requir- meanings within Council usage. To assist theing more than 16 years of study if no graduate reader in understanding the intent of these phrases,transfer credit is recommended. the Council has prepared the following index to the meanings of placement recommendations thatMay be considered to represent a level of appear specifically in this workshop report. achievement beyond the U.S. master's degree Questions or comments about Council place-and, depending on the nature of the research ment recommendations should be sent to: Chair,and dissertation, may be comparable to the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreignrequirements of a U.S. doctoral degree. Each Educational Credentials,c/o AACRAO, Onecase should be evaluated individually. (This Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 330, Washington, DC statement is self-explanatory.) 20036-1171. Represents recognition of published postdoc- Secondary toral scholarly research. May be placed in grade... This statement is used if the holder of the This recommendation is used if freshmancredential has completed scholarly research that admission cannot be recommended, but specifichas been published as a condition of the creden- secondary school placement is suggested by thetial. In some cases, such as the German Habili- total years of primary and secondary school studiestation and the French Habilitation a diriger des represented by the credential. recherches, the credential is an entitlement to the highest university positions. Primarily a vocational qualification. This statement is used for credentials awardedA first professional degree in... [medicine, for secondary nonacademic training programs indentistry, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, specific job-related fields (e.g., apprenticeships).law]. May be considered for graduate admis- Admission does not usually require a specificsion. background. The credentials do not give access to This statement is used to point out the first higher education. professional degrees awarded in a particular field. No graduate transfer credit is awarded. While May be considered for freshman admission. preparation for the profession occurs at the graduate This recommendation is for graduates of aca-level in the U.S., it occurs at the undergraduate demic, university-preparatory secondary school pro-level in many foreign educational systems. grams and other programs that can be considered for freshman admission without reservations orRepresents the completion of a specialization qualifiers. in...[medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, veter- inary medicine]. Undergraduate This statement is used for credentials awarded May be considered for undergraduate admis-for completion of a medicine or dentistry-related sion with transfer credit determined through aspecialization, following the first professional de- course-by-course analysis. gree in the field. This recommendation setsthe maximum amount of credit, depending on the length of study, for a university program. The phrasing Council Commentary "course-by-course analysis" asks the evaluator to Council Commentary isprovided by the look carefully at course contents, such as courseCouncil to accompany or supplementa placement descriptions from catalogues, in order to determinerecommendation or explain its absence. It is used the appropriateness of transfer credit. for important points in an educationalsystem to Graduate or Advanced Professional Admission clarify placement recommendations and their interpretation by U.S. institutions or to provide May be considered for graduate admission. adviceand/or commentary if no placement This recommendation is used if the program ofrecommendation is given. study is considered to provide adequateprepara- Council Commentary may be usedto discuss tion for graduate study, without reservationorthe reasoning behind a placement recommend- qualifiers. Normally such a program representsa ation or how a recommendation may be interpreted total of 16 years of education and givesaccess toor implemented: 52 39 Chapter 6

When a placement recommendation for a cre- dential is lower than or higher than the access to further education provided by that credential in the home country; When a placement recommendation merits caution about determining admissibility and placement of individual students; When a complicated recommendation requires further interpretation.

Council Commentary may be used to provide advice if no placement recommendation is given, as when: Completion of a portion of a program without receiving the degree may merit admission consideration at a particular level; Advice on evaluating partial completion of a program may be useful for determining transfer credit, for example for a study abroad program; A program or credential may not fit into the placement recommendation format, but de- scriptive advice would assist in the assessment of an appropriate placement.

53 40 P lacement Recommendations PrimaryName of EducationCredential RequirementEntrance StudyLength of BulgariaGives Access to in Placement Recommendation 8,12)CompletedOsnovno1. Svidetelstvo Obrazovanie Primary za Education)Zavarsheno (Certificate (pp. of Age 7 8 years Secondary education May be placed in grade 9. 2. DiplomaObrazovanieSecondary za Zavarsheno (DZSO)Education (Diploma Sredno of CompletedCertificate ofPrimary 3-5 years Tertiary education May be considered for freshman admission. (ESPU),fromSvidetelstvoCompleted1990), unified secondary prior Secondary (Maturityor to polytechnical 1974 professional Education, Certificate),called schoolZrelostno pre- Education vocationaltechnical school school (SPTU) (tekhnikum) or technical (p. 9) 4-5 years Tertiary education May be considered for freshman admission. 3. Diplomagymnasium/academicproposedCompletedObrazovanie zabeginning Secondary Zavarsheno (DZSO) 1990) secondaryEducation, Sredno(Diploma from of EducationCompletedCertificate ofPrimary vocationaltechnicalschool12-14) (SOU), school school secondary (SPTU), (tekhnikum) professionalor technical 54 (pp. 55 iti Name of Credential RequirementEntrance StudyLength of BulgariaGives Access to in Placement Recommendation 4. Svidetelstvoprofessional(P. 9) technical(Certificate) school from (PTU) a EducationCompletedCertificate ofPrimary 1-2 years Employment Primarily a vocational credential. 5. UdostoverenieforTekhnicheska technicians za(pp. Praktika, Poluvissha 10, 14) a qualification fromSecondaryDiploma a tekhnikum of Education Completed 1-2 years Employment placementPrimarily a should vocational be based credential; on other admission credentials. and 6. KvalifikatsiranEducationtheworker),(pp. Diploma 10, awarded from14) of RabotnikCompleted an in SPTU conjunction (Qualified Secondary with EducationCompletedCertificate ofPrimary See p. 10 Employment placementPrimarily should a vocational be based qualification; on other credentials. admission and 7. DiplomaSemi-HigherObrazovanieTertiary za Education Zavarsheno (DiplomaEducation) of Poluvisshewith Completed andSecondaryDiploma entrance of Education Completed 2-3.5 years employmentFurther education or analysis.transferMay be creditconsidered determined for undergraduate through a course-by-course admission with 8. Diplomaqualification za Zavarsheno noted (pp. 18, Visshe 20-21) Diplomaexamination of Completed 4-5.5 years Further education or May be considered for graduate admission. 56 noted(AsuchHigherObrazovanie rkhitekt), as (pp. Education)Engineer 18-21, or (Diploma Teacher (Inzhener), 24-26) with of(Uchitel),qualification, Completed Architect examinationandSecondary entrance Education employment 57 9. DiplomaasHigherObrazovanie a Lawyer Education) za Zavarsheno(Pravo) (Diploma with (p. ofqualification 31)Visshe Completed examinationandSecondaryDiploma entrance of Education Completed 5.5 years employmentFurther education or graduateA first professional admission. degree in law; may be considered for Science)10. Kandidat or Kandidat na Naukite na (Candidate of ... (field) HigherDiploma Education of Completed minimum3 years employmentFurther education or beyondMay be theconsidered U.S. master's to represent degree a and, level depending of achievement on the veterinaryengineering,chemistry,Sciences)Nauki (Candidate in medicine.computer fieldsmathematics, ofsuch the(p.science, as21) agriculture,physics, ... [field] CouncilEachcomparablenature case of Commentary the should to research the berequirements evaluated andbelow. dissertation, individually. of a U.S. may doctoral be Also seedegree. Science)11. Doktor (p. na 21) Naukite (Doctor of Candidate of Science Variable Employment scholarlyRepresents research. recognition of published postdoctoral 12.Medical Diploma Education za Zavarsheno Visshe of:HigherObrazovanie Education) (Diploma with qualification of Completeda. Doktor po Stomatologija or Diploma of Completed 5.5 years Further education or A first professional degree in dentistry; may be Dentist)Stomatolog (p. 27)(Doctor of Dentistry orb. Doktor po Meditsina or Lekar DiplomaexaminationandSecondary entrance of Completed Education 6 years Furtheremployment education or Aconsidered first professional for graduate degree admission. in medicine; may be (p.(Doctor 28) of Medicine or Physician)c. Doktor po Veterinarna DiplomaexaminationandSecondary entrance of Education Completed 5.5 years Furtheremployment education or A firstconsidered professional for graduate degree admission. in veterinary medicine; may Iw Medicine)Meditsina (Doctor(pp. 29-30) of Veterinary 58 examinationandSecondary entrance Education employment be considered for graduate admission. 59 Name of Credential RequirementEntrance StudyLength of BulgariaGives Access to in Placement Recommendation Pharmacist) (pp. 28-29) d. Magister-Farmatsevt (Master examinationandSecondaryDiploma entrance of Education Completed 5 years employmentFurther education or consideredA first professional for graduate degree admission. in pharmacy; may be Council(p.(Diploma13. 22)Diploma ofCommentary: Specialization)za Spetsialnost qualificationappropriateHigherDiploma Education of professionalCompleted with 1.5-4 years employmentFurther education or e.g.,Represents pharmacy, the completion dentistry, medicine, of a specialization veterinary in medicine. a field, kandidataccordingofselectivityTaking Council into na to ofmembers considerationnaukite thethe Internationalsystem is thought comparable at the all that admissions Guidelevels the to toof kandidata QualificationsPh.D.education, and degreein na the naukite and Unitedaward inthe Education should number requirementsKingdom. be of ofconsidered kandidat The (see British text), holders comparable Council which (only are National to six similaran percent earned Academic to those ofdoctorate higher characterizing Recognition education(Ph.D.) in Informationagraduates), the U.S. United doctorate, aStates.Centre, minority the Note the number that 60 61 Higher Educational Institutions In Bulgaria (as of Spring 1993)

Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Sofia Semi-Higher Institutes "Zdrave" 2 St. Telephone: 2 51 72 77 Semi-Higher Allied Health Institutes (Ministry of Public Health) Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Stara Zagora Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in "Gen. Zvyatko Radoinov" 36 St. Blagoevgrad Telephone: 42 22 855 Parvostepenna Obshtinska Bolniza 2700 Blagoevgrad Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Veliko Telephone: 73 25 983 Tarnovo "Krakov" 1 St. Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Burgas 5000 "Antim I" 6 St. Telephone: 62 28 476 8000 Burgas Telephone: 56 42 705 Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institutes (Ministry of Education and Science) Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in "Lenin" 267 St. Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Burgas 6300 Haskovo Complex "Slaveikov" Telephone: 38 28 476 8000 Burgas Telephone: 56 84 185; Fax: 68 40 58 Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Pleven Director: Todor Hadjipetrov "G. Dimitrov" 77 St. Telephone: 56 8 40 58 Telephone: 64 22 577 Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Dobrich Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Plovdiv Complex "Dobrotiza" "Bratya Chaplikovi" 125 St. 9300 Dobrich 4000 Plovdiv Telephone: 58 2 72 09 Telephone: 32 77 23 47 Director: Mitko Bojilov Telephone: 58 2 45 09 Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Ruse "G. Genov" 6 St. Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Doupnitza Telephone: 82 25 070 2600 Doupnitza Telephone: 701 2 59 80; Fax: 2 80 25 Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Shoumen Director: Maria Ivanova "Gen. Skobelev" 25 St. Telephone: 701 2 22 05 9700 Shoumen Telephone: 54 56 548 Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Jambol 38 "Graf Ignatiev" St. Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in 8600 Jambol "Gen. Stoletov" 30 St. Telephone: 46 3 26 75 Fax: 2 29 35 8800 Sliven Director: Associate Professor Maria Roshmo nova Telephone: 44 22 855 Telephone: 46 2 99 54

Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Sofia Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Kardjali St. "J. Filaretova" 3 26 Lenin Blvd. Telephone: 2 52 62 67 6600 Kardjali Telephone: 361 2 21 36 Fax: 68 40 58 Director: Assistant Professor Stoyan Taney Telephone: 361 2 77 53

45 62 Appelndix A

Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Pazardjik Semi-Higher Institute in Chemical Technologies 29 "Nefit Bozveli" St. and Biotechnologies in Razgrad 4400 Pazardjik 3 "Lenin" Blvd. Telephone: 34 2 65 11 Fax: 2 34 21 7200 Razgrad Director: Alexandra Goumnerova Telephone: 084 2 10 51 Telephone: 34 2 34 11 Director: Ivanka Jeleva Telephone: 84 2 52 49; Fax: 2 71 35 Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Pleven 3 "Skala Tepe" St. Semi-Higher Institute in Chemical Technologies 5800 Pleven and Biotechnologies in Sofia Telephone: 64 2 29 53 Fax: 4 02 21 3 "Sredorek" St. Director: Margarita Toneva 1619 Sofia Telephone: 64 2 29 53 Telephone: 57 31 50 Director: Dinka Milcheva Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Ruse Telephone: 57 51 55 "Zdravetz-iztok" 7000 Ruse Semi-Higher Institute in Economics and Telephone: 82 4 10 35 Fax: 4 11 44 Management in Svishtov Director: Associate Professor Tsetan Maximov 59 "Tzar Osvoboditel" St. Telephone: 4 11 44 5250 Svishtov Telephone: 631 22 866 Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Silistra Director: Georgi Denev "Albena" St. Telephone: 631 2 47 19; Fax: 2 47 19 7500 Silistra Telephone: 86 2 68 51 Fax: 2 68 51 Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Director: Associate Professor Vangel Kukov Electrotechnique in Blagoevgrad Telephone: 86 2 80 43 5 "Al Velichkov" St. 2700 Blagoevgrad Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Silven Director: Ilia Smiljanov 8800 Silven Telephone: 2 10 26 Telephone: 44 8 79 55; Fax: 8 93 51 Director: Dimitar Petkov Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Electrotechnique in Burgas Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in 101 "Aleksandrovska" St. 1 "Esperanto" St. Telephone: 56 2 96 51; Fax: 2 05 89 4700 Smolyan Taney Director: Alexander Kisirin Telephone: 301 3 22 65 Fax: 32265 Telephone: 562 96 97 Director: Dimitar Frenkov Telephone: 301 3 22 50 Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Electrotechnique in Dobrich Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute in Vratza Complex "Dobrotitza" bl. 12 Ucheben Kompleks, Korpus 3 9300 Dobrich 3000 Vratza Telephone: 58 2 54 98; Fax: 2 54 98 Telephone: 92 2 52 30 Fax: 4 49 45 Director: Maria Ingilizova Director: Associate Professor Zlatka Petrova Telephone: 58 2 92 52 Telephone: 92 4 61 23 Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Semi-Higher Technical andEconomic Institutes Electrotechnique in Lovetch 31 "Georgi Ibanov" St. Semi-Higher Institute in Chemical Industry in 5500 Lovetch Machinebuilding in Varna "Pochivka" Telephone: 68 4 50 13; Fax: 4 20 38 900 Varna Director: Associate Professor Vasil Kochevski Telephone: 52 82 87 01 Fax: 82 87 05 Telephone: 68 4 50 03 Director: Stefan Karadjov Telephone: 52 87 20 88

46 63 Higher Educational Institutions

Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Other Semi-Higher Institutes Electrotechnique in Plovdiv 71 A "Bratja Chaplikovi" St. Semi-Higher Institute in Tourism in Burgas 4004 Plovdiv Director: Stojan Chora Telephone: 32 26 44 96; Fax: 26 44 56 Telephone: 056 2 48 06; Fax: 2 97 32 Director: Petar Petrov Telephone: 32 77 34 56 Semi-Higher Institute in Librarian Activity in Sofia Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and 2 T Zarigradsko Shosse Blvd. 119 Electrotechnique in Silistra Sofia P.B. 81 Telephone: 79 11 60; Fax: 79 11 60 7500 Silistra Director: Petar Petrov Telephone: 86 2 87 93; Fax: 6 20 26 Telephone: 79 01 66 Director: Jordan Dimitrov Telephone: 862 72 74 Semi-Higher Institute in Communications in Sofia Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Director: Donka Georgieva Electrotechnique Telephone: 62 28 93; 62 30 21 1 "Ovcha Kupel" Blvd. 1618 Sofia Semi-Higher Institute in Tourism in Varna Telephone: 56 31 13 Director: Li li Kouzoharova Director: Petar Ivanchev Telephone: 052 23 10 75; Fax: 23 10 75 Telephone: 562 96 97 (NOTE: In addition, a Semi-Higher Institute for Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Islamic Studies was in the process of being estab- Electrotechnique in Sofia lished, but details were not available at the time 2 "Vasil Levski" Blvd. of this PIER workshop.) 1000 Sofia Director: Associate Professor Miko Lakov Telephone: 88 43 51/ 304 Universities (*This list provided, in translation, by the Ministry of Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Education and Science.) Transport in Smoljan 9 "Esperanto" St. Veliko Tarnovski Universitet 'Kiri! I Metodi' 4700 Smoljan (Cyril and Methodius University in Veliko Telephone: 301 3 36 27; Fax: 3 29 28 Tarnovo) Director: Hristo Hristov Ul. Theodossy Tarnovski, 1 Telephone: 301 3 36 43 Veliko Tarnovo 5000, Bulgaria Tel: (35962) 20189/24984 Semi-Higher Institute in Microelectronics in Fax: (35962) 28023 Botevgrad History: The smallest of the three major universi- 31 "V. Kolarov" St. ties in Bulgaria, Cyril and Methodius University 2140 Botevgrad was established in 1963 as a Higher Pedagogical Telephone: 99 71 31 71 42; Fax: 71 89 Institute. The Institute became a university in Director: Zivko Georgiev 1971. A state institution, the governing body is an Telephone: 99 71 31 71 89 academic council. Academic Year: Two terms: September- Semi-Higher Institute in Mining and Metalurgy December and February-May in Kardjali Enrollment: 5,000 35 "Boulair" St. P.B. 157 Library: Approximately 200,000 volumes 6600 Kardjali Faculties: Telephone: 361 2 80 56 History Director: Kantcho Iliev Arts Telephone: 361 2 78 79 Law Mathematics & Informatics (computer science) Modern Languages

