DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Religious Behavior in Health Self-Management: a Community-Based Participatory Research Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Religious Behavior in Health Self-Management: a Community-Based Participatory Research Study religions Article The Role of Religious Behavior in Health Self-Management: A Community-Based Participatory Research Study Jane Pfeiffer 1,*, Hong Li 2, Maybelline Martez 3 and Tim Gillespie 4 1 School of Nursing, Azusa Pacific University, 375 Hospitality Lane, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA 2 School of Nursing, Azusa Pacific University, 901 E. Alosta Ave., Azusa, CA 91702, USA; [email protected] 3 School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; [email protected] 4 CrossWalk Church, 10421 Corporate Drive, Redlands, CA 92374, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 September 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 13 November 2018 Abstract: Prevalence of chronic disease, mental health problems, and risk behaviors in San Bernardino (SB) County reflect some of the worst health outcomes in the State of California and the United States. Using the Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change (ITHBC) as the theoretical framework, this community-based participatory research (CBPR) study aimed to determine how religious self-regulation skills and ability, and religious behaviors, jointly affect health promotion behaviors among socio-economically challenged residents of southwest SB County, California. A convenience sample of adult residents (N = 261) completed a series of inventories to measure the relationship between modified ITHBC constructs of religious self-regulation skills, religious self-management behaviors, and health outcomes. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was conducted to validate the strong positive effect of religious self-regulation skills and ability on how frequently individuals engage in both organized and non-organized religious activities. Results also indicated a significant positive impact of religious behaviors towards healthy eating behaviors. However, without the engagement in religious activities, high religious self-regulation skills and ability inhibited the likelihood of healthy food intake. This faith-related theoretical model provides an avenue for faith-based organizations’ capacity for contributing to community health promotion. Keywords: religious self-regulation; religious self-management behaviors; healthy eating behaviors; health outcomes; religious support; low socio-economic status; organized and non-organized religious behaviors 1. Introduction Multidisciplinary research reveals a range of health benefits through participation in religion (Ansari et al. 2017, p. 6; Koenig et al. 2012; Tan et al. 2013). Religiosity has been associated with health promoting behaviors, such as improved diet, attendance to preventive care, exercise, and moderate drinking, contributing to overall improved health status (Hill and Pargament 2008; Persynaki et al. 2017). Studies also indicate a positive association between religiosity and mental health, including well-being, self-esteem, and decreased stress levels (Krause et al. 2016). The range of health outcomes also involves lowered rates of cardiovascular disease, cancer, hypertension, and blood pressure, all-cause mortality, breast cancer risk factors, and improved fruit and vegetable intake (Gillum and Williams 2009; Gillum and Ingram 2006; Tan et al. 2013). Therefore, this area of research is of great interest among the San Bernardino County population who have higher prevalence rates for heart Religions 2018, 9, 357; doi:10.3390/rel9110357 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Religions 2018, 9, 357 2 of 15 Religions 2018, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 disease and diabetes, compared to neighboring counties and state (San Bernardino County Board of SupervisorsSupervisors 20152015).). In addition, recent data reveals 38%38% ofof adultsadults inin thethe countycounty werewere determineddetermined toto bebe overweightoverweight andand 34%34% obeseobese ((SanSan BernardinoBernardino CountyCounty BoardBoard ofof SupervisorsSupervisors 2015 2015).). ThisThis researchresearch aimsaims to to examine examine quantitative quantitative assessment assessment data data of of how how religious religious behaviors behaviors function function as healthas health self-management self-management strategies. strategies. The The study stud methodologyy methodology was developedwas developed by the by Community-Based the Community- ParticipatoryBased Participatory Research Research (CBPR) (CBPR) approach approach and the an researchd the research questions questions and hypotheses and hypotheses were driven were bydriven the Integratedby the Integrated Theory Theory of Health of Health Behavior Behavio Changer Change (ITHBC) (ITHBC) (Ryan (Ryan 2009 )2009) (See (See Figure Figure1 for 1 the for modifiedthe modified ITHBC ITHBC model). model). Studies Studies of of CBPR CBPR have have found found various various benefits, benefits, which which rationalizes rationalizes itsits useuse forfor this study study and and includes includes (1) (1) its its ability ability to support to support culturally culturally relevant relevant research research and incorporate and incorporate local localcommunity community knowledge; knowledge; (2) ability (2) ability to recruit to recruit part participantsicipants to to interventions; interventions; (3) (3) development development