Identifying Conservation Priorities and Assessing Impacts and Trade-Offs Of

Identifying conservation priorities and assessing impacts and trade‐offs of potential future development in the Lower Hunter Valley in New South Wales.

ISBN: 978‐07340‐5140‐0 (PDF) Hub Research Theme: 4.4 Regional Sustainability Plans (Hunter) Enquiries to: [email protected]

© The University of Melbourne This work is copyright. It may be produced in whole or in part for study or training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source. It is not intended for commercial sale or use. Reproduction for other purposes other than those listed above requires the written permission from the authors.

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Please cite the report as follows:

Kujala H, Whitehead AL & Wintle BA (2015) Identifying conservation priorities and assessing impacts and trade‐offs of potential future development in the Lower Hunter Valley in New South Wales. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria. Pp. 100

Appendices

Appendix 1. Individual results for species distributions modelled using Maxent...... 4 Table 1. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 36 amphibians within the LHSA region...... 4 Table 2. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 292 birds within the LHSA region...... 6 Table 3. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 61 mammals within the LHSA region...... 20 Table 4. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 131 plants within the LHSA region...... 23 Table 5. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 56 reptiles within the LHSA region...... 30 Table 6. Mean results from Boosted Regression Tree models for 14 EECs within the LHSA region...... 33 Appendix 2. Description of the prioritisation algorithm...... 35 Figure 1. Illustration of how spatial prioritisation is created by the Zonation software...... 36 Appendix 3. List of biodiversity features included in Zonation analyses...... 38 Table 7. Summary data for 40 amphibians included in the Zonation analyses...... 38 Table 8. Summary of data for 316 birds included in the Zonation analyses...... 40 Table 9. Summary of data for 64 mammals included in the Zonation analyses...... 51 Table 10. Summary data for 212 plants included in the Zonation analyses...... 54 Table 11. Summary of data for 62 reptiles included in the Zonation analyses...... 61 Table 12. Summary data for 27 EECs and other biodiversity features included in the Zonation analyses...... 64

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Appendix 4. Summary of the spatial data used to create the protected area layer used in the Zonation analyses...... 66 Appendix 5. The proportion of each biodiversity feature that represented in the high priority conservation areas and is currently protected within the LHSA region...... 67 Table 13. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of amphibians contained within the high priority conservation and currently protected within the existing protected area network...... 67 Table 14. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of birds contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within the existing protected area network. . 69 Table 15. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of mammals contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within the existing protected area network...... 79 Table 16. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of plants contained within the high priority conservation and currently protected within the existing protected area network...... 82 Table 17. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of reptiles contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within the existing protected area network ...... 89 Table 18. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of EECs and other biodiversity features contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within the existing protected area network...... 92 Appendix 6. Summary of the spatial data used to create the development scenarios used in the Zonation analyses...... 94 Appendix 7. Predicted proportion of each biodiversity feature’s LHSA distribution predicted to be lost under each development scenario...... 95 Table 19. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of amphibians predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios...... 95 Table 20. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of birds predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios...... 97 Table 21. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of mammals predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios...... 108 Table 22. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of plants predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios...... 111 Table 23. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of reptiles predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios...... 119 Table 24. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of EECs & other biodiversity features predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios...... 122 Appendix 8. Overlap of proposed future development plans and conservation priority areas within the LHSA region...... 124 Figure 1. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Urban Development scenario...... 124 Figure 2. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Hunter Expressway scenario...... 125 Figure 3. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Important Agricultural Lands scenario...... 126

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Figure 4. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Cumulative development scenario...... 127 Figure 5. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Mining scenario...... 128

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Appendix 1. Individual results for species distributions modelled using Maxent.

Table 1. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 36 amphibian species within the LHSA region. Results show the mean number of training samples used to construct each model and the mean (± standard deviation) test AUC value across five‐fold cross‐ validated models. The data shown for the environmental variables represent the permutation importance for each variable used to construct the full model. See Section 3.2.1 for more details.

Amphibians records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp mean_rain seasonal_rain slope rugg1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Adelotus brevis 452 0.9133 (0.0123) 7.02 0.04 34.72 5.28 16.29 0.04 7.11 1.06 3.91 21.10 Crinia signifera 2249 0.7441 (0.0103) 15.32 0.00 10.72 12.37 26.41 0.97 11.26 5.77 6.93 2.41 Crinia tinnula 365 0.9643 (0.0042) 21.94 10.20 19.38 11.04 17.82 1.08 1.58 7.69 1.46 7.39 Heleioporus australiacus 158 0.9732 (0.0109) 17.75 6.79 1.71 29.64 1.12 0.09 0.23 39.34 0.66 2.33 Lechriodus fletcheri 179 0.9297 (0.0193) 8.96 10.01 37.05 1.65 5.09 2.23 7.10 0.00 18.83 8.45 Limnodynastes dumerilii 299 0.8381 (0.0225) 20.81 9.84 1.66 21.97 14.84 0.94 5.11 18.36 0.71 2.71 Limnodynastes ornatus 162 0.8425 (0.027) 37.59 5.33 0.15 30.06 10.51 2.10 0.70 6.13 4.01 0.38 Limnodynastes peronii 1256 0.851 (0.0087) 59.59 14.59 1.83 7.12 10.25 0.22 2.76 0.59 1.23 0.86 Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 386 0.8385 (0.0189) 46.08 11.93 2.57 13.95 15.34 0.51 1.69 0.32 0.77 6.75 Litoria aurea 224 0.9507 (0.0121) 41.14 2.33 5.46 23.19 0.17 0.62 0.23 9.43 12.71 4.50 Litoria brevipalmata 64 0.9307 (0.0269) 39.30 1.91 8.83 23.62 1.22 0.05 5.66 6.77 1.25 11.15 Litoria caerulea 264 0.7416 (0.0317) 47.98 0.00 7.04 12.00 13.17 2.67 3.17 1.37 6.59 4.88 4

| Litoria chloris 228 0.9151 (0.0165) 3.22 10.42 0.01 2.66 9.70 1.94 1.26 1.43 4.81 62.72

Page Litoria citropa 30 0.9377 (0.039) 0.14 31.50 0.00 30.98 1.98 15.16 2.14 0.00 16.18 1.87 Litoria dentata 330 0.8201 (0.0238) 12.11 20.23 1.82 14.81 38.36 2.68 6.47 0.54 1.28 1.28

Amphibians records

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope rugg1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Litoria fallax 1310 0.8134 (0.0103) 32.08 0.00 4.11 18.79 32.69 0.46 5.51 2.53 0.75 1.41 Litoria freycineti 112 0.9224 (0.0191) 11.54 9.99 43.90 12.90 15.57 0.17 1.50 2.91 0.89 0.48 Litoria gracilenta 39 0.9537 (0.0152) 66.41 1.19 8.46 2.22 3.09 1.37 2.43 0.52 0.32 3.91 Litoria jervisiensis 57 0.9286 (0.0231) 3.33 1.53 30.58 39.96 6.24 0.00 6.64 7.51 0.33 3.72 Litoria latopalmata 499 0.8201 (0.0169) 25.72 0.00 5.02 25.05 27.77 0.75 8.96 6.47 0.21 0.00 Litoria lesueuri 630 0.8584 (0.0156) 5.69 4.96 1.94 16.31 11.17 3.78 2.63 6.51 12.88 33.69 Litoria nasuta 46 0.9375 (0.0271) 74.90 0.00 1.56 10.94 0.98 2.33 0.04 2.87 5.17 0.22 Litoria pearsoniana 176 0.9701 (0.0066) 1.94 2.58 4.90 4.63 7.72 21.64 7.10 1.77 13.47 31.21 Litoria peronii 981 0.7699 (0.0152) 16.41 1.18 5.85 22.91 35.68 1.45 11.60 0.93 0.85 2.41 Litoria phyllochroa 579 0.8964 (0.0137) 5.27 6.45 12.33 0.00 10.57 23.99 13.86 0.89 1.15 20.23 Litoria revelata 66 0.9104 (0.0297) 23.65 17.06 4.26 15.64 2.07 0.00 10.25 3.94 4.72 15.32 Litoria tyleri 366 0.8662 (0.0158) 49.80 8.88 2.21 8.52 21.66 0.79 1.82 1.64 0.86 3.83 Litoria verreauxii 381 0.8188 (0.0201) 5.81 16.11 16.87 17.96 34.47 0.71 1.76 0.24 0.63 5.06 Litoria wilcoxii 23 0.73 (0.1093) 30.61 0.00 4.69 0.47 11.86 28.98 0.00 13.45 5.76 1.28 Mixophyes fasciolatus 425 0.9449 (0.0099) 18.75 7.50 6.60 11.23 7.83 0.55 4.88 2.01 2.68 34.56 Paracrinia haswelli 71 0.9444 (0.0151) 66.50 0.45 5.02 6.83 9.73 0.55 2.57 3.44 1.00 1.76 Pseudophryne australis 261 0.95 (0.0115) 16.36 31.27 6.36 29.60 2.43 0.05 0.54 13.04 0.00 0.00 Pseudophryne bibronii 187 0.8447 (0.0259) 14.71 5.18 10.47 32.79 12.03 2.46 7.77 9.95 0.31 0.05 Pseudophryne coriacea 828 0.8913 (0.0108) 7.74 0.35 23.14 7.79 15.24 0.56 14.52 5.27 1.50 17.68 Uperoleia fusca 231 0.8649 (0.0211) 27.63 11.69 2.69 14.37 30.75 0.57 4.88 5.35 0.39 0.75 Uperoleia laevigata 395 0.8293 (0.0185) 14.12 2.75 8.30 27.27 26.13 1.16 5.44 3.53 1.23 7.28

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Table 2. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 295 bird species within the LHSA region. Results show the mean number of training samples used to construct each model and the mean (± standard deviation) test AUC value across five‐fold cross‐ validated models. The data shown for the environmental variables represent the permutation importance for each variable used to construct the full model. See Section 3.2.1 for more details.