64 47 Appelndix A

Pedagogy Plovdivski Universitet 'Pa isii Hilendarski' Theology & Biblical Studies (Paissiy of Hilendar Plovdiv University, also Credentials Awarded: known as University of Plovdiv) Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with Ul. Tsar Assen, 24 specialization and, where appropriate, the Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria professional qualification, e.g., Uchitel Tel: (3592) 226238 [teacher], noted-5 years) Fax: (3592) 238607 Kandidat na Naukite (new in 1992-1993): 3 years History: Founded in 1961 as a Higher Teacher Training Institute, in 1972 it became Plovdivski Sofiski Universitet 7Climent Ohridski' Universitet 'Paisii Hilendarski.' (Kliment of Ohrid Sofia University, also Academic Year: Two terms: September- known as University of Sofia) December and February-May. Blvd. Ruski 15, P.O. Box 100 Enrollment: 9,000 Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria Library: 200,000 volumes Tel: (3592) 801176/463118 Faculties: Fax: (3592) 463589 Chemistry History: Founded in 1888 as a Higher Peda- Biology gogical program with one faculty, it became a Mathematics university in 1904, and by 1938 the number of Law faculties had increased to seven. Reorganization Faculty came in 1944 when the faculties of agriculture and Pedagogy medicine became separate institutions. Prior to Physics 1990 the University was governed by a University Philology Council presided over by the Rector, who was Credentials Awarded: elected by the professors and lecturers for a 2-year Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie: 5 years period, and five Pro-Rectors plus the Faculty (with professional title and specialization Council. noted) Academic Year: Two terms: September- Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years December and February-May. Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Enrollment: 16,000 Library: Exceeds one million volumes Faculties: Biology Chemistry New Private Universities Classical and Modern Philologies Economics and Business The American University in Bulgaria Education Blagoevgrad 2700, Bulgaria Elementary School and Preschool Education Tel: (359) 73 23652 Free Faculty (Elective Courses) Fax: (359) 73 25218 Geology and Geography History: Founded in 1991 as a private, selective, History residential, undergraduate college with an Law emphasis on the liberal arts. Mathematics and Informatics (Computer Science) Enrollment: 400 in 1992-93. Anticipated full Philosophy enrollment of 1,000 students. Physics Admission: Applicants must submit SAT scores Slavic Philologies for admission. For non-native English-speaking Theology students, a 550 or better TOEFL score is required. Credentials Awarded: Credentials Awarded: At the present time a Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie: 5 years Bachelor of Arts degree program is offered with the (with qualifications and following majors: Administration, Applied professional titles noted) Economics, Computer Science, English, History, Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Journalism and Mass Communication, Political Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Science and International Relations, and Southeast European studies. (At the time of the PIER workshop visit, no credentials had been awarded. The first class will graduate in 1995.)

48 65 Higher Educational Institutions

Burgas Free University (also known as establishment of a Law Department and a School Svoboden University) of Business and Management. Ul. Alexandrovska, 01 Burgas 8000, Bulgaria Tel. (35956) 21025 Higher Institutes Fax (35956) 29567 Agriculture History: Founded in December, 1990 in Burgas, Bulgaria's fourth largest city. Fees are charged and Vissh Institut Po Hranitelna I Vkusova admission is selective. Promislenost (Higher Institute of Food and Enrollment: 1,500 Flavor Industry, also known as Higher Departments: Initially, only the study of law was Institute of Food, Beverage, and Tobacco offered. Majors in the following areas have been Industries in Plovdiv) added: business, agriculture, mathematics, peda- Blvd. Maritza, 26 gogy, and early childhood education. All programs Plovdiv, Bulgaria are 4 years in length; patterned after U.S. model. Tel: (3592) 44181 Credentials Awarded (Proposed): Fax: (35932) 440102 Bachelor's credentials: 4 years (As of the time of History: Established in 1948 as the Department the field work for this PIER Workshop report no of Agricultural Technology of the University of credentials had been awarded.) Plovdiv, the department became the Faculty of Food Technology in 1950, and in 1953 became New Bulgarian University the Institute of Food Industry. P.O. Box 669 Enrollment: 2,500 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria Faculties: Tel: (3592) 815784 Technical Fax: (3592) 880902 Technological History: Established September 1991, it is offici- Credentials Awarded: ally recognized as a non-governmental organization Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with with university status. specialization noted): 5 years Programs of Study: Applied Linguistics, Psych-Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years ology, Clinical Social Work, Informatics and Cog- Doktor na Naukite: a research credential nitive Science. A number of graduate level pro- grams were planned for the 1994 fall semester. Di- Vissh Institut Po Zootehnika I Veterinarna ploma and certificate programs in Business Admin-Medicina (Higher Institute of Animal istration and Business Management, Public Rela- Husbandry And Veterinary Medicine) tions, Journalism, and Information and Computer Ul.D. Blageov, 62 Science are also available. Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria Special Programs: Each semester, the ContinuingTel: (35942) 2803/39024 Education School offers approximately 150 courses Fax: (35942) 34102 in law, administration, business and management,History: Founded as a Faculty of Agronomy of applied psychology, cognitive science, information the University of Sofia in 1921. The Faculty of and computer science, and the humanities. These Veterinary Medicine began in 1923. In 1953 it courses are open to people wishing to acquire new became the Professor G. Pavlov Higher Institute of qualifications or simply to update their skills and Veterinary Medicine. In 1974 the Institute moved knowledge. Some courses require an undergrad- from Sofia to Stara Zagora and became an uate degree and/or some practical experience whileindependent institution known as the Higher others are open to all. The duration of each course Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary may vary but usually requires at least 30 hours of Medicine. classroom instruction Academic Year: Two terms: October-January and The Distance Learning School or Radio University February-July offers introductory courses in Law and Economics, Faculties: Commercial Law, Business Management, Market-Animal Husbandry Technology ing, and Business Finance. Veterinary Medicine Credentials Awarded: (As of the time of the fieldCredentials Awarded: work for this PIER Workshop report no credentials Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with title had been awarded.) Doktor po Veterinarna Meditsina indicated): 5-5.5 Projected: Future plans for NBU include the years

49

REST COPY AVAILABLE Appelndix A

Kandidat na Naukite: 3.5 years Business Economics Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Proposed after 1992-93: Doktor po Vissh Finansovo-Stopanski Institut 'D.A. Veterinarnomeditsina : 5.5 years Tsenov' (Institute of Finance and Economics, also known as D. Tsenov Economics Vissh Lesothniceski Institut (Institute of Academy) Forestry, also known as Higher Technical Ul. Emmanuel Chakarov, 2 Institute of Sofia) Svishtov 5250, Bulgaria Blvd. Kliment Ohridski, 10 Tel: (359631) 22091 Sofia 1156, Bulgaria Fax: (359631) 23472 Tel: (3592) 622830 History: Founded in 1936 as a school of com- Fax: (3592) 680335 merce, the institution became a school of econom- History: Founded in 1925 as part of the Faculty ics and social studies in 1948. In 1952 it acquired of Agriculture at University of Sofia. In 1949 a the name Vissh Finansovo-Stopanski Institut 'D.A. Faculty of Timber Processing Technology was Tsenov' (Institute of Finance and Economics). added, and in 1953 both faculties were reorganizedAcademic Year: Two terms: September-January into the Higher Technical Institute of Sofia. It is and February-June now known as the Institute of Forestry. Enrollment: 5,500 Academic Year: Two terms: September- January Library: 200,000 volumes and March-June Faculties: Enrollment: 1,200 Accountancy Library: 100,000 Finance Faculties: Production and Trade Business Wood Technology Management and Marketing Economics and Landscape Architecture Free Faculty (Elective Courses) Credentials Awarded: Credentials Awarded: Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with the professional title of Inzhener and specialization professional title of Ikonomist and noted): 5 years specialization noted): 5 years Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Doktor na Naukite: a research credential

Vissh Selskostopanski Institut 'Vassil Kolarov' Vissh Institut Za Narodno Stopanstvo (Kolarov Higher Institute of Agriculture) Dimitre Blagoev' (Institute of National Ul. Mendeleev, 12 Economics, also known as Dimitre Blagoev Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria Higher Institute of Economic Management in Tel No. (35932) 224100 Varna) Fax: (35932) 233157 Blvd. Kniaz Boris, 1, 77 History: Founded in 1945, in 1955 adopted the Varna 9002, Bulgaria name of the distinguished Bulgarian State leader, Tel: (35952) 21351/228164 Vassil Kolarov. Fax: (35952) 235680 Academic Year: Two terms: October-January andHistory: Founded in 1920 as a trade school under March-June the name Higher School of Commerce, and Enrollment: 3,000 known through the years as the Academy of Com- Library: 230,000+ merce or simply 'The Academy." From 1942 to Faculties: 1945 it was known as the Higher School of Bus- Plant and Soil Protection iness and Social Sciences, and from 1945 to 1953 it Agronomy was called Higher School of National Economy Horticulture (sometimes translated as Institute of National Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture Economics). Free Faculty (Elective Courses) Enrollment: 7,235 Credentials Awarded: Faculties: Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with Business Administration professional title and specialization noted): 5 Finance and Accounting years World Economy Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Management and Law 50 6 7 Higher Educational Institutions