andand strengtheningstrengthening skillsskills of of the the community community and academicand academic partners partners to address to difficultaddress issues;difficult (4) productiveissues; (4) conflictproductive resolution conflict strategies; resolution (5) strategies; promotion (5) of promotion partnership of synergypartnership to strengthen synergy to collaboration; strengthen andcollaboration; (6) continuation and (6) continuation of project efforts of project and efforts sustainability and sustainability of results of beyond results thebeyond funding the funding period (periodJagosh (Jagosh et al. 2015 et ;al.Israel 2015; et Israel al. 2001 et). al. Adopting 2001). Adopting the community-based the community-based participatory participatory research approach research (CBPR),approach which (CBPR), is a which more desirableis a more model desirable for researchmodel for with research vulnerable with populationsvulnerable populations than traditional than researchtraditional approaches research approaches that emphasize that emphasize less on the less context on the of acontext phenomenon of a phenomenon (Holkup et (Holkup al. 2004 ),et the al. current2004), the research current team research sought team to determinesought to determi in whatne way in what can the way faith can community the faith community contribute contribute to health status.to health Such status. exploration Such exploration could achieve could a achieve balance a between balance between research andresearch action and that action mutually that mutually benefits bothbenefits science both and science the community, and the community, such as the such reduction as the of reduction health disparities. of health The disparities. research questionThe research was whetherquestion religiouswas whether self-regulation religious andself-regulation religious behaviors and religious can change behaviors the individual can change health the individual behaviors withinhealth abehaviors community. within a community. Figure 1. Modified Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change model. Figure 1. Modified Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change model. Before addressing results, a review of recent literature on factors associated with CBPR and Before addressing results, a review of recent literature on factors associated with CBPR and health behaviors, including geographical factors, religious self-regulation, intrinsic religiosity, religious health behaviors, including geographical factors, religious self-regulation, intrinsic religiosity, coping, religious self-management behaviors, and healthy eating behaviors, is given. Exploration of religious coping, religious self-management behaviors, and healthy eating behaviors, is given. these constructs will aid in the description of health outcomes affecting at risk communities. Exploration of these constructs will aid in the description of health outcomes affecting at risk 1.1.communities. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) 1.1. Community-BasedCBPR is an approach Participatory to research Research in public (CBPR) health that involves equitable partnerships and active participation in the decision-making process among community players and researchers to facilitate communityCBPR is health an approach improvement to research and increasein public knowledge health that ( involvesHolkup etequitable al. 2004; partnershipsJagosh et al. 2015and ).active The CBPRparticipation approach in the has decision-making its strengths in sustaining process among supportive community and power-sharing players and researchers relationships to facilitate among marginalizedcommunity health groups improvement (Tremblay and et al. increase 2018; Cargo knowledg ande Mercer (Holkup 2008 et al.; O’Brien 2004; Jagosh and Whitakeret al. 2015). 2011 The). CBPR approach has its strengths in sustaining supportive and power-sharing relationships among marginalized groups (Tremblay et al. 2018; Cargo and Mercer 2008; O’Brien and Whitaker 2011). Moreover, CBPR has been identified as a successful approach to recruiting and retaining hard to Religions 2018, 9, 357 3 of 15 Moreover, CBPR has been identified as a successful approach to recruiting and retaining hard to reach participants for research (Israel et al. 2010; De Las Nueces et al. 2012). Through
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interreligious Resources for Pain Management: Contributions from Hinduism and Christianity
    The Journal of Interreligious Studies Issue 20, March 2017| http://www.irstudies.org Interreligious Resources for Pain Management: Contributions from Hinduism and Christianity Melanie Barbato Pain is one of the afflictions of the human conditions that all religions speak to. However, the resources of religious traditions for pain management have largely been sidelined with the availability of chemical forms of pain relief. Sparked by a growing interest in the cultural dimension of medicine, empirical studies over the last decades have shown the positive impact that the factor “religion” can have on pain. Focusing on Christianity and Hinduism but also including more general interreligious discourse, this paper makes the case for a wider interreligious discussion on pain and pain management and presents examples of promising interreligious interaction on the topic. Medical Perspectives on Religion in Pain Management Joanna Bourke’s History of Pain (2014) devotes a whole chapter to religion.1 She explains how up to the nineteenth century pain management fell largely within the competence of religion. The elimination of pain was not yet possible and patients turned to religion for techniques and narratives that could help them to reframe the experience of pain, to detach themselves from the painful sensation, or to feel in control and at ease despite the pain they experienced. When anaesthesia became available, competence shifted from religion and the suffering person to medicine and the authority of the medical professional. This also meant