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Acanthagenys rufogularis 53 0.8477 (0.0686) 0.00 15.18 14.80 15.87 2.60 32.95 4.32 5.38 0.45 8.46 Acanthiza chrysorrhoa 1054 0.7575 (0.0179) 13.89 5.57 2.93 0.00 28.61 13.99 6.66 3.91 2.24 22.21 Acanthiza lineata 2258 0.7368 (0.013) 20.26 20.43 0.27 10.37 18.36 1.49 6.33 15.34 0.00 7.16 Acanthiza nana 2270 0.7164 (0.0111) 53.12 3.01 0.00 0.00 24.92 9.77 5.22 2.82 0.71 0.44 Acanthiza pusilla 4626 0.6811 (0.0101) 32.24 14.52 0.00 8.23 15.56 3.73 6.41 13.20 0.00 6.11 Acanthiza reguloides 766 0.7774 (0.0207) 0.35 0.63 12.28 2.00 25.44 0.19 17.02 34.56 3.06 4.47 Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 3890 0.7221 (0.0102) 25.49 16.49 0.00 11.05 17.80 3.82 2.10 15.37 0.00 7.88 Accipiter cirrocephalus 334 0.773 (0.0299) 41.62 18.70 1.23 1.62 26.53 0.84 2.45 2.80 1.47 2.74 Accipiter fasciatus 634 0.7442 (0.0217) 37.48 7.67 3.13 12.44 17.88 6.46 6.70 4.56 0.64 3.03 Accipiter novaehollandiae 466 0.8005 (0.0238) 31.12 9.49 14.34 18.45 6.55 10.14 1.08 8.46 0.37 0.00 Acrocephalus australis 473 0.8657 (0.0147) 21.26 5.58 0.00 10.01 9.48 5.51 1.84 11.78 8.59 25.94 Actitis hypoleucos 59 0.9657 (0.019) 31.92 2.48 1.24 23.18 2.76 5.61 5.82 3.00 1.16 22.84 Aegotheles cristatus 1442 0.8003 (0.0128) 8.93 2.66 8.05 7.70 11.42 0.66 10.70 21.67 3.48 24.73

6 Ailuroedus crassirostris 731 0.8694 (0.0113) 15.51 12.96 32.21 3.80 6.02 5.11 3.00 4.03 11.69 5.67

Page Alectura lathami 812 0.8278 (0.0155) 18.88 26.64 7.54 11.67 2.46 10.29 0.60 0.83 3.70 17.40 Alisterus scapularis 2244 0.6749 (0.0151) 8.48 5.94 6.85 13.60 21.52 11.35 13.89 6.73 1.68 9.96

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Anas castanea 1335 0.8894 (0.0065) 71.85 6.68 4.49 2.89 1.98 0.94 0.44 3.36 0.61 6.76 Anas gracilis 995 0.8221 (0.0128) 30.85 0.00 0.00 7.48 21.93 6.55 0.97 14.65 2.09 15.48 Anas rhynchotis 231 0.9218 (0.0169) 26.17 8.57 9.19 18.31 6.59 0.79 1.36 22.78 1.12 5.13 Anas superciliosa 2440 0.7779 (0.0104) 62.89 1.41 0.00 0.00 16.57 3.33 0.14 5.89 2.70 7.08 Anhinga novaehollandiae 701 0.9076 (0.0102) 67.22 0.47 1.25 5.00 3.49 1.71 3.18 8.07 4.12 5.50 Anseranas semipalmata 86 0.9691 (0.017) 1.18 4.16 6.34 41.84 0.16 0.13 0.73 16.28 0.58 28.58 Anthochaera carunculata 2037 0.7854 (0.0137) 3.19 0.00 41.28 33.27 17.04 0.59 1.66 0.78 1.02 1.19 Anthochaera chrysoptera 1915 0.9077 (0.0072) 68.40 17.83 1.94 8.15 0.86 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.67 2.02 Anthochaera phrygia 26 0.73 (0.0781) 39.34 0.47 11.12 10.68 0.00 0.32 6.16 18.71 4.57 8.64 Anthus novaeseelandiae 654 0.7985 (0.021) 47.80 0.35 6.20 0.66 7.63 4.98 1.17 6.25 0.01 24.96 Apus pacificus 83 0.8763 (0.0422) 50.35 2.84 20.62 8.34 1.39 2.11 0.00 6.29 1.29 6.79 Aquila audax 1206 0.6473 (0.022) 0.00 17.45 5.55 3.52 34.01 16.47 7.91 10.23 0.89 3.98 Ardea ibis 865 0.8633 (0.0097) 62.72 3.13 2.17 6.48 5.84 1.33 1.62 5.66 2.20 8.83 Ardea intermedia 439 0.9274 (0.01) 66.62 4.47 4.69 6.07 0.52 0.41 3.96 3.14 1.25 8.86 Ardea modesta 1043 0.8844 (0.0082) 67.66 3.35 5.00 5.15 0.46 1.68 1.63 6.48 0.57 8.04 Ardea pacifica 479 0.8242 (0.019) 17.29 0.20 0.12 31.69 9.00 9.17 2.42 21.13 5.39 3.57 Arenaria interpres 63 0.9785 (0.0095) 10.65 1.15 32.71 3.28 0.37 0.16 1.28 11.40 2.88 36.12 Artamus cyanopterus 527 0.788 (0.0257) 35.93 5.78 10.36 0.64 16.75 3.93 9.54 11.27 1.99 3.82 Artamus leucorynchus 549 0.9297 (0.0092) 68.56 8.20 3.85 5.93 1.41 0.54 1.17 1.39 0.80 8.14

7 Artamus personatus 34 0.6872 (0.0911) 14.84 12.05 18.10 13.78 9.74 7.88 8.32 0.00 12.98 2.31

Page Artamus superciliosus 86 0.7643 (0.0502) 8.02 0.05 0.00 4.32 21.36 12.52 6.51 26.46 6.41 14.36 Aviceda subcristata 331 0.8228 (0.0261) 49.73 16.56 1.97 26.87 2.40 0.98 0.31 0.94 0.06 0.18

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Aythya australis 525 0.8414 (0.0154) 44.07 1.40 7.32 5.23 11.96 1.25 2.14 19.51 1.09 6.03 Biziura lobata 150 0.9288 (0.0151) 62.43 1.66 0.65 8.26 3.29 3.44 2.76 6.99 2.23 8.29 Burhinus grallarius 237 0.9532 (0.0174) 11.07 0.19 54.06 28.07 0.37 0.77 2.59 0.17 0.05 2.65 Butorides striatus 88 0.9626 (0.0136) 7.85 6.67 32.61 9.74 1.17 4.36 4.01 5.46 0.01 28.12 Cacatua galerita 2256 0.6944 (0.0134) 16.86 5.50 3.06 33.11 11.70 17.93 3.81 3.17 4.86 0.00 Cacatua sanguinea 438 0.8802 (0.0165) 9.19 0.07 7.81 27.15 14.58 1.06 0.45 18.70 3.34 17.65 Cacatua tenuirostris 389 0.9353 (0.0119) 56.11 14.69 2.37 9.65 2.22 0.13 0.51 10.37 0.62 3.33 Cacomantis flabelliformis 2439 0.7133 (0.0128) 18.27 5.60 1.67 13.15 21.33 6.10 7.08 14.07 1.03 11.69 Cacomantis pallidus 365 0.793 (0.0229) 25.19 1.79 4.44 22.36 19.05 5.84 4.76 6.51 0.77 9.29 Cacomantis variolosus 519 0.7152 (0.0237) 22.41 4.74 5.28 21.48 11.81 14.57 9.42 7.87 0.78 1.64 Calidris acuminata 235 0.9677 (0.008) 18.83 0.91 4.31 54.78 1.38 0.42 2.35 2.99 3.44 10.59 Calidris canutus 105 0.9765 (0.0099) 0.53 0.00 53.77 1.52 0.12 0.16 0.64 7.10 0.11 36.05 Calidris ferruginea 134 0.9796 (0.0077) 39.48 0.00 3.71 13.77 3.37 0.40 1.60 18.60 0.00 19.07 Calidris melanotos 23 0.933 (0.0446) 19.76 0.67 19.07 20.80 5.67 2.71 4.57 5.31 0.85 20.59 Calidris ruficollis 186 0.9792 (0.0068) 57.86 0.02 0.00 13.33 0.44 0.00 1.50 7.03 1.08 18.74 Calidris tenuirostris 53 0.9901 (0.0029) 2.86 0.69 30.44 2.25 0.07 0.09 1.22 15.62 0.00 46.77 Calyptorhynchus funereus 1784 0.7594 (0.0131) 31.22 19.09 1.59 9.59 22.76 1.86 3.37 5.93 1.52 3.07 Calyptorhynchus lathami 27 0.9314 (0.0326) 1.06 0.25 9.63 21.22 0.36 4.81 18.29 19.81 20.49 4.07 Centropus phasianinus 683 0.8421 (0.0146) 44.35 0.52 37.05 1.09 6.01 1.06 2.12 0.86 0.00 6.95 Ceyx azureus 435 0.8045 (0.0225) 66.02 0.00 0.26 0.83 3.55 25.70 0.56 0.27 0.44 2.38 8

Chalcites basalis 355 0.7841 (0.0258) 11.49 0.89 0.00 5.75 51.03 2.44 8.56 6.13 2.97 10.75 Page Chalcites lucidus 967 0.7314 (0.0183) 14.51 1.51 6.51 13.15 25.84 7.12 12.70 9.97 4.72 3.97

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Chalcites osculans 25 0.8956 (0.0479) 10.29 37.94 3.94 0.00 14.63 0.19 5.92 19.28 3.78 4.03 Chalcophaps indica 164 0.8117 (0.0307) 21.84 3.06 30.01 2.06 11.86 5.15 5.80 3.03 12.46 4.73 Charadrius bicinctus 95 0.9736 (0.01) 3.78 0.00 59.38 5.10 0.29 0.07 1.37 3.44 0.97 25.60 Charadrius mongolus 66 0.9824 (0.0057) 20.17 4.01 44.48 6.39 0.10 0.21 1.99 2.47 0.90 19.27 Charadrius ruficapillus 202 0.9745 (0.0055) 52.15 0.26 0.06 22.60 1.44 0.20 0.37 4.75 1.32 16.84 Chenonetta jubata 2325 0.7407 (0.0111) 51.85 3.66 0.00 0.00 25.44 7.08 1.36 4.01 1.94 4.65 Cheramoeca leucosterna 55 0.7987 (0.0705) 5.78 3.40 14.62 29.92 18.02 15.09 3.03 5.93 4.21 0.01 Chlidonias hybrida 65 0.9454 (0.021) 41.81 0.32 1.17 20.39 4.43 1.54 2.15 8.92 2.91 16.35 Chlidonias leucopterus 23 0.9759 (0.016) 28.63 0.64 0.44 0.52 0.65 0.67 4.87 6.86 0.19 56.53 Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae 1403 0.9415 (0.0063) 73.25 3.82 2.02 10.18 0.42 0.20 0.41 1.90 0.75 7.05 Chthonicola sagittata 527 0.8907 (0.0153) 22.37 46.95 2.14 9.13 3.78 0.79 9.00 4.87 0.20 0.77 Cincloramphus cruralis 55 0.8935 (0.0337) 1.45 0.00 17.93 25.05 10.55 22.29 9.09 1.98 0.12 11.54 Cincloramphus mathewsi 171 0.8379 (0.0328) 7.10 67.79 1.44 0.00 5.08 7.59 3.20 2.70 1.93 3.17 Cinclosoma punctatum 329 0.8144 (0.0269) 2.06 10.70 12.33 3.87 9.36 2.69 4.71 37.93 0.08 16.26 Circus approximans 438 0.922 (0.0144) 55.50 0.00 5.53 8.29 4.18 0.86 0.76 4.70 1.79 18.38 Circus assimilis 94 0.8686 (0.0312) 8.98 8.44 11.78 31.96 8.95 2.22 0.00 8.67 15.47 3.52 Cisticola exilis 486 0.8909 (0.0126) 24.10 0.00 3.43 35.44 6.59 2.16 1.13 13.00 3.52 10.62 Climacteris erythrops 299 0.8458 (0.0253) 3.46 27.40 0.67 4.22 13.07 8.81 31.18 3.72 4.69 2.77 Climacteris picumnus victoriae 217 0.9135 (0.0256) 18.20 1.07 53.41 6.90 5.56 0.52 10.41 3.25 0.00 0.68