Computer Science Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Credentials Awarded: Automation Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with Foreign Students professional titles and specialization noted): 5 Mechanical Engineering and Technology years Postgraduate Studies Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Credentials Awarded: Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with professional title of Inzhener and specialization Vissh Ikonomiceski Institut 'Karl Marx' (Karl noted): 5 years Marx Higher Institute of Economics) Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Studenski grad Christov Botev Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Sofia 1185, Bulgaria Tel: (3592) 629313/63381 Vissh Institut Po Arkitectura I Stoitelstvo Fax: (3592) 689029 (Higher Institute of Architecture, Civil History: Founded in 1920 as the autonomous Engineering, and Geodesy) University of Political and Economic Sciences, theBlvd. Hristo Smirnenski, 1 name was changed in 1938 to the State Higher Sofia 1421, Bulgaria School for Financial and Administrative Sciences. Tel: (3592) 63621/666770 In 1947 it merged with the Department of State Fax: (3592) 656863 Economics and the Faculty of Law of Sofia Uni- History: Founded in 1942 as a higher technical versity and became a Faculty of Economic and school, the institution became a polytechnic in Social Sciences. On 1951, it separated from Sofia 1947, and the Institute of Architecture and Civil University, and became an autonomous establish- Engineering in 1953. In 1977 the Institute's name ment with its current title. was changed to Higher Institute of Architecture Enrollment: 7,600 and Civil Engineering. Faculties: Academic Year: Two terms: September- Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics December and February-June Humanities Enrollment: 4,300 Infrastructure and Services Faculties: Open Faculty (Elective Courses) Architecture Credentials Awarded: Geodesy Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with Construction professional title of Ikonomist and Transportation specialization noted): 5 years Hydrodrotechnics Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Free Faculty (Elective Courses, offered only at Doktor na Naukite: a research credential night) Credentials Awarded: Engineering and Technology Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with professional title and specialization noted): 5 Vissh Tehnicesko Ucilisce 'Angel Kancev' (Angel years Kunchev Higher School of Technology in Ruse) Kandidat na Naukite: 3 years Ul. Komsomalska, 8 Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Ruse 7004, Bulgaria Tel: (35982) 51092 Vissh Himikotehnologiceski Institut (Higher Fax: (35982) 55145 Institute of Chemical Technology, also known History: Founded in 1954 as the Institute of as Professor Dr. Assen Zlatarov Higher Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Institute of Chemical Engineering in Burgas) this institution became known as the Angel Kun- Ul. Prof. Jakimov, 1 chev Higher School of Technology in Ruse. Burgas 8010, Bulgaria Academic Year: Two terms: September-January Tel: (35956) 60119 and February-July Fax: (35956) 86141 Enrollment: 5,000 History: Founded in 1963 under the jurisdiction Library: 200,000 volumes of the Ministry of Education; financed by the Faculties: State. Agricultural Mechanization Academic Year: Two terms: September- Automobile and Transport Engineering December and February-June

51 68 Appelndix A

Enrollment: 1,200 Vissh Masinno-Elektrotehniceski Institut Library: 26,000 volumes (Higher Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Faculties: Engineering) Inorganic Chemical Technology Ul. Hadji Dimitr 4 Organic Chemical Technology 5300, Bulgaria Free Faculty (Elective Courses) Tel: (35966) 29511/23104 Credentials Awarded: Fax: (35966) 24856 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with History: Founded in 1964 as an institute for tech- professional title ofInzhenerand specialization nical training via correspondence courses, it later noted): 5 years became the Higher School of Mechanical and Kandidat na Naukite:3 years Electrical Engineering with a regular program. Enrollment: 4,200 Vissh Him ikotehnologiceski Institut (Higher Faculties: Institute of Chemical Technology) Electrical Engineering and Electronics Ul. Kliment Ohridski, 8 In-Service Training Sofia 1756, Bulgaria Industrial Management Tel: (3592) 681043 Machine and Instrument Building Fax: (3592) 685488 Credentials Awarded: History: Founded in 1945 as a department within Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with the State Polytechnic Institute, and became an professional qualification ofInzhenerand autonomous higher education center in 1953 when specialization noted): 5 years the Polytechnic was divided into four separate Kandidat na Naukite:3 years institutions. Named then the Institute of Chemical Technology, and since 1965 renamed the Higher Vissh Masinno-Elektrotehniceski Institut 'V.I. Institute of Chemical Technology, Sofia. Lenin' (Higher Institute of Mechanical and Enrollment: 15,000 Electrical Engineering, also known as V.I. Library: 20,000 volumes Lenin Institute of Electronic Engineering in Faculties: Sofia) Automatics Hristo Botev Student Township Electrical Engineering Sofia 1000, Bulgaria Power Engineering Tel: (3592) 877870 Mechanical Engineering Fax: (3592) 877870 Machine Building History: Founded in 1945 as the Ecole' Electronic Engineering and Technology Polytechnique' with only the Faculty of Machine Communications Engineering and Technology Technology. In 1953, the State Polytechnic Insti- Transportation Engineering tute was divided into four separate higher educa- Computer Systems and Control tion institutions, V.I. Lenin Institute of Electronic Humanities Engineering in Sofia being one of them. Management Academic Year: Two terms: September- Branch Campuses: In addition to the Sofia December and February-May campus, the Higher Institute of Chemical Enrollment: 13,000 Technology has five branches where students are Branch Campuses: There are four branches in trained in the following specialities: Mechanical addition to the Sofia campus: Plovdiv, Stara and Electrical Engineering (Plovdiv), Robotics Zagora, Sliven, and . (Stara Zagora), Microprocessor Engineering Faculties: (), Microelectronics (Botevgrad), and Automatics Training Engineers for Secondary Level Teaching Communications Engineering and Technology Careers (Sliven). Computer Systems and Control Credentials Awarded: Electrical Engineering Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with Electronic Engineering and Technology professional title ofInzhenerand specialization and Industrial noted) :5 years Management Kandidat na Naukite:3 years German Doktor na Naukite:a research credential Humanities Machine-Building Management 52 69 Higher Educational Institutions

Mechanical Technology Engineering Kandidat na Naukite: 3years Power and Machine Engineering Doktor na Naukite:a research credential Transport Studies Credentials Awarded: Fine Arts Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with professional title ofInzhenerand specialization Bulgarski Darzavna Konservatoria (Bulgarian noted): 5 years State Conservatory in Sofia) Kandidat na Naukite:3 years Blvd. Klement Gotvald, 11 Sofia 1505, Bulgaria Vissh Masinno-Elektrotehniceski Institut Tel: (3592) 442079 (Higher Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Fax: (3592) 441449 Engineering) History: Founded in 1921 as an academy and Ul. Studentska acquired its present status and title in 1954. A col- Varna 9010, Bulgaria lege of pop-music was added in 1968. Tel: (35952) 880161/880165 Academic Year: Two terms: September-Decem- Fax: (35952) 871910 ber and February-May History: Established in 1963. Enrollment: Approximately 1,000 Academic Year: Two terms: September-January Faculties: and March-June Vocal Enrollment: 4,500 Instrumental Faculties: Musical Theory, Composition, and Conducting Computer Science and Automation Credentials Awarded: Electrical Engineering Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with Electronics professional title and specialization noted): 4 or Machine Technology 5 years Mechanical Engineering Kandidat na Naukite:3 years Shipbuilding Humanities Vissh Muzikalno-Pedagogiceski Institut Ecological and Environmental Studies (Higher Institute of Music Education) Credentials Awarded: Ul. Todor Samodumov, 2 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with Plovdiv 4025, Bulgaria professional title ofInzhenernoted): 5 years Tel: (35932) 228311 Kandidat na Naukite:3 years Fax: (35932) 231668 Doktor na Naukite:a research credential History: Established in 1964 as a branch of the Bulgarian State Conservatory with a music Vissh Minno-Geolozki Institut (Higher Institute teaching department, it became an autonomous of Mining and Geology) institution in 1972. Studentski grad Hristo Botev Academic Year: Two terms: September-Decem- Darvenitza ber and February-May Sofia 1156, Bulgaria Enrollment: 650 Tel: (3592) 62581/681069 Library: 760,000 Fax: (3592) 621042 Credentials Awarded: History: Founded in 1953 after the division of the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with State Polytechnic Institute. teaching or professional title and specialization Academic Year: Two terms: October-January noted): 4-6 years and March-June Enrollment: 2,552 (1990) Vissh Institut Za Teatralno Izkustvo 'Kristu Library: 450,000 volumes Sarafov' (Krstyo Sarafov Higher Institute of Faculties: Dramatic Arts) Geology Ul. G.S. Rakouski, 108 Mining Technology Sofia 1000, Bulgaria Mining Electromechanics History: Established in 1948 and developed into Credentials Awarded: a higher institute. Named after Krstyo Sarafov, the Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with great Bulgarian actor, in 1954. An academic professional title ofInzhenerand specialization dramatic theater was set up at the Institute in 1957 noted): 5 years and a school puppet theater in 1962.