    [Show full text]
  • Are Happiness and Life Satisfaction Different Across Religious Groups? Exploring Determinants of Happiness and Life Satisfaction
    This is a repository copy of Are Happiness and Life Satisfaction Different Across Religious groups? Exploring Determinants of Happiness and Life Satisfaction. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/121758/ Version: Published Version Article: Ngamaba, Kayonda Hubert and Soni, Debbie (2017) Are Happiness and Life Satisfaction Different Across Religious groups? Exploring Determinants of Happiness and Life Satisfaction. Journal of religion and health. pp. 1-22. ISSN 1573-6571 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0481-2 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ J Relig Health DOI 10.1007/s10943-017-0481-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Are Happiness and Life Satisfaction Different Across Religious Groups? Exploring Determinants of Happiness and Life Satisfaction Kayonda Hubert Ngamaba1 • Debbie Soni2 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract This study explores whether different religions experience different levels of happiness and life satisfaction and in case this is affected by country economic and cultural environment. Using World Value Survey (from 1981 to 2014), this study found that individual religiosity and country level of development play a significant role in shaping people’s subjective well-being (SWB).
    [Show full text]
  • Spirituality and Healthcare—Common Grounds for the Secular and Religious Worlds and Its Clinical Implications
    religions Article Spirituality and Healthcare—Common Grounds for the Secular and Religious Worlds and Its Clinical Implications Marcelo Saad 1,* and Roberta de Medeiros 2 1 Spiritist-Medical Association of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04310-060, Brazil 2 Medicine School, Centro Universitário Lusíada, São Paulo, SP 11050-071, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The spiritual dimension of patients has progressively gained more relevance in healthcare in the last decades. However, the term “spiritual” is an open, fluid concept and, for health purposes, no definition of spirituality is universally accepted. Health professionals and researchers have the challenge to cover the entire spectrum of the spiritual level in their practice. This is particularly difficult because most healthcare courses do not prepare their graduates in this field. They also need to face acts of prejudice by their peers or their managers. Here, the authors aim to clarify some common grounds between secular and religious worlds in the realm of spirituality and healthcare. This is a conceptual manuscript based on the available scientific literature and on the authors’ experi- ence. The text explores the secular and religious intersection involving spirituality and healthcare, together with the common ground shared by the two fields, and consequent clinical implications. Summarisations presented here can be a didactic beginning for practitioners or scholars involved in health or behavioural sciences. The authors think this construct can favour accepting the patient’s spiritual dimension importance by healthcare professionals, treatment institutes, and government policies. Keywords: religion; spirituality; humanism; healthcare; medicine; secularism; worldviews Citation: Saad, Marcelo, and Roberta de Medeiros.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Nine
    Gunderson & Cochrane - Ch 9: Religion & Health of the Public Chapter Nine Religion and the Health of the Public: Deep Accountability “For the hardest problems, the problems that would not give way without long looks into the universe’s bowels, physicists reserved words like deep.” - James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science1 Better theory enables better choices, or it is not worth the bother. If the theory does not help those in positions of influence to guide efforts and alignments relevant to the health of their community, the theory is little better than intellectual entertainment; a distraction. A good theory helps people in positions of influence (many of whom might not think of themselves as “leaders”) to achieve deep accountability for how they use their influence, for how they live their lives. They seek accountability that is deep in the sense of being rooted in an understanding of the complexity of life and in respect for its forms, aware of the turbulence it contains, sensitive to the variety of levels and scales at which human relationships matter, and worthy of the weight their decisions must support over time. If Amartya Sen sees development as freedom and Paul Ricoeur is unable to define the self except in relation to another as the basis of justice, then we see deep accountability for health as defined by the criteria of comprehensive well-being. The language of accountability pervades discourse around health policy. Recent U.S. reform legislation, for example, includes a move toward “accountable care organizations,” simply meaning that somebody be held accountable for the various paid providers who offer services for an episode of treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship Between Happiness and Religious Participation Within China