9 Colluricincla harmonica 4255 0.67 (0.0103) 15.25 1.63 0.22 12.98 20.63 5.12 9.69 17.61 1.13 15.74

Page Columba leucomela 701 0.8426 (0.0125) 15.70 7.47 52.55 4.84 9.18 0.38 0.09 5.30 4.01 0.48 Coracina novaehollandiae 3753 0.705 (0.0107) 58.42 4.10 0.00 1.33 30.73 3.12 1.41 0.88 0.00 0.01

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Coracina papuensis 300 0.7966 (0.0289) 11.62 5.71 11.45 15.64 32.27 3.59 8.55 8.45 2.39 0.33 Coracina tenuirostris 790 0.7424 (0.0172) 15.98 0.11 3.68 22.33 7.89 7.05 14.67 20.43 3.87 4.01 Corcorax melanorhamphos 906 0.8015 (0.0168) 25.89 9.07 26.35 1.02 18.24 1.07 7.45 6.23 3.06 1.62 Cormobates leucophaea 4116 0.6898 (0.0102) 8.10 4.24 0.00 7.29 18.98 4.64 15.58 19.00 3.75 18.43 Corvus coronoides 4501 0.6951 (0.01) 55.83 2.68 0.00 9.23 21.01 3.15 0.00 5.30 1.50 1.28 Corvus mellori 110 0.7949 (0.0482) 12.71 8.78 27.18 15.33 21.79 2.31 4.50 1.53 2.66 3.20 Corvus orru 771 0.895 (0.0141) 28.82 0.29 17.00 11.68 8.54 1.85 1.19 19.61 0.00 11.03 Corvus tasmanicus 181 0.8976 (0.0232) 25.21 8.65 33.58 4.80 17.72 0.00 0.92 4.19 4.88 0.05 Coturnix pectoralis 89 0.7541 (0.0498) 32.55 0.09 33.78 1.28 21.03 0.11 3.21 4.08 3.86 0.00 Coturnix ypsilophora 462 0.7971 (0.0263) 54.52 0.00 2.89 9.71 7.27 1.32 11.19 1.87 10.25 0.98 Cracticus nigrogularis 2225 0.7372 (0.0121) 37.21 1.39 3.48 3.26 43.16 3.65 1.97 2.59 0.85 2.44 Cracticus tibicen 5273 0.6743 (0.0093) 57.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.56 5.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.45 Cracticus torquatus 3532 0.7182 (0.011) 46.55 6.41 1.94 13.87 21.24 2.82 2.43 3.61 1.14 0.00 Cygnus atratus 1117 0.8769 (0.0073) 60.24 8.81 6.65 6.64 4.33 1.30 0.91 6.19 1.23 3.71 Dacelo novaeguineae 5132 0.6652 (0.0095) 50.82 5.58 0.00 5.70 29.05 4.29 0.55 3.28 0.00 0.72 Daphoenositta chrysoptera 823 0.7413 (0.0191) 14.14 4.37 7.39 7.57 25.98 4.91 16.65 15.46 0.36 3.17 Dendrocygna arcuata 89 0.9452 (0.028) 27.48 3.58 2.96 36.58 4.78 0.05 0.89 4.34 3.97 15.35 Dendrocygna eytoni 54 0.9262 (0.0258) 27.40 0.00 6.57 31.92 3.16 1.07 3.29 7.77 11.27 7.55 Dicaeum hirundinaceum 1818 0.6993 (0.015) 33.96 3.08 6.09 6.12 18.10 3.82 9.52 14.39 0.39 4.52

10 Dicrurus bracteatus 545 0.927 (0.0122) 73.76 3.56 0.10 4.13 0.33 0.00 0.20 10.90 0.22 6.79

Dromaius novaehollandiae 44 0.8606 (0.0626) 0.00 22.10 8.51 38.09 6.74 3.74 9.99 10.83 0.00 0.00 Page Egretta garzetta 568 0.9394 (0.0082) 69.65 5.98 2.77 5.37 0.67 0.99 1.39 1.71 0.28 11.21

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Egretta novaehollandiae 2347 0.8061 (0.0107) 55.94 0.00 0.00 1.70 8.38 7.71 1.68 7.82 0.00 16.75 Egretta sacra 81 0.9607 (0.0173) 50.59 6.07 5.84 9.22 3.85 2.11 0.56 3.27 0.85 17.65 Elanus axillaris 787 0.8245 (0.0165) 52.85 1.52 4.66 1.89 7.69 3.33 2.74 11.26 0.81 13.27 Elseyornis melanops 322 0.8873 (0.0172) 30.97 5.47 4.23 21.22 18.25 4.16 2.68 4.30 4.98 3.75 Entomyzon cyanotis 340 0.8576 (0.0174) 31.59 6.76 13.51 25.84 11.40 1.46 2.31 4.88 1.09 1.15 Eolophus roseicapillus 2575 0.7489 (0.0098) 55.39 0.76 0.00 0.15 15.74 4.43 1.50 3.44 6.44 12.14 Eopsaltria australis 4385 0.6846 (0.0101) 28.30 6.52 0.00 10.76 16.29 4.81 7.47 11.03 2.54 12.28 Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus 447 0.9211 (0.009) 75.01 0.68 0.10 4.20 5.83 1.71 1.27 8.79 1.36 1.05 Epthianura albifrons 147 0.9768 (0.0089) 14.64 2.09 29.22 8.51 6.49 3.24 5.67 0.14 0.00 30.01 Erythrogonys cinctus 100 0.9545 (0.018) 33.00 5.19 0.78 24.42 1.87 1.34 17.35 4.58 5.61 5.85 Esacus magnirostris 28 0.9885 (0.0072) 21.14 0.14 0.34 2.31 0.35 0.01 2.52 5.53 1.41 66.25 Eudynamys orientalis 1142 0.8197 (0.0136) 72.53 0.34 6.89 7.81 2.06 1.36 1.67 0.00 2.03 5.32 Eudyptula minor 52 0.9797 (0.0078) 2.95 1.93 46.64 36.17 0.51 0.34 0.34 3.11 1.45 6.56 Eurostopodus mystacalis 501 0.8108 (0.0195) 20.75 3.12 4.88 3.42 11.49 0.48 7.72 19.40 3.29 25.46 Eurystomus orientalis 1464 0.7952 (0.0149) 63.33 0.51 1.71 11.36 5.81 3.17 2.82 1.39 0.97 8.93 Falco berigora 537 0.7416 (0.0226) 25.38 1.52 0.00 2.41 13.88 7.23 3.17 3.00 4.40 39.01 Falco cenchroides 981 0.7689 (0.0168) 23.33 1.45 0.01 0.00 12.43 6.05 2.70 10.67 1.92 41.44 Falco longipennis 403 0.8106 (0.0209) 48.20 1.05 1.67 4.41 9.32 1.32 1.51 11.22 1.29 20.01 Falco peregrinus 382 0.8108 (0.0266) 44.21 5.48 5.88 5.86 3.69 4.55 3.69 1.00 6.60 19.05

11 Falco subniger 32 0.7649 (0.0732) 1.44 15.27 0.82 0.00 25.37 2.96 11.44 16.54 25.85 0.31

Page Falcunculus frontatus frontatus 344 0.7764 (0.0272) 11.22 6.89 8.82 7.67 12.14 6.13 30.20 8.82 3.22 4.89 Fulica atra 591 0.8544 (0.0167) 58.07 2.39 9.69 5.17 6.47 1.52 1.92 8.31 2.60 3.84

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Gallinago hardwickii 264 0.9069 (0.0177) 49.82 4.87 8.05 9.71 9.90 2.61 2.25 4.58 1.83 6.38 Gallinula tenebrosa 1042 0.8232 (0.0143) 62.24 0.88 2.74 4.69 5.41 4.34 1.12 7.52 2.72 8.33 Gallirallus philippensis 231 0.9153 (0.0173) 47.97 5.92 24.86 4.19 1.49 1.32 3.93 6.67 1.23 2.43 Gelochelidon nilotica 115 0.981 (0.006) 51.60 0.43 0.26 15.84 0.51 0.16 0.85 7.76 0.60 21.99 Geopelia humeralis 1149 0.8334 (0.0139) 58.36 7.46 3.81 3.97 11.36 1.64 2.22 2.01 0.86 8.32 Geopelia striata 509 0.8135 (0.0209) 36.41 0.52 15.78 7.32 10.41 3.99 1.49 10.88 5.40 7.81 Gerygone albogularis 1155 0.7536 (0.0154) 6.33 15.64 3.46 4.33 40.78 3.14 8.74 11.19 1.57 4.82 Gerygone fusca 96 0.9091 (0.0334) 21.64 16.69 16.51 1.91 17.98 0.09 8.68 11.48 0.00 5.02 Gerygone levigaster 167 0.9679 (0.0088) 7.30 0.97 63.42 10.27 2.41 1.08 3.24 1.88 1.18 8.24 Gerygone mouki 2219 0.7715 (0.0121) 15.80 7.24 10.13 14.17 10.92 7.03 8.48 3.15 15.07 8.01 Gliciphila melanops 48 0.9752 (0.0133) 51.59 19.65 5.28 12.80 0.66 1.30 3.17 0.12 0.00 5.43 Glossopsitta concinna 549 0.8022 (0.022) 20.61 6.73 4.03 23.60 33.01 3.25 2.91 2.62 1.71 1.52 Glossopsitta pusilla 936 0.7855 (0.0175) 34.84 2.73 8.87 6.45 15.48 0.04 5.46 24.24 0.17 1.72 Grallina cyanoleuca 3473 0.7436 (0.0093) 66.72 1.78 0.00 0.00 20.74 2.92 0.00 1.35 1.02 5.48 Haematopus fuliginosus 167 0.9773 (0.0079) 46.86 1.69 13.86 0.50 1.71 1.04 2.56 6.91 0.28 24.59 Haematopus longirostris 452 0.9652 (0.008) 2.26 0.19 63.93 8.75 0.81 0.26 0.42 5.47 0.34 17.56 Haliaeetus leucogaster 1621 0.8929 (0.0075) 69.69 0.48 4.82 11.85 0.25 0.55 0.95 1.93 0.26 9.23 Haliastur indus 225 0.9682 (0.0098) 19.03 2.10 32.63 9.85 0.44 0.29 0.28 5.76 1.44 28.18 Haliastur sphenurus 1271 0.8888 (0.0096) 75.76 1.49 1.44 7.74 0.26 0.20 0.96 0.86 0.18 11.10