53

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 70 Appelndix A

Academic Year: Two terms: September-January Medicine and February-June Enrollment: 500 (1990) Vissh Medicinski Institut (Higher Institute of Library: 56,000 (1990) Medicine in Pleven) Departments: Acting, producing, science of Ul. Karl Marx, 1 dramatic art, puppetry and staging, cinema and BG 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria television production, cartoons, and film making. Tel: (35964) 29067/29105 Credentials Awarded:: Fax: (35964) 29153 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with History: Established in 1974 as a faculty, it specialization noted): 4-5 years acquired its present status in 1979, has loose affili- ation with Higher Institute of Medicine in Sofia. Vissh Institut Za Isobrazitelni Izkustva 'N Academic Year: Two terms: October-January and Pavlovic' (Nikolai Pavlovic Higher Institute of March-June Fine Arts) Enrollment: 1,600 Ul. , 1 Faculty Sofia 1000, Bulgaria Medicine Tel: (3592) 881701 Credentials Awarded: Fax: (3592) 878064 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovani (with the History: Established in 1896. In 1906, it was following professional titles noted): renamed the State Industrial School. In 1954 it Lekar or Doktor po Meditsina (physician): 6 years became an academy of fine arts known as the Diploma za Spetsialnost: 3-4 years Nikolai Pavlovic Higher Institute of Fine Arts. Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Enrollment: 800 Faculties: Vissh Medicinski Institut (Higher Institute o f Fine Arts Medicine in Sofia, also known as The Medical Applied Arts Academy) Credentials Awarded: Blvd. George Sofiiski, 1 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with Sofia 1431, Bulgaria specialization noted): 5-5.5 years Tel: (3592) 521046 Fax: (3592) 517162 Foreign Students History: Founded in 1918 when a Faculty of Medicine was established at Sofia University. A Institut Za Cuzdestranni Studenti (Institute department for training dentists was added in 1942, for Foreign Students) and a Department of Pharmacy added to the 27 Assen Velchev St. Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. In 1954, all BG-111 Sofia, Bulgaria departments and faculties were combined and the Tel: (3592) 723481/723848 name changed to the Higher Institute of Medicine Fax: (3592) 723877 in Sofia, also known as the Medical Academy. History: Founded in 1963 to teach the Bulgarian Academic Year: Two terms: October-January and language to foreign citizens studying in Bulgaria. AMarch-June center for the training of foreign language teachers, Enrollment: 5,200 which amalgamated all the existing foreign lang- Faculties: uage schools in the country, was established in Medicine 1976. Dentistry Academic Year: October-June Pharmacy Enrollment: 1,200 Credentials Awarded: Faculties: Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with the Preparatory for Foreign Students following professional titles noted): Foreign Language Teaching (English, German, Stomatolog (Dentist): 5.5 years French, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Italian, Magister-Farmatsevt (Pharmacist): 5 years Arabic, Japanese) Lekar or Doktor po Meditsina (Physician): 5 years Library: 65,000 volumes Diploma za Spetsialnost (Diploma of Credentials Awarded: Specialization): 3-4 years Certificate in Bulgarian language Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Diplomas in English, French, Spanish, Portugese, Greek, Italian, Arabic, and Japanese 54 71 Higher Educational Institutions

Vissh Medicinski Institut 'I. G. Pavlov' History: Established in 1961 as the Higher (I.G.Pavlov Higher Institute of Medicine in Medical Institute. In 1978, it set up a branch in Plovdiv) Talbukhim for third and fourth year students. Ul. V. Aprilov, 15A Academic Year: Two terms: October-January and Plovdiv 4000 Bulgaria March-June Tel: (25932) 44180/443839 Enrollment: 1,620 Fax: (35932) 442194 Faculty: History: Established in 1945 as a faculty of medi-Medicine cine within Sofia University, a department of Credentials Awarded: stomatology was added in 1970, which in 1974 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with the became a separate Faculty of Stomatology in Plov- following professional titles noted): div. In 1978, a branch was established in PazardjikLekar or Doktor po Meditsina (Physician): 6 years for third and fourth year medical students. The Diploma za Spetsialnost (Diploma of Institute acquired its present status and title in Specialization): 3 years 1979. Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Academic Year: Two terms: September-January and February-June Sports Training Enrollment: 2,900 Faculties: Vissh Institut Za Fisiceska Kultura 'Gveorgui Dentistry Dimitrov' (National Sports Academy, also Medicine known as the Higher Institute of Physical Credentials Awarded: Culture) Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with the Ul. Tina Kirkova, 1 following professional titles noted): Sofia 1000, Bulgaria Stomatolog (Dentist): 5.5 years Tel: (3592) 881511 Lekar or Doktor po Meditsina (Physician): 6 years Fax: (3592) 883064 Diploma za Spetsialnost (Diploma of History: Founded in 1942 and reorganized in Specialization): 3-4 years 1944, it was officially named The Higher Institute Doktor na Naukite: a research credential of Physical Culture (Vissh Institut Za Fisceska Kultura Vveorgui Dimitrov') in 1953. In 1990 the Institute Vissh Medicinski Institut (Higher Institute of became the National Sports Academy. Medicine in Stara Zagora) Enrollment: 3,000 students Ul. Armeiska, 11 Departments: BG-6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Teacher Training Tel: (35942) 43005/47000 Coaching History: Established in 1982 as a branch of the Kinesitherapy Academy of Medicine in Sofia, it supplies Credentials Awarded: physicians for south and southeast Bulgaria. Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with Academic Year: Two terms: October-January and professional title and specialization noted): 4 March-June years Faculty: Kandidat na Naukite: 5 years Medicine Credentials Awarded: Teacher Training Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie (with the following professional titles noted): Vissh Pedagogiceski Institut ?Constantin Lekar or Doktor po Meditsina (Physician): 6 years Preslaysky (Higher Pedagogical Institute Diploma za Spetsialnost (Diploma of `Konstantin Preslayski') Specialization): 3-4 years "Konstantin Preslayski" Doktor na Naukite: a research credential Shoumen 9700, Bulgaria Tel: (35954) 63151/63148 Vissh Medicinski Institut (Higher Institute of Fax: (35954) 63171 Medicine in Varna) History: Established in 1919 as a teacher training Ul. Marin Drinov, 55 college, in 1964 it became the School of Varna 900, Bulgaria Education, operating as an affiliated branch of Tel: (35952) 225622 Sofia University. In 1971, it was restructured into Fax: (35952) 222584 the Higher Pedagogical Institute.

55 72 Appelndix A

Academic Year: Two terms: October-January andVissh Pedagogiceski Institut (Higher Teacher February-May Training Institute in Blagoevgrad) Enrollment: 3,800 Ul. Alexi Velichkov, 65 Library: 120,000 volumes P.O. Box 2700 Faculties: Blagoevgrad 2700, Bulgaria Extra-Curricular Studies History: Founded in 1975 as a branch of Sofia Biology University, it became autonomous in 1983. Bulgarian Philology Enrollment: 7,200 Chemistry Library: 150,000 volumes Combined Studies Departments: English and German Philology Pedagogy Mathematics and Computing Psychology and Preschool Pedagogics Pedagogy History Physics Law Russian Philology Philology Free Faculty (Elective Courses) Economics Credentials Awarded: Mathematics and Science Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with Medical Pedagogics professional titleUchitel[Teacher] and Engineering Pedagogics specialization noted): 5 years Credentials Awarded: Diploma za Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazovanie(with the titleUchitel[Teacher] noted): 3 years Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie(with the title,Uchitel[Teacher] noted): 5 years

56 73 Appendix B

Sample Documents

la. Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie/DZSO (Diploma of Completion of Secondary Education) lb. (Translation) 2a. Diploma za Sredno Obrazovanie (Diploma of Secondary Education from an ESPU) 2b. (Translation) 3a. Tekhnikum Diploma (Diploma and Vocational Qualification for "Electrician") 3b. (Translation) 4a. Diploma za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Semi-Higher Education) from the Semi- Higher Institute for Tourism, Varna 4b. Svidetelstvo za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Certificate of Semi-Higher Education) from the Semi-Higher Institute for Education in Burgas 5a. Diploma za ZavershenoVisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher Education) 5b. (Translation) 6a. Diploma za ZavarshenoVisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher Education) issued to foreign students by Bulgarian authorities 6b. (Translation) 7a. Diploma za Kandidat na Naukite (Diploma of Candidate of Science) 7b. (Translation) 8a. Svidetelstvo za Spetsializatsia (Certificate of Specialization [Postgraduate]), from the University of Plovdiv 8b. (Translation) 9a. Diploma of Requalification in Teacher Training of the Ministry of Culture Teacher's Institute, Burgas 9b. (Translation)

57 74 Appendix B

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Document la. Diploma za [Zavarsheno] Sredno Obrazovanie/DZSO (Diploma of [Completed] Secondary Education)

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REPUBLIC OF BULGARYA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & SCIENCE PLOVDIV FOREON LANGUAGE SCHOOL,PLOVDIV, SAME MUNICIPALITY DIPLOMA of completedsecondary education Series A-92 No.023136 Reg. No.4103/06.07.1992

Names: Identity No. born in the town Of Plovdiv,same province, completed in 1992 the full courseof studies of thesecondary school of general edication,department: ENGLISH LANGUAGE, with grade point average VERYGOOD 5,37. By a decisionof the School-leaving board of examiners (Protocol No.1/18.06.1992) hereceived his secondary school training.