    religions Article Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Happiness and Religious Participation within China Tianyuan Liu 1, Lin Wu 1,*, Yang Yang 1,* and Yu Jia 2 1 School of Sociology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [email protected] 2 School of Journalism and Communication, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) Received: 11 May 2020; Accepted: 27 July 2020; Published: 8 August 2020 Abstract: Although the positive relationship between religion and happiness has aroused heated debate, empirical studies on this are limited in the Chinese cultural context. Furthermore, there is a lack of heterogeneity analysis concerning this influence. This paper aims to address this gap in the existing literature. Using the Chinese General Social Survey data from 2015 for empirical analysis, the results show that people with religious beliefs have an increased probability of feeling very happy. This positive association does not exist in urban and eastern groups, but it still holds up in other remaining sub-samples (i.e., rural group). This study further finds that the effect of religiosity on happiness varies by different religious identification. Muslims are more likely to feel very happy compared with non-Muslims, but people of the Christian faith do not rate themselves higher on the happiness scale than non-Christians. Moreover, the results also reveal that religious involvement is significantly and positively related to happiness. Specifically, vulnerable groups are more likely to perceive themselves to be happier from continuous religious participation, whereas advantaged groups do not.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossroads...July
    CROSSROADS… Exploring research on religion, spirituality and health Newsletter of the Center for Spirituality, Theology & Health Volume 9 Issue 1 July 2019 This newsletter provides updates on research, news and events (b=1.20, p<0.05), time contributed to community activities (b=0.17, related to spirituality and health, including educational resources p<0.002), time contributed to charity (b=0.20, p<0.002), and time and funding opportunities. Please forward to colleagues or contributed to a place of worship (b=0.31, p<0.002). Sense of students who might benefit. Our goal is to create a community mission did not predict anxiety symptoms or diagnosis, health of researchers, clinicians, clergy, and laypersons interested in behaviors, or number of physical health problems. Researchers spirituality and health and keep them informed and updated. An concluded: “The formation of a sense of mission may provide a EVENTS CALENDAR concludes the newsletter and describes novel target for promoting multiple facets of psychological well- spirituality and health related presentations happening at Duke and being, prosocial character, and possibly mental health among around the world. This is your newsletter and we depend on you young adults.” to let us know about research, news, and events in this area. Citation: Chen, Y., Kim, E. S., Koh, H. K., Frazier, A. L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Sense of mission and subsequent All e-newsletters are archived on our website. To view previous health and well-being among young adults: An outcome-wide editions (July 2007 through June 2019) go to: analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 188(4), 664-673.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Religion and Health in China: Using Propensity Score Matching Method
    religions Article Association between Religion and Health in China: Using Propensity Score Matching Method Jing Hua Zhang * , Haomin Zhang, Chengkun Liu *, Xiaoyang Jiang, Hongmin Zhang and Ojo Iwaloye School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (X.J.); [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (O.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.H.Z.); [email protected] (C.L.) Received: 18 September 2019; Accepted: 31 December 2019; Published: 9 January 2020 Abstract: The association between religion and health is well debated and receives continuous attention in research. Selection bias is often a major concern among the observatory data routinely used worldwide to examine this topic. Adopting the propensity score matching (PSM) method, the present study tries to assess the treatment effects of religion on self-reported health status. The final sample from the 2007 Spiritual Life Study of Chinese Residents (SLSC) contains 6194 valid responses. The average treatment effects (ATEs) estimated by the PSM method show that respondents with religious affiliations are on average significantly more likely to report being very healthy by 5.2 percentage points (by 3.6 and 9.6 percentage points among Buddhists and Protestants), especially, by 16.2 percentage points among those regarding religion as being very important in their lives. Meanwhile, ATEs of religion on reporting being very happy is 17.0 among Protestants and 13.4 among those regarding religion with high importance and 11.3 among those with “regular religious attendance”. Keywords: religion; health; self-selection; propensity score matching; China 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Mindfulness