12 Hieraaetus morphnoides 238 0.7654 (0.0313) 41.09 5.95 5.62 13.52 9.25 0.98 4.53 12.89 1.62 4.56

Himantopus himantopus 463 0.9376 (0.0076) 35.31 5.99 4.32 15.51 9.24 2.64 2.93 6.66 13.38 4.02 Page Hirundapus caudacutus 709 0.8101 (0.0202) 33.61 6.93 2.88 26.07 21.86 1.28 1.07 3.74 1.81 0.75

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Hirundo neoxena 3476 0.7368 (0.0112) 63.78 6.68 0.00 1.30 10.06 11.12 0.71 0.00 0.00 6.35 Hydroprogne caspia 354 0.9697 (0.0099) 5.84 0.00 44.50 6.67 1.24 0.41 1.19 25.30 0.33 14.50 Hylacola pyrrhopygia 105 0.8834 (0.0332) 17.84 10.52 3.94 22.71 4.85 2.24 5.21 32.17 0.44 0.09 Irediparra gallinacea 68 0.9292 (0.0223) 11.83 5.83 1.07 41.72 17.72 0.18 4.57 5.16 6.99 4.93 Ixobrychus flavicollis 75 0.9137 (0.0361) 60.56 6.94 0.00 15.17 2.97 6.30 0.00 2.78 4.93 0.36 Lalage sueurii 211 0.7717 (0.0348) 3.32 29.66 6.86 2.12 14.06 1.82 10.45 2.32 8.16 21.23 Lathamus discolor 56 0.9415 (0.0197) 0.00 7.75 57.71 7.96 10.76 2.01 1.31 0.95 0.30 11.25 Leucosarcia picata 1418 0.7561 (0.0137) 6.64 5.35 2.97 11.47 14.20 8.60 10.55 13.69 5.45 21.08 Lewinia pectoralis 79 0.8867 (0.0418) 28.89 5.45 15.29 22.24 1.28 0.00 2.62 0.15 2.26 21.82 Lichenostomus chrysops 5185 0.6648 (0.0097) 19.00 0.00 0.00 9.21 24.21 4.38 7.66 21.84 0.00 13.70 Lichenostomus fuscus 351 0.84 (0.0246) 33.93 4.23 6.77 9.23 15.26 2.18 7.27 14.39 2.51 4.24 Lichenostomus leucotis 768 0.8229 (0.0178) 4.73 4.17 2.55 9.45 9.54 4.56 9.64 50.76 3.10 1.51 Lichenostomus melanops 584 0.8941 (0.0133) 2.88 0.62 19.74 9.21 4.16 1.12 3.55 57.98 0.09 0.65 Lichenostomus penicillatus 503 0.8425 (0.0229) 0.55 25.98 0.85 21.90 16.76 4.61 8.20 6.02 10.52 4.60 Lichmera indistincta 398 0.9219 (0.0196) 33.03 4.00 20.46 6.47 13.89 0.00 1.60 2.13 1.16 17.27 Limosa lapponica 433 0.9617 (0.0067) 0.50 2.49 56.85 15.53 1.41 0.58 0.56 5.86 0.67 15.56 Limosa limosa 72 0.9787 (0.0126) 34.32 3.83 4.36 5.81 1.54 1.20 10.80 10.15 0.21 27.78 Lonchura castaneothorax 119 0.9142 (0.0279) 13.31 0.80 17.38 21.05 2.01 6.26 1.77 7.51 26.36 3.55 Lopholaimus antarcticus 508 0.8203 (0.0177) 12.22 8.00 31.54 10.11 7.63 7.34 0.00 13.94 8.32 0.91

13 Macropygia amboinensis 1304 0.8102 (0.0119) 6.81 2.70 22.81 20.17 10.04 5.90 2.55 0.56 5.04 23.41

Page Malacorhynchus membranaceus 92 0.9247 (0.0311) 2.62 5.39 0.19 54.40 0.83 0.29 2.31 28.20 0.60 5.16 Malurus cyaneus 4508 0.6875 (0.0107) 51.78 2.10 0.00 1.54 27.20 12.61 2.38 0.00 0.49 1.91

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Malurus lamberti 2041 0.7819 (0.0117) 58.90 6.05 2.42 6.86 10.27 0.76 3.70 8.76 0.15 2.12 Manorina melanocephala 3582 0.725 (0.0097) 70.30 1.60 0.00 0.80 16.31 2.59 0.00 0.00 1.77 6.62 Manorina melanophrys 1701 0.7463 (0.0129) 24.43 20.12 8.13 7.83 3.79 11.53 4.62 9.99 3.86 5.68 Megalurus gramineus 255 0.9353 (0.0149) 25.82 3.78 5.41 30.36 2.67 1.14 2.24 10.03 9.23 9.32 Megalurus timoriensis 262 0.9292 (0.019) 6.16 0.85 17.80 19.81 8.78 1.71 1.62 5.22 14.42 23.63 Meliphaga lewinii 4630 0.7213 (0.0093) 35.40 11.98 5.36 14.52 11.83 9.10 1.97 3.11 1.85 4.87 Melithreptus brevirostris 638 0.8102 (0.0197) 12.25 3.13 15.01 6.24 17.44 1.14 7.92 35.37 0.11 1.40 Melithreptus gularis gularis 152 0.9445 (0.0223) 35.53 0.24 41.89 4.41 1.76 0.12 0.98 15.03 0.03 0.00 Melithreptus lunatus 1564 0.7384 (0.0151) 4.66 6.62 2.19 6.85 16.40 6.69 15.10 27.03 0.00 14.46 Menura novaehollandiae 1892 0.8238 (0.0093) 1.50 15.97 3.81 4.17 4.21 6.88 8.12 15.10 8.03 32.22 Merops ornatus 567 0.8002 (0.0215) 10.57 4.80 31.17 14.62 9.43 3.04 5.05 4.24 2.82 14.26 Microcarbo melanoleucos 1669 0.8664 (0.0119) 52.47 0.98 5.69 4.39 2.11 3.84 0.69 13.13 1.81 14.87 Microeca fascinans 1027 0.7632 (0.0163) 16.44 3.64 10.13 11.39 25.60 7.49 4.79 18.94 0.85 0.72 Milvus migrans 36 0.8021 (0.0617) 39.12 0.00 0.85 4.87 3.46 1.59 11.51 1.66 2.51 34.44 Monarcha melanopsis 1323 0.7816 (0.013) 4.36 3.93 31.72 5.64 13.60 6.14 14.61 1.20 9.48 9.34 Morus serrator 224 0.982 (0.0043) 32.02 3.49 25.23 5.23 1.01 0.45 0.43 6.68 2.94 22.53 Myiagra cyanoleuca 122 0.7525 (0.0453) 2.45 10.10 17.44 11.45 41.82 0.94 4.44 4.60 4.46 2.30 Myiagra inquieta 283 0.7344 (0.0368) 4.55 24.04 16.48 2.70 5.85 29.31 5.18 3.47 2.49 5.92 Myiagra rubecula 950 0.7469 (0.0178) 23.21 3.51 5.41 13.31 20.92 3.37 15.34 9.49 5.44 0.00

14 Myzomela sanguinolenta 1787 0.7592 (0.0121) 43.08 1.29 1.77 8.07 18.15 4.25 3.89 14.71 0.88 3.91

Neochmia modesta 22 0.6861 (0.1203) 0.21 44.90 0.18 4.39 10.68 10.76 9.80 8.33 3.54 7.21 Page Neochmia temporalis 3279 0.7037 (0.0116) 44.08 2.51 2.69 8.26 21.59 8.36 5.42 5.17 0.00 1.91

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Ninox connivens 22 0.6857 (0.1315) 50.82 0.00 2.61 1.43 13.22 15.68 3.95 6.83 0.43 5.02 Ninox novaeseelandiae 1667 0.7549 (0.0137) 12.99 29.49 3.48 8.78 6.69 3.03 5.17 11.45 0.89 18.03 Ninox strenua 291 0.8493 (0.0196) 5.22 5.58 47.36 4.05 14.01 0.09 11.07 4.63 0.99 7.01 Numenius madagascariensis 404 0.9621 (0.0064) 2.20 1.02 60.11 9.90 1.93 0.46 1.21 8.04 0.48 14.64 Numenius phaeopus 222 0.9747 (0.0048) 1.20 1.32 52.56 17.15 2.47 1.53 2.23 6.87 1.22 13.45 Nycticorax caledonicus 257 0.8657 (0.0236) 46.66 1.29 11.38 19.41 6.54 3.47 1.53 3.58 1.39 4.75 Ocyphaps lophotes 2381 0.7923 (0.0104) 65.76 0.00 1.18 1.75 6.93 1.08 0.21 4.29 2.99 15.81 Origma solitaria 331 0.8929 (0.0119) 2.01 2.16 5.77 25.14 5.99 3.93 7.62 46.33 0.45 0.60 Oriolus sagittatus 2020 0.7183 (0.0129) 47.43 4.58 2.95 7.36 21.55 2.79 5.15 6.03 0.91 1.26 Orthonyx temminckii 225 0.9009 (0.0192) 2.00 6.05 17.74 23.55 8.04 3.50 10.35 2.05 15.90 10.84 Oxyura australis 28 0.8736 (0.0625) 41.04 5.21 7.73 12.77 0.00 3.42 0.85 15.72 4.19 9.08 Pachycephala pectoralis 4186 0.6947 (0.0101) 24.44 9.17 2.65 11.15 16.32 6.34 6.52 10.96 2.46 9.99 Pachycephala rufiventris 2672 0.6923 (0.0123) 17.14 2.47 0.00 11.98 31.10 3.00 13.47 18.69 0.09 2.08 Pandion cristatus 427 0.9561 (0.0102) 47.28 3.91 14.95 13.22 0.52 0.15 0.16 2.08 1.82 15.91 Pardalotus punctatus 4030 0.6805 (0.0105) 4.02 1.53 0.00 14.13 18.62 5.90 13.74 27.43 1.47 13.15 Pardalotus striatus 1549 0.725 (0.0159) 3.82 8.96 7.44 11.11 41.86 6.91 7.78 3.67 0.72 7.74 Pelecanus conspicillatus 1771 0.9055 (0.0078) 68.24 0.80 1.06 9.69 0.53 0.98 1.14 3.90 1.18 12.47 Petrochelidon ariel 419 0.8323 (0.0186) 2.18 3.77 0.00 13.76 41.54 7.36 4.24 5.48 3.96 17.72 Petrochelidon nigricans 552 0.7446 (0.0252) 0.00 20.56 5.76 1.64 34.18 13.89 9.82 4.01 2.59 7.56