School - leaving Board of Examiners: sgns.111. SUPPLEMENT TO DIPLOMA Series A-92 No.023175Z

GRADE POINT AVERAGE SCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS: GRADES BULGARIAN LANGUAGE & LITERATURE VERY GOOD5.33 ENGLISH LANGUAGE VERY GOOD5.33 GRADE POINT AVERAGE: VERY GOOD5.33 SUBJECTS STUDIED: BULGARIAN LANGUAGE & LITERATURE VERY. GOOD 5.33 ENGLISH LANGUAGE VERY GOOD 5.33 RUSSIAN LANGUAGE EXCELLENT 6 MATHEMATICS EXCELLENT 5.67 INFORMATICS EXCELLENT 5.67 PHYSICS VERY GOOD 5.00 ASTRONOMY EXCELLENT 6 CHEMISTRY VERY GOOD 4.50 BIOLddY EXCELLENT 5.50 - HISTORY-. VERY GOOD 5.00 GEOGRAPHY EXCELLENT 6 PSYCHOLOGY EXCELLENT 6 ETHICS & PHILOSOPHY EXCELLENT 6 PHYSICAL TR/NING.- EXCELLENT 6 :c11- SECOND FOREIGNLANGUAGE - FRENCH EXCELLENT 5.50 GRADE POINT AVERAGE: EXCELLENT 5.57 MANAGER: sgn.111. SEAL

Document lb. (Translation of Document la.)

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Document 2a. Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie (Diploma of Completion of Secondary Education from an ESPU)

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MINISTRY OP EDUCATION PHOTO "CRISTO BOXY" High School ginINOVA ZAGORA, potstaicrIstivEn

t) x P C)PI A of completion of High School Education Series R-64 I 000064 This is to Certify that:

. whole place iml oiii711 District of Silvan end SS /- , caw Iota course of Nigh School Education in 198). and ga

Dy resolution of tho Examinig Board. (lilted June 30th, 1964, She graduated with a OPA of "Very Good" 5.16. Excellent behaviour, end professional qualification.

city: Signature /Illegible The Principal Registration No.3691 &Riad end Stamped TRANSCRIPT SUBJECT GRADE SCORE 1-GEIUMAL KNOWLEDGE VERYGOOD 5.00 2-THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PROFESSION NM MAJOR VERY GOOD 4.50 itelliateMINIUMINAIMMUMMIIMIUM 1-BULGARIAN LANGUAGE AHD LITERATURE' VERY GOOD 5.00 2-RUSSIAN EXCELLENT 5.50 3ntfa wommowr 6.00 4ro-timismAtiOB =MOD 4.50 I-PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY =MAW 5.50 EXCELLEUT 5.50 2.--DIOLOGY VERTGOOD 5.00 2--HISTORY VERY GOOD 4.50 9-003CMAMIT VERY GOOD 5.00 10 -SOCIAL. STUDIES EXCELUNT 6.00 LAS. AMOUNTS VERY GOOD 5.12 IPSIMIUMIMMIXIMIERA caddifiabblilianilliddaW111021111111111/11MOSIMMOMMIUMMEMIISIVI SUBJECT GRADE SCORE 1- ELECTRICAL TECHNICS 2-FMTALPROCESSING =CRUM 6. 3-PENICS C HA00SATISPACTORY 3.00 4-MACHINE-CMISTRUCTIN0 TECHNOLOGY EXCELLENT 6.00 s-Tscomuom DEAWINO GOOD 4.00 6-AUTOMATICS AND ELECIUMOCS statu.sor 6.00 autommitto mums 7-0.I.T.P. VERY GOOD 5.00 8-EDUCATIONAL8-ED PRACTICE OCELLENT 6.00 VERY GOOD ifi/WOMOMPEMErteteLliitill 5.00 MANDATORY SUBJECRS. 1-PSYCHOLOGY toom 2-BASIC OP tormaTros m ettr 6.00 )-SOGAT!? AND PERSONALITY GOOD 5.00 4-PH4-PHYSICAL =ROOM AND SPORTS GOOD 4. 00 5-LJUSOR-POLYTECHNIML STUDIES EXCELLENT 6.00 6- AUTONOBIL CONSTRUCTION AND EXCELLENT 5.50 MACHINERY KNOWLEDGE VERY GOOD 5.00 11111102trini 1- BIOLOGY IMO:LUNT 6.00

SEAL

SIGNETUREfILLECOLS THE PRINCIPAL

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61 78 Appendix B

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Document 3a. Tekhnikum Diploma (Diploma and Vocational Qualification for "Electrician"

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MINISTRY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION

DIPLOMA M No. 016062

Born 1960 in the Town of , Targovishte County studied during school years 1975/76, 1978/77, 1977/78, 1978/79 and completed the course of the

Technical Secondary School of Electrical Engineering "D. Chanel," in the Town of Varna,

in the specialty of Electric Power Stations and Mains

with average mark Very Good (5.13) and behavior Exemplary. By decision of theState Board of Examiners of June 30, 1979, he is acknowledgedSecondary and quali- fication of Electrician

The present diplomaentitles him to exercise technical prac- tice, to be employed onstate or public service, as well as to study in higher schools. Reg. No.

Varna, 29th of June, 1979.

Headmaster: (egd.ill.) Seal

Document 3b. (Translation of Document 3a.)

63 80 Appendix B

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Document 4a. Diploma za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Semi-Higher Education) from the Semi-Higher Institute for Tourism, Varna. The area of specialization is Hotel and Restaurant Management.

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Document 4b. Svidetelstvo za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie (Certificate of Semi-Higher Education) from the Semi-Higher Institute for Education in Burgas. The area of specialization is Elementary Education.

BEST COPY AVAIABLE

65 82 Appendix B

Document 5a. Diploma za ZavarshenoVisshe Obrazovanie (Diploma of Higher Education)

83 66

BEST COPY AVAILABLE Sample Documents

19

REPUBLIK OF BULGARIA DIPLOMA FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

SeriesA 91 No. 017240

born... on in town (village) of district entered....in 19 and graduated in 19 the entire course of

(higher educational institution) majoring in

with an average score of the examinations during the course of study and a score of the state examination

The State Examination Commission witha resolution dated 19.... credited him (her) with the qualification:

RECTO R:

Town of 19 Registration number (seal with the national state emblem)

Document 5b. (Translation of Document 5a.)

84 67 Appendix B

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86 69

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Document 8a. Svidetelstvo za Spetsializatsia (Certificateof Specialization [Postgraduate], University of Plovdiv)

90 72 Sample Documents

Certificate of

Specialization

No Name

Social Security Number: Born In (town) County:

Has been admitted (date) and graduated

as (dates) (form of education- regular/correspondence

(qualification)

With an average grade of and has defended (thesis, project)

(full name of the thesis/project)

With a grade

Chair of the Rector Examination Committee

Document 8b. (Translation of Document 8a.)

91 73 Appendix B

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Document 9a. Diploma of Requalification in Teacher Training (Ministry of Culture Teacher's Institute, Burgas)

74 92 Sample Documents

DIPLOMA

Requalification No

(name)

SSN Born in (town)

County holder of a diploma No issued by (name of institution)

(qualifications) has been admitted and completed the course in (date)

a requalification and receiving of: (new or additional)

basic professional training in (qualification)

with an average score and has defended a thesis

(name of the thesis or state exam)

with an average score according to Order of the

Council of Ministers No (date)

he (she) acquires the qualification of

Chair of the Exam. Commission Rector/Principal

Document 9b. (Translation of Document 9a.)

93 75 Appendix C National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials and the Placement Recommendations in this Workshop Report

The placement recommendations publishedciation of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions in this PIER workshop report have been approvedOfficers (AACRAO), the American Council on by the National Council on the Evaluation ofEducation (ACE), The College Board, the Coun- Foreign Educational Credentials (the Council) incil of Graduate Schools (CGS), the Institute of consultation with the authors. The Council wasInternational Education (IIE), and NAFSA: Asso- established to provide guidance concerning foreignciation of International Educators. Observers from educational credentials to U.S. institutions of high-U.S. organizations interested in international edu- er education. It is the only inter-associational bodycation include the United States Information in the United States specifically organized to per-Agency (USIA), the Agency for International form this role. Development (AACRAO-AID), and the New York The membership of the Council reflects theState Education Department. diversity of U.S. educational institutions for which Their representatives for 1993-1995 are listed placement recommendations are made. The mem-below. See page 38 for a description of the ber organizations are the American Association ofCouncil's role, and a guide to the understanding of Community Colleges (AACC), the American Asso-its placement recommendations for this volume.