    Open Theology 2016; 2: 135–144 1 Psychotherapy and Religious Values Open Access 2 3 Thomas G. Plante* 4 5 6 Beyond Mindfulness 7 Expanding Integration of Spirituality and Religion into Psychotherapy 8 9 10 DOI 10.1515/opth-2016-0011 11 Received October 28, 2015; accepted December 12, 2015 12 Abstract: Since the publication of Bergin’s classic 1980 paper “Psychotherapy and Religious Values” in the 13 Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, an enormous amount of quality research has been conducted 14 on the integration of religious and spiritual values and perspectives into the psychotherapy endeavor. 15 Numerous empirical studies, chapters, books, blogs, and specialty organizations have emerged in the 16 past 35 years that have helped researchers and clinicians alike come to appreciate the value of religion 17 and spirituality in the psychotherapeutic process. While so much has been accomplished in this area of 18 integration, so much more needs to occur in order for the psychotherapeutic world to benefit from the 19 wisdom of the great religious and spiritual traditions and values. While state-of-the-art quality research 20 has and continues to demonstrate how religious and spiritual practices and values can be used effectively 21 to enhance the benefits of behavioral and psychological interventions, too often the field either gets 22 overly focused on particular and perhaps trendy areas of interest (e.g., mindfulness) or fails to appreciate 23 and incorporate the research evidence supporting (or not supporting) the use of certain religiously or 24 spiritually informed assessments and interventions. The purpose of this article is to reflect on where the 25 field integrating religion, spirituality and psychotherapy has evolved through the present and where it still 26 needs to go in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossroads...Apr
    CROSSROADS… Exploring research on religion, spirituality and health Newsletter of the Center for Spirituality, Theology & Health Volume 3 Issue 10 Apr 2014 Citation: Balboni MJ, Sullivan A, Enzinger AC et al (2014). Nurse This newsletter provides updates on research, news and events and physician barriers to spiritual care provision at the end of life. related to spirituality and health, including educational resources Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, E-pub ahead of print. and funding opportunities. Please forward to colleagues or Comment: If the major reasons for not providing spiritual care to students who might benefit. Our goal is to create a community incurable cancer patients are “lack of personal comfort” and “lack of researchers, clinicians, clergy, and laypersons interested in of training,” then surely the next step ought to be providing that spirituality and health and keep them informed and updated. An training. These were also some of the most common reasons why EVENTS CALENDAR concludes the newsletter and describes 20 years ago we didn’t take a sexual history, barriers that have spirituality and health related presentations happening at Duke and been now thoroughly conquered by training. around the world. This is your newsletter and we depend on you to let us know about research, news, or events in this area. Religious Coping, Depression, and Quality of Life in HIV Researchers at Drexel University’s department of psychology All e-newsletters are archived on our website. To view previous surveyed 198 persons with HIV/AIDS, examining links between editions (July 2007 through March2014) go to: religious coping (RC) and psychological outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and Mental Health: Theory and Research
    International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies Int. J. Appl. Psychoanal. Studies (2010) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/aps.240 Religion and Mental Health: Theory and Research JEFF LEVIN ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of psychiatric and mental health research on religion. First, conceptual models of religion and of mental health used throughout this litera- ture are described. Second, published empirical research in this fi eld is summarized, including fi ndings from epidemiologic, clinical, and social and behavioral investiga- tions. Third, promising theoretical perspectives for understanding a putative religion– mental health connection are elaborated. These are based on respective behavioral, biological, psychodynamic, and transpersonal interpretations of existing research fi ndings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: religion, spirituality, mental health, psychiatry, research INTRODUCTION Recently, the idea of a “religion–health connection” (Ellison & Levin, 1998) has gained traction among clinicians, due to a growing body of research. Literature reviews (e.g. Levin & Chatters, 1998) and academic (Koenig, 1998a; Koenig, McCullough, & Larson, 2001) and popular (Levin, 2001) books have focused attention on social, behavioral, epidemiologic, and clinical research papers that total in the thousands. These studies explore the impact of religious indicators on psychiatric and mental health outcomes in population, community, and hospital samples: rates of mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety; levels of psychological distress, using numerous assessment instruments; dimensions of psychological well-being, such as life satisfaction and happiness; patterns of self- destructive behavior, including the addictions; and mental health care utiliza- tion. The weight of evidence, on average and across studies, suggests that religion, however assessed, is a generally protective factor for mental illness.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Religiosity Inhibit the Proclivity to Self-Forgive?