15 Petroica boodang 226 0.7352 (0.043) 3.18 21.27 9.55 4.52 19.49 6.91 9.55 14.17 3.90 7.46

Page Petroica goodenovii 116 0.9192 (0.0321) 11.71 2.46 16.67 7.74 9.82 2.16 12.70 17.81 2.84 16.08 Petroica phoenicea 130 0.8675 (0.0448) 36.13 15.60 5.96 0.51 9.85 8.31 9.93 0.30 9.35 4.07

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Petroica rosea 984 0.7532 (0.0189) 0.00 5.56 5.93 12.28 18.39 10.24 17.64 11.15 7.42 11.37 Phalacrocorax carbo 982 0.912 (0.0114) 65.01 0.10 2.45 4.65 0.50 1.52 0.34 11.98 0.60 12.84 Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 1383 0.878 (0.0112) 56.35 0.24 5.56 3.47 5.31 2.00 0.86 12.72 0.89 12.59 Phalacrocorax varius 793 0.9336 (0.0114) 75.10 1.37 1.73 5.56 0.32 1.17 1.18 2.69 0.24 10.63 Phaps chalcoptera 514 0.7943 (0.0231) 2.33 0.61 38.00 2.16 12.43 4.26 14.28 22.86 0.80 2.27 Phaps elegans 126 0.8201 (0.0473) 49.45 11.61 2.84 12.29 2.78 0.20 7.22 2.17 0.84 10.61 Philemon citreogularis 123 0.7677 (0.0433) 8.03 13.28 11.40 32.89 5.70 0.54 2.98 9.23 9.55 6.40 Philemon corniculatus 3678 0.6732 (0.0108) 26.44 1.25 0.00 6.41 27.41 4.87 9.70 14.77 2.76 6.39 Phylidonyris niger 1365 0.9021 (0.0101) 60.30 17.79 1.22 11.58 4.28 0.02 0.01 3.23 0.16 1.41 Phylidonyris novaehollandiae 579 0.8813 (0.02) 13.06 36.90 9.64 17.54 5.22 0.00 2.04 2.73 1.40 11.47 Pitta versicolor 198 0.8699 (0.0244) 2.78 3.19 3.60 28.99 6.98 8.44 9.46 2.88 27.63 6.03 Platalea flavipes 233 0.9008 (0.0147) 46.43 2.89 9.14 9.76 1.93 5.59 0.30 10.12 12.84 0.99 Platalea regia 782 0.9048 (0.0079) 58.35 3.96 3.12 5.38 4.28 1.68 2.58 11.02 0.88 8.75 Platycercus elegans 2230 0.7117 (0.0142) 6.42 17.51 6.94 5.57 17.81 18.32 10.41 1.34 2.21 13.46 Platycercus eximius 3845 0.7047 (0.0094) 62.14 0.34 0.00 0.00 27.61 1.93 0.00 0.00 1.52 6.47 Plectorhyncha lanceolata 756 0.8681 (0.0123) 13.44 7.99 17.36 13.90 7.97 2.23 0.96 2.32 2.08 31.75 Plegadis falcinellus 84 0.9419 (0.0239) 7.32 1.14 3.29 45.79 3.56 0.56 11.57 0.01 13.93 12.85 Pluvialis fulva 174 0.9716 (0.0129) 2.29 0.40 50.68 0.39 0.11 0.10 1.20 5.89 1.40 37.55 Pluvialis squatarola 29 0.9707 (0.0166) 76.50 0.95 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.13 6.07 6.54 0.00 9.63

16 Podargus strigoides 1423 0.7212 (0.0134) 37.41 12.09 3.97 11.32 18.45 1.37 0.00 6.38 0.56 8.45

Podiceps cristatus 81 0.8869 (0.0371) 43.01 3.06 10.64 12.22 3.42 2.81 0.39 9.42 8.43 6.62 Page Poliocephalus poliocephalus 137 0.91 (0.0206) 45.12 0.06 1.01 13.96 6.46 2.71 5.58 22.11 0.94 2.03

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Pomatostomus superciliosus 46 0.9474 (0.0267) 0.00 0.45 68.45 0.07 2.93 0.53 0.27 22.36 0.21 4.72 Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis 813 0.9146 (0.008) 27.81 8.58 19.56 20.08 17.36 0.87 2.56 1.57 0.00 1.62 Porphyrio porphyrio 1101 0.8471 (0.0119) 37.44 4.01 2.52 17.90 15.69 0.45 0.65 13.40 2.34 5.60 Porzana fluminea 30 0.9206 (0.0399) 1.86 0.00 13.53 12.83 38.24 0.00 9.42 18.91 0.99 4.21 Porzana pusilla 46 0.9341 (0.031) 1.47 1.13 6.01 43.74 22.24 1.09 1.93 9.78 1.26 11.35 Porzana tabuensis 42 0.934 (0.0229) 53.09 0.00 11.94 12.30 1.96 0.13 1.04 19.53 0.00 0.00 Psephotus haematonotus 556 0.8391 (0.0147) 7.21 6.52 31.56 4.31 16.07 11.51 3.15 6.06 0.26 13.33 Psophodes olivaceus 4323 0.7198 (0.0094) 39.10 16.99 0.74 9.50 10.58 5.27 4.84 7.62 0.83 4.54 Ptilinopus magnificus 164 0.8735 (0.027) 5.09 3.19 24.81 19.44 5.37 3.95 6.35 2.30 28.77 0.72 Ptilinopus regina 37 0.8722 (0.0652) 41.39 6.30 5.49 3.68 3.10 0.39 0.00 5.62 0.00 34.03 Ptilinopus superbus 27 0.8573 (0.0682) 26.71 10.69 24.91 5.81 0.87 0.00 16.21 12.36 0.20 2.24 Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 2186 0.7056 (0.0133) 16.87 11.13 10.63 15.59 17.12 12.49 0.00 0.79 1.33 14.04 Pycnoptilus floccosus 67 0.9707 (0.016) 1.03 16.05 13.36 21.78 3.75 1.09 2.40 36.40 3.92 0.21 Recurvirostra novaehollandiae 96 0.9686 (0.0142) 63.33 0.09 6.90 5.15 2.24 0.15 3.56 0.32 0.15 18.12 Rhipidura albiscapa 6063 0.6587 (0.0096) 31.20 2.78 0.00 9.70 25.14 4.20 4.39 9.48 0.64 12.48 Rhipidura leucophrys 3364 0.7227 (0.0108) 56.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.61 10.42 1.14 0.15 0.69 7.62 Rhipidura rufifrons 1346 0.7778 (0.0139) 17.49 9.33 18.34 4.98 16.25 4.28 16.91 0.00 12.42 0.00 Scythrops novaehollandiae 989 0.7623 (0.016) 67.34 0.00 1.48 7.65 7.39 4.45 2.85 1.79 5.97 1.08 Sericornis citreogularis 855 0.8377 (0.0142) 3.68 25.13 3.76 4.77 6.95 11.54 12.28 1.87 22.58 7.43

17 Sericornis frontalis 3780 0.706 (0.011) 32.44 9.41 1.52 14.22 16.61 7.62 4.88 5.30 0.70 7.30

Page Sericornis magnirostra 614 0.8233 (0.0173) 14.95 17.81 5.64 9.11 5.88 11.99 7.87 0.10 17.70 8.96 Sericulus chrysocephalus 484 0.8785 (0.0161) 15.11 3.27 49.08 4.55 5.42 2.22 1.05 5.77 10.86 2.68

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Smicrornis brevirostris 697 0.8323 (0.0203) 1.65 5.27 55.27 2.59 11.77 1.63 6.85 12.82 0.33 1.82 Sphecotheres vieilloti 794 0.9095 (0.0134) 74.25 4.68 0.35 0.32 1.99 0.26 0.04 5.06 0.74 12.31 Stagonopleura guttata 198 0.8956 (0.0243) 2.73 11.63 22.61 22.71 11.72 9.93 7.34 6.23 2.16 2.93 Sterna hirundo 139 0.9805 (0.0048) 5.89 0.00 43.52 17.75 0.63 0.00 1.43 6.69 2.17 21.91 Sterna striata 34 0.9747 (0.0138) 2.91 0.24 39.28 2.10 1.80 1.53 1.60 2.55 0.92 47.06 Sternula albifrons 158 0.9791 (0.0097) 17.80 6.99 32.21 7.62 0.18 0.08 1.26 10.08 3.42 20.36 Stictonetta naevosa 24 0.9001 (0.0407) 18.36 0.00 0.31 5.36 2.85 6.54 6.73 21.17 0.28 38.39 Stipiturus malachurus 324 0.9176 (0.0144) 5.69 3.44 60.80 16.38 4.25 0.49 2.98 1.15 0.30 4.52 Strepera graculina 4849 0.6375 (0.0105) 16.58 3.98 0.00 8.41 22.69 8.38 5.19 12.99 4.31 17.47 Strepera versicolor 28 0.7299 (0.0977) 0.55 2.05 0.00 0.00 4.14 26.64 0.36 39.56 7.34 19.35 Symposiachrus trivirgatus 105 0.8445 (0.0333) 4.38 0.98 24.37 13.46 12.70 6.33 9.56 11.27 12.77 4.18 Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 845 0.7997 (0.0131) 42.77 5.37 5.69 1.91 23.31 2.18 1.65 5.96 3.42 7.75 Tadorna tadornoides 20 0.8551 (0.0603) 2.93 0.00 0.00 6.66 0.00 7.92 3.23 64.58 5.64 9.03 Taeniopygia bichenovii 687 0.8386 (0.0193) 19.69 6.93 37.62 6.53 9.16 5.06 2.81 4.85 0.40 6.96 Taeniopygia guttata 111 0.8901 (0.0287) 12.50 2.95 60.21 5.21 6.63 5.71 5.94 0.47 0.00 0.39 Thalasseus bergii 775 0.9602 (0.0062) 23.28 0.89 43.79 6.64 0.65 0.65 0.31 5.88 0.75 17.15 Threskiornis molucca 1325 0.8934 (0.0086) 75.26 0.49 2.70 2.91 1.48 0.47 1.51 5.16 0.00 10.02 Threskiornis spinicollis 1034 0.8242 (0.0133) 19.51 0.61 0.73 11.24 37.81 0.50 2.52 11.10 0.09 15.88 Todiramphus macleayii 144 0.8967 (0.0294) 44.57 0.08 25.50 8.89 8.61 0.96 3.86 1.15 4.46 1.92