Members of the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials:

Chair: Karen Lukas, Assistant Director of CGS-James Siddens, Assistant Dean, Graduate Admissions, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, School, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Minneapolis, MN (AACRAO) IIE-Nicole Morgenstern, Director, Placement and Special Services Division, IIE, New York, NY Chair Elect: Robert K. Brashear, Director of NAFSA-Margarita Sianou, World Education Admissions, Graduate School, Cornell University- Services, Inc., New York, NY; Ellen Ithaca, NY (AACRAO) Silverman, University Admissions Processing Center/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY; Robert Watkins, Assistant Director of Admissions, University of AACC-James Mahoney, Director, Administration, Texas at Austin, Austin, TX AACC, Washington, DC AACRAO-William H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Representatives from Observer Organizations: Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Chair of PIER) AACRAO-AID-Dale Gough, Director, AACRAO- ACE-Barbara Turlington, Director, International AID/Office of International Education, Education, ACE, Washington, DC Services, Washington, DC The College Board-Marcelle Heerschap, Director, NY State Education Department-Susan Fuller, Office of Admissions, The American Credentials Assessment, State Education University, Washington, DC Department, Albany, NY

76 94 Glossary

A K

Akademiya. Academy Kandidat na Naukite. Candidate of Science (literal Akademicheski svet. Academic Council translation), a postgraduate qual- Arkhitekt. Architect ification, awarded after 3 years of Aspirant (mast), Aspirantk (fern.). Graduate student full time study and research plus Aspirantura. Graduate studies dissertation Atestat. Certificate Katedra. A specialized field within a department Konkursen ispit. Competitive entrance examination B giving access to higher education Kvalifikatsiya. Qualification Balgarska. Bulgarian Kvalifikitsiran rabotnik. Qualified worker in a Biologiya. Biology trade

C L

Chimiya. Chemistry Lekar. Physician Lektor. Lecturer, reader, teacher D Literatoura. Literature

Darzaven ispit. Final State examination at end of M first stage of higher education Detska gradina. Kindergarten Matematika. Mathematics Doktor na Naukite. Doctor of Science Matura. Maturity certificate Dotsent. Lecturer Maturiteten ispit. Examination taken at end of secondary school for matura E Meditsina. Medicine Mousika. Music Ezik. Language, grammar N F Nachalno uchilishte. Lower primary schools Naukite, nauki. Science Fakultet. Faculty or school Farmatsevt. Pharmacist Fizika. Physics 0 G Osnovno uchilishte. Primary schools, grades 1-8 Obrazovanie. Education Geografiya. Geography Got-en kurs. Upper level of the general polytech- nical school

I Pismen ispit. Written examination Politekhnichesko obrazovanie. Polytechnical education Informatika. Informatics-computer science Poluvissh institut. Semi-higher institute Inzhener. Engineer Popravitelen ispit. Makeup examination Inzhenerstvo. Engineering Pravo. Law Istoriya. History Prilozhenie kam diplomu. Appendix to diploma (invalid without diploma) J Profesionalno obrazovanie. Vocational education Progimnasia. General education schools, Yasli. Nursery school grades 5-8

77 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 95 Glossary

Psicholigiya. Psychology T

R Tekhnikum. Technical-secondary vocational school Rektor. Rector, head of a university Tekhnichieski. Technical Tekhnologiya. Technology S Teza. Thesis

Sekretar. Secretary- a chief executive adminis- U trative official of a higher edu- cation institution Ucheben plan. Syllabus Spetsialnost. Speciality Uchilishte. School Sredno. Secondary UchiteAmasc), Uchitelka (fem.). Teacher Stomatologija. Dentistry Universitet. University Stomatolog. Dentist Stopanski nauki. Economics V Svidetelstvo. Certificate of Completion Vissh Institut. Higher institute

Zadochno obuchenie. Correspondence course Zavarsheno. Completed (a program)

96 78 Cyrillic Key

TPAHCJIHTEPAWIOHHA TAEJIHLIA A SIMPLE KEY TO TRANSLITERATION

Cyrillic English Sound Value Alphabet Equivalent

A, a a bath 5, 6 b bath B, B v vat r, r g gun xi, A d dog E, e c den )1C, z zh measure 3, 3 Z zeal 14, n i bit (bee at end of word) ti, youth lc lc K kit JI, n 1 lit M, m m meet H, n n not 0, o o got (never as go) n, n p pot P, p r rot C, c s sat T, T t tan Y, y ou youth 41, cl) f fruit X, x h but (aspirate) It u is shuts 1101 ch church DI, In sh fish lit, m sht fishtail 'IN s u but 10, io Yu yule A, 2 ya yarn

Key to Cyrillic Transliteration (Courtesy National Textbook Company © 1994 by NTC Publishing Group)

97

79 B i bl iogr a phy

Adams, Juanita, Ed. Background Notes. (Graduate Handbook, Part Ill) Washington, Bulgaria:,Washington D.C.: U.S. D.C.: NAFSA, 1984 Department of State, 1990 Johnson, J.K., ed. The Handbook on the The British Council. International Guide to Placement of Foreign Graduate Students. Qualifications in Education. 3rd ed. (Graduate Handbook, Part II) London: Mansell Publishing Ltd., 1981 Washington, D.C.: NAFSA, 1981

Establishments of Higher Education in Gerrold, Lou, etc. ...The Handbook on the Bulgaria; A Brief Outline. Sofia Press, Placement of Foreign Graduate Students. 1989 (Graduate Handbook, Part I) Washington, D.C.: NAFSA 1980 Haas, G.James, et al., eds. Foreign Educational Credentials Required for Taylor, Ann C.M., ed. International Consideration of Admission to Handbook of Universities. 13th ed. Universities and Colleges in the United Paris: International Association of States. 3rd edition. Washington, D.C.: Universities, 1993. Stockton Press, New AACRAO, 1985 (not in print) York Georgeoff, Peter John. The Educational Taylor, Ann C.M., ed. International system of Bulgaria. Education Around Handbook of Universities. 12th ed. the World. Washington, D.C.: Paris: International Association of OE/USDHEW, 1977 Universities, 1991. Stockton Press, New York Gottmann, Jean. A Geography of Europe. 4th ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., Lenn, Marjorie Peace. Bulgarian Higher 1969 Education and Accreditation; A Comprehensive Program of Reform. Gerrold, etc. ...The Handbook on the October 1991 Placement of Foreign Graduate Students (Combined Ed.) Washington D.C.; Sepmeyer, Inez., ed. The Country Index: NAFSA, 1984 Interpretations for use in the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. Rev. Gough, Dale, ed. The Handbook on the ed. Vol. I Alhambra, CA: Frank Severy Placement of Foreign Graduate Students. Publ., 1986

S 80 Cyril and Methodius University in Veliko A Tarnovo, 30, 36, 47 Academic Documentation, 23 Academic Secondary Education, 13 D Academic Titles, 17 D. Tsenov Economics Academy, 50 Academic Year, 6, 20 Dentistry, 27 Administration, higher education, 17 Detski gradini, 4 Administration and Finance, 4 Detski profil, 28 Admission requirements, 20 Detski yasli, 4 Admissions officers, guidelines for, 37-40 Dimitre Blagoev Higher Institute of Economic Adult Education, 6, 23 Management in Varna, 50 Agriculture, 49 Dimitre Blagoev Higher Institute of Finance and Agriculture and Forestry, 24 Economics in Svistov, 25 Akusherka, 28 Diploma, 38 Allied Health Fields, 26 Diploma za Spetsialnost, 22, 28, 29, 37, 38 Allied Health Institutes, 45 Diploma za Zavarsheno Poluvisshe Obrazovanie, 18, American University in Bulgaria, The, 48 21-22, 56 Angel Kunchev Higher School of Technology in Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie, 9, 10, Ruse, 51 14, 18, 20 Aspirant /aspirantka, 21 Diploma za Zavarsheno Visshe Obrazovanie, 18, 21, Aspiranti, 21 23, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 Aspirantura, 21 Dissertation, 21 Documentation, Academic, 23 B Doktor na Naukite, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55 Bachelor of Arts, 48 Doktor po Meditsina, 54, 55 Bachelor's credentials, 49 Doktor po Veterinarna Meditsina, 49 Balkans, 1 Doktor po Veterinarnomeditsina, 50 Blagoev, Dimitre Higher Institute of Economic Management in Varna, 50 E Blagoev, Dimitre Higher Institute of Finance and Edinno sredno politekhnichesko uchilishte (ESPU), 4, Economics in Svistov, 25 12 Bulgarian State Conservatory in Sofia, 32, 53 Engineering and Technical Education, 26 Bulgarian University, New, 49 Engineering and Technology, 51 Bulgatski Darzavna Konservatoria, 53 Evening education, 6 Burgas Free University, 20, 31, 49 Examinations, 22 Business and Economics, 25 Business Economics, 50 F Faculty Rank, 17 C Felchers, 28 Central Institute of In-Service Training of Finance, 5 Teachers, 35 Finance and Administration, 4 Communications, 25 Financing higher education, 17 Compulsory education, 3, 8, 10 Fine Arts, 32-33, 53 Correspondence, education by, 6 Foreign Students, 23, 54 Creches, 4 Credentials awarded: G post graduate institutes, 22 General academic secondary education, 13 semi-higher institutes, 20 General Medicine, 27, 28 universities and higher institutes, 21 General polytechnical schools, 4, 9 Credits, 23 Geography, 1 Curriculum Gimnasiya, 12 general education, 11 (table) Grading, 6, 22 semi-higher institute, 19 (table)