    Running head: RELIGIOSITY AND SELF-FORGIVENESS 1 1 Does religiosity inhibit the proclivity to self-forgive? 1 1 2 Catherine Palmer & James E Bartlett 1 3 School of Psychology and Social Science, Arden University, UK. 4 Author Note 5 ORCID ID (JEB): 0000-0002-4191-5245. This study was originally designed and 6 written for a dissertation (https://thesiscommons.org/4jmx3/). 7 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to James E Bartlett, Arden 8 University, Arden House, Coventry, UK. E-mail: [email protected] RELIGIOSITY AND SELF-FORGIVENESS 2 9 Abstract 10 This mixed methods study explored factors associated with self-forgiveness as previous 11 research predominantly focused on the forgiveness of others from a quantitative perspective. 12 A convenience sample of 102 participants (35 males, 67 females; 72% Christian) was 13 recruited using a combination of advertisements within religious buildings and social media 14 appeals. Participants responded to self-report scales comprising the Heartland Forgiveness 15 Scale, Religious Commitment Inventory, Divine Forgiveness Scale, and the Perceptions of 16 Forgiveness Scale. Additionally, participants completed four further open questions 17 pertaining to their own implicit, experiential interpretations of forgiveness. We used multiple 18 linear regression for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The results 19 of the regression analysis found that the model accounted for 46.5% of the variance in 20 self-forgiveness. Each predictor variable was statistically significant where divine forgiveness 21 was a positive predictor of self-forgiveness, while religious commitment and perceived 22 transgressions were negative predictors. Thematic analysis identified three themes: cognitive 23 dissonance; which identified inconsistencies between self-identity and one’s behaviour; 24 conciliatory behaviour; which explored actions taken to earn forgiveness, and God image; as 25 either compassionate or punitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture, Religion, and Homonegativity
    Eastern Kentucky University Encompass Online Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship January 2018 Culture, Religion, and Homonegativity Erica Cecelia Dawn Leach Eastern Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: https://encompass.eku.edu/etd Part of the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Leach, Erica Cecelia Dawn, "Culture, Religion, and Homonegativity" (2018). Online Theses and Dissertations. 572. https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/572 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Encompass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Online Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Encompass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. • STATEMENT OF PERM lSSION TO USE [n presenting thi thesis in partial fulfillment of the req uirements for a Master of Science degree at Eastern Kentucky University, [ agree th at the Library sha ll make it available to borrowe rs under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this document are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgements of the so urce are made. Permi ssion for exten i ve quotation from or reproduction of thi document may be gra nted by my maj or professo r. In [his/her] absence, by the Head of [nterlibra ry Serv ices when, in the opinion of either, the pro posed use of the material is for scholarl y purposes. ny copying or use of the material in this document for financi al gain shall not be all owed without my written permission. Signature: x:Cu· Date: I 011 4120Is CULTURE, RELIGION, AND HOMONEGATIVITY BY ERICA LEACH Bachelors of Science Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, Kentucky Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Eastern Kentucky University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 2018 © Copyright by ERICA LEACH, 2018 All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]