18 Todiramphus sanctus 1724 0.7801 (0.0133) 50.25 2.48 2.08 18.44 15.14 3.43 2.11 4.91 0.16 1.00

Tregellasia capito 93 0.8851 (0.0272) 9.11 9.35 16.39 16.26 2.66 1.52 3.03 12.50 16.24 12.94 Page Tribonyx ventralis 26 0.9052 (0.0588) 0.19 4.62 1.37 38.77 0.46 7.33 4.66 10.91 26.51 5.17

Birds reocrds

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus 998 0.9174 (0.0102) 79.47 9.26 0.86 3.48 1.28 0.04 0.03 3.20 0.55 1.82 Trichoglossus haematodus 2774 0.8607 (0.0066) 75.42 16.53 1.97 0.90 3.61 0.18 0.00 0.82 0.44 0.13 Tringa brevipes 132 0.9756 (0.0066) 4.10 1.39 74.90 6.56 0.10 0.24 1.04 1.52 0.07 10.07 Tringa nebularia 220 0.9772 (0.004) 52.85 0.14 1.21 18.61 3.51 0.14 2.79 6.23 0.35 14.17 Tringa stagnatilis 101 0.9826 (0.0073) 23.69 0.00 8.70 21.99 3.38 2.24 1.80 19.46 2.23 16.51 Turnix varius 190 0.7912 (0.036) 14.95 0.89 3.09 4.70 19.16 1.88 4.07 48.78 0.83 1.64 Tyto javanica 203 0.729 (0.0407) 22.13 0.95 19.93 38.78 0.10 5.33 4.52 5.20 0.00 3.06 Tyto longimembris 36 0.9485 (0.0185) 1.44 6.91 76.68 6.06 0.34 0.16 0.75 1.68 0.10 5.87 Tyto novaehollandiae 256 0.8238 (0.0231) 11.80 4.23 18.50 10.67 14.25 1.99 4.79 18.04 1.26 14.46 Tyto tenebricosa 357 0.9221 (0.0104) 3.82 8.56 4.79 6.40 9.00 0.99 6.53 3.56 17.28 39.07 Vanellus miles 2769 0.7923 (0.0096) 77.07 0.71 0.00 2.76 11.93 3.22 0.74 0.00 0.26 3.31 Vanellus tricolor 44 0.7937 (0.0839) 0.71 0.92 14.12 12.63 20.60 6.37 10.12 3.15 19.39 11.99 Xenus cinereus 63 0.9874 (0.0035) 3.25 1.46 38.70 6.62 0.40 0.56 1.05 12.75 0.00 35.20 Zoothera heinei 71 0.8718 (0.04) 1.52 4.03 3.72 10.10 0.75 15.77 3.44 17.81 31.44 11.43 Zoothera lunulata 329 0.8134 (0.0267) 2.49 16.23 17.75 6.97 3.96 20.84 18.82 0.54 11.39 1.01 Zosterops lateralis 3191 0.6846 (0.0126) 39.95 0.00 0.00 15.80 13.83 10.67 3.93 9.85 3.22 2.75

Page

Table 3. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 61 mammal species within the LHSA region. Results show the mean number of training samples used to construct each model and the mean (± standard deviation) test AUC value across five‐fold cross‐ validated models. The data shown for the environmental variables represent the permutation importance for each variable used to construct the full model. See Section 3.2.1 for more details.

records Mammals

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Acrobates pygmaeus 268 0.7771 (0.0278) 23.05 3.46 8.00 23.90 7.67 4.10 12.12 3.85 5.58 4.98 Aepyprymnus rufescens 29 0.8432 (0.0938) 0.00 0.00 6.22 10.44 12.83 0.00 5.78 16.06 28.52 19.93 Antechinus flavipes 197 0.8243 (0.0362) 12.89 17.22 7.27 10.77 6.89 9.53 23.80 1.38 1.67 7.36 Antechinus stuartii 1390 0.8295 (0.0108) 12.43 9.20 44.15 7.84 17.85 1.81 3.34 1.74 0.11 0.55 Antechinus swainsonii 129 0.8438 (0.0369) 0.03 12.71 63.85 11.46 4.51 1.86 3.42 0.40 0.36 0.85 Cercartetus nanus 60 0.8618 (0.0573) 4.51 53.35 12.48 3.52 18.78 0.05 2.27 1.76 0.66 2.44 Chalinolobus dwyeri 188 0.8469 (0.0268) 1.56 1.19 19.66 27.70 2.25 4.40 15.95 24.39 0.71 0.88 Chalinolobus gouldii 1077 0.7799 (0.0152) 24.67 3.07 1.17 42.14 14.20 1.42 3.84 2.24 1.77 5.15 Chalinolobus morio 838 0.7073 (0.0219) 16.20 6.16 0.00 12.04 18.24 2.97 25.08 10.62 2.07 2.36 Dasyurus maculatus 1379 0.7232 (0.0139) 6.69 17.18 53.74 6.41 8.96 2.57 2.53 1.51 0.00 0.16 Falsistrellus tasmaniensis 197 0.7468 (0.0417) 2.33 12.69 7.08 31.25 15.04 3.77 7.53 3.91 2.79 2.78 Hydromys chrysogaster 70 0.774 (0.0567) 0.86 2.18 10.10 8.91 32.61 14.89 9.95 1.71 4.60 13.34 Isoodon macrourus 396 0.8488 (0.0167) 10.48 2.85 62.90 10.14 8.73 1.20 0.25 0.95 1.45 0.61 Kerivoula papuensis 188 0.951 (0.0113) 0.01 2.36 0.74 2.18 2.51 1.50 4.74 4.57 1.49 70.61 Macropus giganteus 1106 0.8112 (0.0146) 24.18 0.05 23.66 22.77 18.02 1.07 3.38 6.64 0.20 0.03 Macropus parma 227 0.9425 (0.0138) 1.08 13.92 2.97 11.02 3.75 2.83 8.77 0.00 2.88 51.31 20 Macropus robustus 264 0.802 (0.0274) 15.27 8.88 15.33 11.53 6.46 5.78 2.41 23.36 2.13 5.25

| Macropus rufogriseus 1008 0.7644 (0.017) 16.70 16.60 4.63 8.02 13.02 0.07 7.81 7.04 1.86 23.96

Page Melomys cervinipes 53 0.8784 (0.0352) 0.00 9.88 46.47 5.43 0.18 2.98 19.13 1.63 1.54 4.29 Miniopterus australis 730 0.8827 (0.0094) 74.00 1.48 5.70 6.44 4.03 2.25 3.24 0.74 0.97 0.29

records Mammals

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis 857 0.7685 (0.0171) 35.95 0.00 4.89 20.22 10.41 2.16 15.52 0.36 1.15 2.14 Mormopterus norfolkensis 519 0.8322 (0.018) 11.85 0.00 1.13 47.72 12.46 2.24 7.46 5.44 4.95 6.75 Mormopterus planiceps 85 0.7248 (0.062) 9.70 0.00 3.39 23.86 5.40 4.99 5.52 2.59 0.58 39.19 Myotis macropus 345 0.8341 (0.0191) 42.48 0.44 1.13 12.00 7.61 1.45 10.31 7.06 4.13 6.60 Nyctophilus geoffroyi 357 0.7451 (0.0268) 22.82 1.32 10.31 16.58 20.82 2.08 18.05 6.16 0.21 0.31 Nyctophilus gouldi 687 0.8041 (0.0216) 11.32 8.77 0.41 4.46 17.97 0.44 33.78 4.84 2.65 2.99 Ornithorhynchus anatinus 655 0.7827 (0.0203) 12.05 12.29 26.20 4.86 1.28 31.17 0.11 7.01 4.56 0.00 Perameles nasuta 785 0.8538 (0.0133) 0.35 0.45 43.20 7.79 19.82 0.90 6.95 4.19 1.67 12.36 Petauroides volans 2049 0.8745 (0.0068) 3.86 47.51 0.38 0.94 9.70 0.60 7.19 1.91 3.29 24.07 Petaurus australis 1626 0.8571 (0.0085) 18.53 18.82 3.03 2.67 9.52 1.24 8.78 15.10 1.91 20.05 Petaurus breviceps 2092 0.8004 (0.0098) 21.64 13.68 0.56 5.26 18.67 1.11 7.71 10.49 1.17 19.28 Petaurus norfolcensis 826 0.8684 (0.0135) 33.01 3.11 0.35 27.33 12.45 2.02 6.07 1.76 2.46 11.35 Petrogale penicillata 180 0.8964 (0.0225) 30.91 1.21 9.90 10.14 13.97 8.81 7.15 11.35 4.14 0.87 Phascogale tapoatafa 271 0.8392 (0.0234) 2.95 31.36 37.76 3.07 2.86 5.30 1.36 9.76 2.23 3.30 Phascolarctos cinereus 6867 0.7157 (0.0063) 28.18 6.11 44.30 0.00 17.06 3.98 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 Potorous tridactylus 63 0.8586 (0.0372) 12.08 8.60 53.20 10.80 8.41 2.25 2.34 0.00 1.27 0.69 Pseudocheirus peregrinus 1166 0.8179 (0.0138) 17.12 24.66 12.71 16.42 15.92 1.55 4.82 1.13 2.62 1.42 Pseudomys novaehollandiae 164 0.8568 (0.034) 31.28 2.36 3.49 26.36 8.34 1.83 5.60 8.21 3.95 7.53 Pteropus poliocephalus 928 0.85 (0.0122) 54.76 4.88 4.29 18.85 10.23 2.07 2.40 0.80 0.23 0.39 Pteropus scapulatus 68 0.8772 (0.0421) 35.51 4.38 12.95 4.05 31.76 4.76 0.78 2.91 1.52 1.34 Rattus fuscipes 1115 0.8287 (0.013) 7.11 9.73 54.78 9.25 7.23 0.89 4.19 3.94 0.00 0.42 Rattus lutreolus 474 0.8864 (0.0143) 1.75 6.53 44.69 10.39 27.65 0.97 1.55 0.14 0.96 2.03 Rhinolophus megaphyllus 536 0.8183 (0.0202) 7.40 8.03 10.55 6.58 6.39 1.35 13.29 10.25 0.00 18.67