99 Index

H K Health and Medical Professions, 26 Kandidat na Naukite, 20, 21, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, Higher Education, 4, 5, 16 53, 55 Higher Institute of Agriculture, 24 Kliment of Ohrid Sofia University, 47 Higher Institute of Animal Husbandry and Kolarov, V. Higher Institute of Agriculture, 24 Veterinary Medicine, 24, 29, 49 Kolarov Higher Institute of Agriculture, 24, 50 Higher Institute of Architecture, Civil Konkusen ispit, 20, 22 Engineering, and Geodesy, 51 'Konstantin Preslayski,' 33 Higher Institute of Chemical Technology, 51, 52 Krstyo Sarafov Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts, Higher Institute of Economics, 25, 30 32, 53 Higher Institute of Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Krstyo Sarafov National Academy for Theater and Industries in Plovdiv, 25, 49 Film Arts, 32 Higher Institute of Food and Flavor Industry, 25, Kvalifikastiran Rabotnik, 10, 14 49 Higher Institute of Forestry, 25 L Higher Institute of International Tourism, 36 Law, 30-32 Higher Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Lekar, 28, 54, 55 Engineering, 52, 53 Lenin Institute of Electronic Engineering in Higher Institute of Medicine in Pleven, 54 Sofia, 52 Higher Institute of Medicine in Sofia, 28, 54 Higher Institute of Medicine in Stara Zagora, 55 M Higher Institute of Medicine in Varna, 55 Magister-Farmatsevt, 28, 54 Higher Institute of Mining and Geology, 53 Magister po Veterinarna Meditsina, 29, 30 Higher Institute of Music Education, 32, 53 Marx Higher Institute of Economics, 25, 51 Higher Institute of Physical Culture, 55 Matura Credentials, 14 Higher Institute of Physical Education, 35 Medical Academy, The, 54 Higher Institutes, 4, 18, 20, 49-56 Medicine, 54 Higher Pedagogical Institute 'Konstantin Ministry of Education and Science, 38 Preslayski,' 33, 55 Ministry of Public Health, 45 Higher Teacher Training Institute in Municipal schools, 5 Blagoevgrad, 30, 33, 56 Higher Technical Institute of Sofia, 50 N History Nachalno Obrazovanie, 10, 11 of Bulgaria, 1, 2 National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign of the educational system, 3 Educational Credentials, 38-40, 76 of higher education, 16 National Sports Academy, 35, 55 New Bulgarian University, 20, 30, 49 1 New Private Universities, 48 I.G. Pavlov Higher Institute of Medicine in Nikolai Pavlovic Higher Institute of Fine Arts, 32, Plovdiv, 55 54 Ikonomist, 50, 51 Non-formal Education, 23 In-service teacher training, 35 Nursing, 28 Independent study, 6 Individual education, 6 0 Institut Za Cuzdestranni Studenti, 54 Obshch profil, 28 Institute for Foreign Students, 54 Institute of Finance and Economics, 50 Institute of Food Industry, 25 Paissiy of Hilendar Plovdiv University, 48 Institute of Forestry, 50 Part-time education, 6 Institute of National Economics, 50 Pavlov, I.G. Higher Institute of Medicine in Institutions, types of, 4, 5 Plovdiv, 55 Inzhener, 50, 51, 52, 53 Pavlovic, Nikolai Higher Institute of Fine Arts, 32, 54 J Performing and Fine Arts, 32 Junior Education, 10 Performing Arts, 32 Pharmacy, 28 100 Index

Physical Education, 55 Semi-Higher Institute in Economics and Placement recommendations, 38, 39, 40 Management in Svishtov, 46 Plovdivski Universitet 'Paisii Hilendarski,' 48 Semi-Higher Institute in Librarian Activity in Political context, 4, 16-17 Sofia, 47 Poluvisshi instituti, 4 Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Population of Bulgaria, 2 Electrotechnique, 47 Postsecondary private education, 20 in Blagoevgrad, 46 Pravo, 31 in Burgas, 46 Preprimary Education, 3, 5, 8 in Dobrich, 46 Preschools and Kindergartens, 4 in Lovetch, 46 Presecondary Education, 12 in Plovdiv, 47 Primary education, 3, 5, 8 in Silistra, 47 teacher training, 33 in Sofia, 47 Private schools, 5, 20, 48-49 Semi-Higher Institute in Machinebuilding and Private Universities, New, 48 Transport in Smoljan, 47 Profesionalno-Tekhnichesko Uchilishte /PTU, 10 Semi-Higher Institute in Microelectronics in Professional and Specialized Programs, 24 Botevgrad, 47 Professional technical schools, 10 Semi-Higher Institute in Mining and Metalurgy Professor Dr. Assen Zlatarov Higher Institute of in Kardjali, 47 Chemical Engineering in Burgas, 51 Semi-Higher Institute in Tourism Progimnasiya, 12 in Burgas, 47 Public Health, Ministry of, 45 in Varna, 47 Semi-Higher Institutes, 4, 18, 45-47 R Semi-Higher Pedagogical Institute Religion, 1 in Burgas, 45 in Dobrich, 45 $ in Doupnitza, 45 School types, 5 in Jambol, 45 Secondary credentials, 14 in Kardjali, 45 Secondary education, 3, 5, 8-15, 12, 13 in Pazardjik, 46 teacher training, 35 in Pleven, 46 Secondary "Professional"/Technical Education, in Ruse, 46 13 in Silistra, 46 Secondary "Professional"/Technical Schools, 9 in Silven, 46 Semi-Higher Allied Health Institutes, 45 in Smolyan, 46 Semi-Higher Institute for Medicine in Vratza, 46 in Blagoevgrad, 45 Sofia University, 29, 30, 36 in Burgas, 45 Sofiski Universitet 'Kliment Ohridski,' 48 in Haskovo, 45 Specialized academic secondary education, 13 in Pleven, 45 Specialized and Professional Programs, 24 in Plovdiv, 45 Sports Training, 55 in Ruse, 45 Sredno obshtoo obrazovatelno uchlishte, 12 in Shoumen, 45 Sredno profesionalno teknichesko uchilishte /SPTU, 9 in Sliven, 45 State-owned schools, 5 in Sofia, 45 Stomatolog, 27, 54, 55 in Stara Zagora, 45 Stomatologichen profil, 28 in Veliko Tarnovo, 45 Stomatology, 27 Semi-Higher Institute in Chemical Industry in Structure and credentials awarded Machinebuilding in Varna 'Pochivka,' 46 postgraduate education, 22 Semi-Higher Institute in Chemical Technologies semi-higher institutes, 20 and Biotechnologies universities and higher institutes, 21 in Razgrad, 46 Structure of educational system, 3, 5 in Sofia, 46 Svidetelstvo, 9, 38 Semi-Higher Institute in Communications in Svidetelstvo za Poluvisshe Obrazovanie, 21, 33, 34 Sofia, 25, 47 Svidetelstvo za Spetsializatsia, 22, 38

1 0 t 83 Index

Svidetelstvo za Zabvooshen Klas I /V, 11 Vissh Ikonomiceski Institut 'Karl Marx, 25, 51 Svitetelstvo za Zavarsheno Osnovo Obrazovanie, 12 Vissh Institut Po Arkitectura I Stoitelstvo, 51 Svoboden University, 49 Vissh Institut Po Hranitelna I Vkosova Promislenost, 25 T Vissh Institut Po Hranitelna I Vkusova Promislenost, Teacher Training, 33, 55 49 in-service, 35 Vissh Institut Po Zootehnika I Veterinarna Medicina, preschool, 33 49 primary school, 33, 34 Vissh Institut Za Fisiceska Ku !tura 'Gveorgui secondary school, 35 Dimitrov', 55 Technical and Engineering Education, 26 Vissh Institut Za Fisiceska Ku ltura 'Gveorgui Technical schools, 9-10 Dimitrov' , 35 Technology and Engineering, 51 Vissh Institut Za Isobrazitelni Izkustva 'N Pavlovic', Tekhnikum, 10, 13 54 Theology, 36 Vissh Institut Za Narodno Stopanstvo, 25 Tourism, 36 Vissh Institut Za Narodno Stopanstvo 'Dimitre Transfer, 23 Blagoevc 25, 50 Tsenov Economics Academy, 50 Vissh Institut Za Teatralno Izkustvo 'Kristu Sarafov', Types 53 of institutions, 4, 18 Vissh Lesothniceski Institut, 25, 50 of schools, 5 Vissh Masinno-Ekktrotehniceski Institut, 52, 53 Vissh Masinno-Elektrotehniceski Institut 'V.I. Lenin', U 52 Uchitel, 48, 56 Vissh Medicinski Institut, 54, 55 Uchitel, Sredno, 35 Vissh Medicinski Institut 'I. G. Pavlov, 55 Uchitelski institut, 33 Vissh Minno-Geolozki Institut, 53 Udostostoverenie za Poluvissha Tekhnicheska Praktika, Vissh Muzikalno-Pedagogiceski Institut, 53 13, 14 Vissh Pedagogiceski Institut, 56 Unified polytechnical schools, 9 Vissh Pedagogiceski Institut 'Konstantin Preslaysky', Universiteti, 4 55 Universities, 4, 18, 21-22, 47-49 Vissh Selskostopanski Institut 'Vassil Kolarovc 50 Universities, New Private, 48 Vissh Tehnicesko Ucilisce 'Angel Kancev, 51 University of Plovdiv, 48 Visshi instituti University of Sofia, 22, 48 definition, 4

V Veliko Tarnovski Universitet 'Kiri! I Metodi', 47 Zlatarov Higher Institute of Chemical Veterinary Medicine, 29 Engineering in Burgas, 51 Vissh Finansovo-Stopanski Institut V.A. Tsenov, 50 Zrelostno svidetelstvo, 9, 14 Vissh Himikotehnologiceski Institut, 51, 52

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