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Assessment of Geogenic Natural Radionuclide Contents of Soil Samples Collected from Ogun State, South Western, Nigeria

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Assessment of Geogenic Natural Radionuclide Contents of Soil Samples Collected from Ogun State, South Western, Nigeria Volume 13, No 4 International Journal of Radiation Research, October 2015 Assessment of geogenic natural radionuclide contents of soil samples collected from Ogun State, South western, Nigeria M.R. Usikalu 1* , P.P. Maleka 2, M. Malik 3, K.D. Oyeyemi 1, O.O. Adewoyin 1 1Department of Physics, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Ota, Nigeria 2Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, iThemba Labs, Somerset West, South Africa 3Material Science Department, iThemba Labs, Somerset West, South Africa ABSTRACT Background : Natural radionuclides are always present in the environment. ► Original article Human exposure to the background radiaon is inevitable. It is therefore important to assess health risk associated with these radionuclides. Materials and Methods : The distribuon of natural radionuclides 2 8 U, 2 2 Th and 40 K in soil samples collected from all the twenty (20) local )overnments headquarter areas in Ogun state, Nigeria were determined by gamma * Corresponding author: spectroscopy using a high,purity germanium detector. The measured Dr. Usikalu Mojisola, concentraons were used in esmang the radiological risk pose to people E-mail: [email protected] living in these communies. Results: The acvity concentraons measured ranged between - . /qkg ,.(O0a) to 21 - 2 /qkg ,.(odeda) for 2 8 U, .0 - . ,. ,. 2 2 ,. Revised: Jan. 2015 /qkg (O0a) to .22 - 2 /qkg (I3ebu Igbo) for Th and 1 - 2 /qkg (Aiyetoro) ,. 40 Accepted: Feb. 2015 to 451 - . /qkg (Odeda) for K. The mean radium equivalent calculated was 11.2 /qkg ,. which is lower than 10 /qkg ,. of the world average and the Int. J. Radiat. Res., October 2015; ha6ard indices calculated were lower than unity. Conclusion: The absorbed 13(4): 355-361 rate and annual e7ecve dose esmated for most of the locaons are in good agreement with world average values except for Akomo3e, Ake,Abeokuta, DOI: 10.7508/ijrr.2015.04.009 Ogere, I3ebu,Igbo and Odeda. Keywords: Natural radioactivity, absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent, hazard indices, Ogun State. INTRODUCTION (3) . From the natural risk point of view, it is necessary to know the dose limits of public The environment is illed with radionuclides e(posures and to measure the natural Downloaded from ijrr.com at 18:51 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 [ DOI: 10.7508/ijrr.2015.04.009 ] which can be dangerous if they are present at environmental radiation level provided by elevated concentrations. These radionuclides ground, air, water, foods, building interiors, etc., can be divided into two groups based on their for the estimation of the e(posures to natural sources, naturally occurring radionuclides such radiation sources. In assessing the radiation as 238 U, 232 Th and 4 K and artiicial radionuclides e(posure, it is pertinent to determine the such as 137 Cs. The naturally occurring distribution of the radionuclide. The terrestrial radionuclides are present in the rock, soil and component of the background is often due to are easily transported into the environment various radioactive nuclides that are present in through plants and water (1, 2). the air, soil, water and building materials whose The radiological impact from the above abundances vary signiicantly depending on the nuclides is due to radiation e(posure of the body geological and geographical features of a region. by the gamma rays and irradiation of the lung ,onetheless, the level of background radiation in tissues from inhalation of Radon and its progeny a region is also considerably affected from Usikalu et al. / Assessment of natural radionuclide of soil man-made sources including those from nuclear Akinbo, Oshosun, Ilaro and Benin formations activities and accidents (4) . The environment and (igure 1). Ai0ebeokhai and 1yeyemi (2 14) (8) health are interrelated. Health risks related to described the cretaceous Abeokuta formations natural radioactivity are of great concern and as a group consisting Ise, Afowo and Araromi require assessment in order to estimate the formations. The occurrence of phosphate rocks risks. Thus, the aim of this study is to measure from 8ower Eocene sedimentary phosphatic the activity concentrations and estimate the sediments have been known from southern radiological hazard indices in soil samples ,igeria since 1921 (9, 1 ) . Phosphatic sediments collected from all local government areas in occur between the Ifo junction and 1shosun in Ogun State, Nigeria. The results obtained in this 2outhwest ,igeria, appro(imately 43 km and 48 study will provide information on natural km north of 8agos (1 ) . occurring radionuclides in soil in Ogun State, Nigeria and add to the existing data on radioactivity in soils in UNSCEAR data bank. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area Sample collection and preparation Ogun state is situated in the sub-humid 2amples were collected by digging the ground tropical region of Southwest Nigeria with a to at least 3cm so as to take samples free from tropical climate with distinct wet and dry debris and vegetation. Five (5) soil samples were season periods of about 130 days. It has twenty taken from different points at each location for local government headquarters with a better sampling. They were kept in 0iplock bags population of 3,751,140 people (5) . The mean and labelled accordingly making a total of one annual rainfall and temperature are about 1,270 hundred (1 ) soil samples from all the mm and 28 ºC respectively while the estimated locations. The samples were oven-dried at 11 mean annual potential evaporation is 1,100 mm. 6C to ensure complete removal of moisture and The geology of the study area has been passed through a 2mm sieve. 1 g of each extensively discussed by several authors (6, 7) . sample were placed in plastic radon-tight of 9 The Location is within the Dahomey basin and cm diameter vessels with a total capacity of 3 the stratigraphy of the basin has been grouped cm 3. The vessels were weighted and sealed for into six lithostratigraphic formations namely 3 days to allow secular e/uilibrium in the 238 U from oldest to youngest Abeokuta, Ewekoro, and 232 Th with their respective progeny (11) . Downloaded from ijrr.com at 18:51 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 [ DOI: 10.7508/ijrr.2015.04.009 ] Figure 1. The map of Ogun State showing the geological formaons at each sampling locaons. Int. J. Radiat. Res., Vol. 13 No. 4, October 2015 356 Usikalu et al. / Assessment of natural radionuclide of soil Activity measurements RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A 45 % eficiency p-type high purity germanium (.PGe) detector (Canberra model The average activity concentrations GC452 ) coupled to a multichannel analy0er (Mean H 2.D) of 238 U, 232 Th, and 4 K for soil (MCA) was used for radioactivity measurements. samples from the twenty (2 ) 8ocations are The .PGe detector had an energy resolution of presented in table 1. The image maps of the 2.2 keA (FB.M) for the 1332.5 keA gamma-ray radionuclides measurements in the area transition of 7 Co source. The detector was localising each soil sample with their situated in a well consisting of 5cm thick lead, to geographical coordinates is presented in igures shield the measuring station from e(ternal 2 and 3 using 2urfer 11 software. 1deda has the background radiation (12) . The spectral for 238 U, highest level of 238 U and 4 K with values 232 Th and 4 K were obtained using IAEA 27 H 7 :/ kg -1 and 497 H 7 :/ kg -1, respectively reference materials RGU-1 (494 :/kg -1 while Ijebu Igbo (igure 2) has the highest uranium ore)C RGTh-1 (325 :/kg -1 thorium concentration (127 H 7 :/ kg -1) of 232 Th. 1tta has ore) and potassium chloride (17259 :/kg -1 4 K) the activity concentration levels of 238 U and 232 Th from Merck company with 99.5 % purity. Each with values 3 H 1 :/ kg -1 and 1 H 1 :/ kg -1 sample was placed on the detector and counted respectively while Ayetoro has the lowest for 28,8 s with the same geometry as the concentration (7 H 2 :/ kg -1) of 4 K. The activity reference materials. :ackground spectra were levels of 232 Th at Akomoje (1 9 H 7 :/ kg -1), also collected for the same period of time. The Ake-Abeokuta (97 H 5 :/ kg -1), 1gere (57 H 7 :/ net sample count rate at each energy peak was kg -1), Ijebu-Igbo (127 H 7 :/ kg -1) and 1deda 57 obtained after subtraction of the corresponding H 5 :/ kg -1), were higher than the global average background rate. The absolute detection (45 :/ kg -1) for 232 Th in soil. The concentration eficiency of the .PGe detector for gamma ray of 4 K at 1deda (497 H 7 :/ kg -1) was higher than energy was calculated using e/uation (1) the global average (42 :/ kg -1) for 4 K in soil (4) . 232 Th has the highest contribution to the (1) environmental radioactivity in all the locations. The ThIU ratio in the samples is greater than unity in all the locations. This shows that where n is the net area under the full energy thorium has high afinity of association to solid peak E is the gamma energy, t is the counting state mater and low geochemical mobility. All time , P D (E) is the gamma emission probability the locations with the high concentrations at energy E, , o is the activity of the source (Abeokuta and environs) are located within the (:ec/uerel), E is the decay constant and t d is the basement comple(. :asement comple( is known decay time. The activity concentration were to contain granites which have high calculated using the photo peaks corresponding concentrations of uranium, thorium and to 227 Ra (187 keA), 214 :i (1238 keA and 1378 potassium (13, 14) .
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