21 Saccolaimus flaviventris 75 0.7817 (0.0584) 21.73 0.00 3.53 33.77 10.48 5.63 10.97 11.11 0.00 0.00

| Scoteanax rueppellii 379 0.8204 (0.0232) 8.42 10.07 1.21 35.85 17.13 1.84 8.95 4.67 4.49 3.64

Page Scotorepens balstoni 68 0.9157 (0.0339) 4.51 0.16 29.04 4.52 7.21 1.33 2.60 11.89 0.00 36.34 Scotorepens orion 410 0.8069 (0.025) 22.42 8.19 1.90 22.14 14.51 2.39 12.63 8.24 1.08 0.44

records Mammals

AUC

Number Test mean_rain seasonal_rain slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Sminthopsis murina 150 0.7894 (0.0525) 27.25 2.00 3.11 8.19 28.56 4.15 8.20 8.21 1.09 8.15 Tachyglossus aculeatus 2350 0.6891 (0.0113) 62.08 2.84 0.00 5.48 12.48 1.05 1.41 3.36 3.28 7.09 Tadarida australis 966 0.7615 (0.0156) 14.95 0.54 1.24 30.18 21.18 2.97 14.21 12.17 0.00 1.35 Thylogale stigmatica 42 0.9268 (0.0344) 9.30 3.16 15.48 0.00 7.96 1.85 5.13 19.56 29.03 6.90 Thylogale thetis 365 0.9173 (0.0124) 7.22 6.44 24.41 3.07 6.14 1.66 10.43 3.61 20.28 15.72 Trichosurus caninus 304 0.8929 (0.0202) 6.13 11.45 10.86 3.54 24.21 4.35 18.29 0.01 9.72 8.84 Trichosurus vulpecula 2018 0.7159 (0.012) 17.67 0.43 4.65 23.16 17.39 2.83 15.41 9.15 5.27 2.56 Vespadelus darlingtoni 387 0.7733 (0.035) 13.16 34.60 5.29 7.39 19.64 1.84 4.03 2.31 3.69 1.80 Vespadelus pumilus 798 0.8473 (0.0131) 18.42 17.43 2.38 26.13 17.34 0.52 6.54 2.70 0.00 1.06 Vespadelus regulus 247 0.7582 (0.0365) 2.53 11.38 7.05 14.08 29.07 0.23 23.47 4.47 5.62 1.22 Vespadelus troughtoni 126 0.829 (0.04) 18.10 1.24 34.71 13.73 6.67 0.20 5.75 6.40 4.88 7.04 Vespadelus vulturnus 1310 0.7523 (0.0149) 24.17 6.04 0.48 15.43 12.32 3.12 19.34 10.92 1.90 0.03 Vombatus ursinus 2009 0.7438 (0.0116) 10.05 9.80 14.97 39.32 2.50 4.85 3.75 14.18 0.38 0.00 Wallabia bicolor 1591 0.7601 (0.0118) 14.74 15.62 3.28 9.55 13.35 1.99 8.12 24.59 1.25 7.40

Page

Table 4. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 134 plant species within the LHSA region. Results show the mean number of training samples used to construct each model and the mean (± standard deviation) test AUC value across five‐fold cross‐ validated models. The data shown for the environmental variables represent the permutation importance for each variable used to construct the full model. See Section 3.2.1 for more details.

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests soil Acacia bynoeana 126 0.9879 (0.0029) 1.25 0.89 10.25 21.17 12.86 1.30 31.71 8.82 7.21 2.90 Acianthus fornicatus 195 0.8315 (0.031) 3.51 0.87 17.90 21.65 7.14 5.78 5.24 0.00 6.70 19.12 Actinotus helianthi 283 0.9145 (0.0136) 7.80 11.75 27.37 1.47 0.20 1.00 10.81 0.40 12.37 18.52 Adiantum aethiopicum 1051 0.745 (0.0147) 0.00 20.14 15.40 28.86 0.00 15.09 0.37 5.20 1.60 7.58 Adiantum atroviride 21 0.8551 (0.0507) 6.11 1.47 16.96 0.18 9.62 5.23 0.82 13.33 11.08 32.71 Adiantum diaphanum 26 0.9008 (0.0529) 3.71 0.00 24.41 0.42 5.66 10.63 5.60 0.00 3.84 37.41 Adiantum formosum 488 0.8238 (0.018) 10.41 1.09 3.82 30.90 4.19 32.69 0.34 0.00 2.59 9.38 Adiantum hispidulum 567 0.798 (0.0182) 24.75 0.27 13.40 17.93 6.78 21.69 0.91 2.14 1.22 7.23 Adiantum silvaticum 131 0.93 (0.0189) 0.00 1.16 7.68 47.37 8.22 10.40 1.43 0.00 1.44 13.61 Angophora inopina 308 0.9726 (0.0031) 3.52 0.04 48.04 30.45 2.79 0.12 9.68 1.49 1.16 1.63 Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 316 0.9424 (0.0092) 37.25 0.23 0.35 45.49 0.60 0.00 5.83 0.90 3.75 4.10 Arthrochilus prolixus 28 0.8685 (0.0546) 0.92 0.00 2.59 33.96 4.50 1.84 7.34 0.00 0.00 45.52 Asperula asthenes 52 0.8627 (0.0428) 0.00 1.31 0.65 1.38 0.75 7.35 14.17 11.03 2.04 58.33

23 Asplenium australasicum 348 0.8665 (0.019) 2.09 0.70 0.87 54.06 3.22 17.05 2.62 1.07 0.71 12.24

| Banksia spinulosa 0.9069 (0.0079) 745 4.00 4.64 18.24 44.47 8.33 5.13 5.54 1.82 0.34 5.24 Page Blandfordia grandiflora 68 0.9394 (0.0188) 15.01 14.75 2.09 37.15 5.00 8.60 0.31 5.85 1.56 8.87

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Boronia falcifolia 31 0.977 (0.0123) 30.63 5.00 0.00 0.97 3.06 22.30 7.88 7.24 1.80 21.12 Boronia floribunda 25 0.9752 (0.0083) 3.44 2.15 11.52 21.65 2.34 4.94 10.63 1.40 9.19 23.45 Boronia ledifolia 153 0.9604 (0.01) 6.42 2.00 0.35 3.67 0.87 1.27 3.46 0.38 6.53 73.29 Boronia parviflora 46 0.9055 (0.0455) 17.52 6.68 1.50 0.54 37.65 5.35 1.66 0.55 0.00 23.99 Boronia pinnata 154 0.9327 (0.0171) 11.58 9.13 8.45 45.12 1.28 5.84 2.64 3.58 0.93 10.45 Boronia polygalifolia 106 0.9294 (0.0172) 5.42 9.99 38.79 1.06 2.83 5.09 10.08 0.43 3.76 21.97 Bulbophyllum exiguum 51 0.9376 (0.0261) 16.53 13.64 0.00 12.10 2.78 7.34 4.16 4.25 5.19 20.14 Bulbophyllum shepherdii 43 0.8929 (0.0414) 15.60 10.88 0.00 20.40 3.53 26.81 1.65 0.00 0.02 8.65 Caladenia carnea 78 0.7513 (0.0598) 16.51 3.18 5.25 17.00 1.36 25.25 0.81 4.00 5.90 20.50 Caladenia catenata 156 0.8968 (0.0289) 13.33 3.85 31.42 3.46 0.06 7.73 2.76 0.48 2.62 31.35 Caleana major 34 0.8853 (0.0498) 26.60 1.48 5.86 7.66 9.70 20.40 2.51 0.00 0.77 18.99 Callistemon linearifolius 290 0.9769 (0.0034) 15.36 8.74 5.05 14.22 0.40 3.80 25.55 1.51 18.59 5.61 Calochilus paludosus 39 0.7876 (0.0853) 11.39 3.51 14.64 1.49 4.89 0.91 28.41 1.58 0.41 31.99 Calochilus robertsonii 34 0.875 (0.0556) 1.15 0.00 1.98 33.57 1.65 6.69 10.66 0.02 6.02 37.70 Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana 308 0.8613 (0.0249) 17.51 17.50 1.04 3.03 3.47 5.04 1.39 0.00 0.79 6.06 Caustis flexuosa 153 0.9159 (0.0245) 1.08 12.59 6.65 30.71 1.65 3.40 0.68 0.03 6.24 32.31 Caustis pentandra 57 0.9284 (0.0345) 0.00 3.97 9.74 47.40 0.05 13.31 4.33 7.12 4.24 8.53 Caustis recurvata 78 0.9502 (0.0305) 0.14 22.56 9.46 12.81 21.41 7.17 4.64 0.00 4.69 10.19 Ceratopetalum gummiferum 162 0.9201 (0.0189) 0.18 5.79 17.16 60.75 0.00 0.00 2.32 1.51 3.82 8.33 Cestichis reflexa 27 0.8288 (0.0803) 0.75 1.79 1.95 1.29 17.89 19.26 2.83 20.41 2.69 30.27 24

Chiloglottis diphylla 0.8923 (0.0446)

| 26 0.62 25.85 0.00 1.90 0.98 24.97 10.61 4.54 12.84 17.00

Page Chiloglottis sylvestris 20 0.7352 (0.0804) 0.00 0.00 6.70 28.20 2.20 6.90 10.28 2.24 8.14 35.34

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Chiloglottis trilabra 41 0.94 (0.0411) 6.97 17.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.81 0.00 0.64 11.10 62.32 Cordyline stricta 308 0.9212 (0.0101) 57.58 23.96 2.26 3.16 0.02 0.56 0.76 0.44 8.56 1.92 Corybas fimbriatus 24 0.8522 (0.0544) 0.45 0.00 2.80 42.63 14.15 9.03 0.00 6.40 5.23 19.31 Cryptostylis erecta 108 0.9416 (0.0146) 8.20 7.73 0.66 44.58 13.23 0.08 4.26 5.15 3.55 4.35 Cryptostylis subulata 152 0.9529 (0.012) 17.64 9.75 4.47 30.97 4.52 3.20 0.22 0.99 0.76 8.72 Cyanicula caerulea 26 0.7947 (0.1045) 0.00 8.77 0.07 0.00 15.72 6.31 1.55 6.64 10.01 39.71 Cyathea australis 256 0.9006 (0.0178) 6.93 46.79 2.85 23.23 2.65 0.00 5.03 0.00 0.53 10.69 Cyathea leichhardtiana 162 0.941 (0.0169) 0.89 15.75 7.59 52.54 2.87 3.52 1.93 1.34 2.28 6.16 Cymbidium suave 0. 0.8371 (0.018) 2.24 15.79 16.15 20.14 2.60 4.28 3.93 0.00 7.58 17.23 Cynanchum elegans 93 0.889 (0.0458) 23.23 6.94 6.81 10.32 1.78 4.00 1.91 26.76 4.60 12.81 Dendrobium aemulum 63 0.8584 (0.0429) 8.87 0.58 5.71 21.83 15.10 8.93 5.09 3.82 2.45 25.37 Dendrobium gracilicaule 86 0.9173 (0.0267) 3.51 0.24 8.69 0.57 1.72 24.73 6.06 42.66 2.49 9.33 Dendrobium linguiforme 51 0.7782 (0.0739) 6.95 2.57 22.30 0.00 6.16 5.15 11.72 0.00 1.61 43.55 Dendrobium pugioniforme 126 0.9519 (0.0146) 37.80 4.70 3.97 13.62 1.58 11.67 5.06 11.55 0.20 6.49 Dendrobium schoeninum 54 0.9434 (0.0279) 8.07 3.42 38.24 2.57 3.34 21.12 0.00 11.71 0.60 9.24 Dendrobium teretifolium 50 0.8453 (0.0491) 4.02 6.80 10.81 7.84 0.00 10.81 0.70 5.65 0.43 46.83 Dendrobium tetragonum 26 0.9166 (0.0275) 7.69 0.00 22.00 19.13 0.00 4.72 1.50 5.21 17.42 16.62 Dicksonia antarctica 118 0.9557 (0.019) 29.15 0.00 1.78 43.38 0.44 1.54 5.87 3.01 0.25 9.93 Dipodium punctatum 67 0.7824 (0.0493) 3.38 20.33 0.49 21.43 1.49 2.29 9.46 1.03 0.00 40.11

25 Diuris sulphurea 40 0.7027 (0.091) 7.46 13.29 0.00 2.75 12.83 14.98 3.98 1.19 0.40 42.31

| Doryanthes excelsa 189 0.9621 (0.009) 7.45 0.00 20.42 58.70 0.00 1.06 3.61 4.36 0.76 2.71

Page Eriostemon australasius 192 0.9723 (0.0059) 30.99 6.44 24.34 20.21 0.00 4.74 1.36 1.00 4.34 4.79

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Eucalyptus camaldulensis 203 0.9805 (0.0061) 6.51 80.64 1.39 5.23 0.56 2.33 0.64 0.41 0.44 1.86 Eucalyptus camfieldii 50 0.9891 (0.0047) 0.00 29.25 1.96 17.91 23.37 0.38 10.25 0.00 7.77 0.72 Eucalyptus fracta 24 0.9982 (0.0009) 0.00 1.63 40.49 0.00 12.14 0.14 43.29 0.90 0.79 0.14 Eucalyptus glaucina 173 0.9665 (0.009) 11.02 16.11 26.45 7.32 2.74 1.97 11.30 0.54 3.37 16.55 Eucalyptus oblonga 27 0.9899 (0.006) 0.04 25.52 0.00 26.80 18.70 1.84 12.13 5.08 1.52 6.27 Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens 343 0.9806 (0.0026) 0.01 2.14 0.00 40.51 14.11 1.27 17.09 11.70 11.31 1.53 Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. parramattensis 26 0.9823 (0.0143) 0.00 5.48 0.40 0.35 9.38 0.05 54.74 27.49 0.00 0.33 Gahnia sieberiana 306 0.9182 (0.0128) 3.27 8.31 12.73 51.18 8.79 0.34 2.26 0.04 1.12 8.82 Glossodia major 33 0.7873 (0.0779) 2.43 1.46 2.14 9.28 6.26 2.52 28.55 9.85 0.14 22.52 Glossodia minor 25 0.8431 (0.0803) 1.46 1.70 0.00 3.80 26.76 1.41 17.13 3.36 4.23 30.88 Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora 556 0.969 (0.0033) 5.01 1.60 28.26 22.43 3.36 2.03 11.13 4.12 0.87 20.38 Isopogon anemonifolius 476 0.939 (0.0083) 0.04 0.00 8.11 56.61 6.97 6.77 2.93 0.36 8.11 8.49 Isopogon anethifolius 34 0.9655 (0.0136) 0.25 3.39 10.40 57.13 2.36 1.36 4.70 0.00 13.36 2.91 Isopogon dawsonii 86 0.9686 (0.0153) 0.23 14.42 11.80 16.61 0.40 13.25 3.99 21.63 0.00 15.55 Kunzea ambigua 156 0.971 (0.0114) 0.03 7.31 28.25 40.35 2.07 0.39 15.89 0.14 0.00 3.64 Kunzea capitata 68 0.9821 (0.0048) 1.04 16.93 0.00 58.15 2.32 1.41 4.62 0.36 13.11 1.14 Livistona australis 662 0.9372 (0.0057) 47.08 5.90 25.95 16.73 1.42 1.02 0.16 0.22 0.91 0.30 Lomatia silaifolia 448 0.8836 (0.0125) 2.09 8.66 1.38 52.48 7.10 3.38 4.33 4.54 0.69 9.08 Lyperanthus suaveolens 36 0.93 (0.0179) 20.41 0.00 27.71 9.40 2.47 0.00 15.12 0.01 0.15 16.80 Macrozamia communis 432 0.9205 (0.0109) 19.34 0.41 28.93 13.91 0.00 1.24 3.94 0.70 8.65 18.46 26

Macrozamia flexuosa 0.9662 (0.0085)

| 246 3.66 5.86 15.54 25.10 0.60 1.87 20.71 0.00 1.66 23.59

Page Macrozamia reducta 136 0.9285 (0.0158) 5.03 0.28 17.61 1.27 1.18 27.11 24.52 7.49 0.95 13.88

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Maundia triglochinoides 30 0.9543 (0.0303) 1.47 0.00 0.00 2.73 5.52 5.07 6.58 10.77 11.49 39.31 Melaleuca biconvexa 510 0.9721 (0.0024) 37.37 13.06 29.99 12.81 0.43 0.17 0.27 0.78 4.06 0.42 Melaleuca groveana 95 0.9369 (0.0269) 17.98 8.17 22.79 20.87 5.47 0.74 6.80 0.10 3.80 12.00 Microtis parviflora 65 0.8558 (0.0448) 10.87 3.20 4.59 5.23 13.26 4.14 21.20 0.20 6.74 28.40 Microtis unifolia 71 0.8624 (0.0477) 0.03 4.79 37.97 2.62 7.92 0.37 13.22 0.28 0.04 25.74 Papillilabium beckleri 31 0.8632 (0.0638) 0.00 0.02 2.90 11.68 0.78 2.04 6.27 0.37 48.48 19.88 Persoonia lanceolata 278 0.9647 (0.0079) 7.31 17.29 21.75 19.53 2.66 1.59 3.52 0.78 17.96 3.58 Persoonia laurina 31 0.9341 (0.0409) 15.95 0.00 22.41 21.67 0.00 10.47 3.32 0.00 0.38 25.10 Persoonia levis 913 0.9081 (0.0071) 0.35 2.02 5.31 73.43 1.61 2.72 2.61 1.32 0.29 7.59 Persoonia linearis 2145 0.7408 (0.0097) 0.00 0.82 18.02 1.24 3.62 16.64 35.06 0.00 6.60 14.65 Persoonia pauciflora 48 0.9974 (0.0007) 0.03 2.67 0.00 23.90 0.27 2.50 37.75 0.00 8.05 24.27 Persoonia pinifolia 26 0.9517 (0.0264) 10.67 0.00 0.00 21.41 0.27 0.00 20.46 8.58 0.00 38.30 Petrophile pulchella 330 0.959 (0.0061) 0.05 10.91 12.85 49.93 5.41 7.62 1.41 0.66 2.77 2.93 Phebalium squamulosum 125 0.8804 (0.0353) 5.42 6.00 24.65 10.36 2.25 13.27 15.93 0.00 2.74 19.33 Philotheca myoporoides 23 0.8888 (0.0588) 1.36 0.00 1.81 6.24 0.00 12.11 20.08 9.18 1.81 32.34 Philotheca salsolifolia 80 0.9211 (0.0234) 4.49 2.26 2.12 14.85 7.20 8.65 4.81 0.09 27.68 24.84 Platycerium bifurcatum 412 0.8244 (0.0191) 13.82 0.32 0.00 45.34 4.60 16.67 1.61 4.97 3.25 7.81 Plectorrhiza tridentata 127 0.8393 (0.0343) 0.00 0.00 9.71 12.55 0.46 34.60 1.88 1.11 4.97 18.25 Prasophyllum brevilabre 20 0.8496 (0.0731) 0.00 13.08 19.44 3.24 0.58 12.33 14.81 0.27 15.95 18.78

27 Pterostylis acuminata 36 0.8737 (0.0588) 2.46 0.00 1.62 29.08 2.70 3.30 0.00 0.00 6.40 49.43

| Pterostylis baptistii 32 0.9121 (0.0296) 22.99 0.00 20.98 7.99 1.29 1.40 1.86 0.00 13.17 26.18

Page Pterostylis concinna 47 0.8079 (0.064) 6.41 2.94 14.25 0.00 5.16 15.61 3.24 1.84 21.12 22.47

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Pterostylis curta 78 0.7274 (0.0614) 27.29 1.07 15.16 3.31 5.57 11.86 5.07 2.66 1.13 26.84 Pterostylis longifolia 83 0.8318 (0.0417) 1.65 0.00 14.87 38.06 3.26 9.49 0.92 0.00 4.53 26.60 Pterostylis nutans 132 0.7715 (0.034) 2.69 2.39 37.45 11.99 4.08 1.63 4.05 0.85 8.19 25.68 Pterostylis obtusa 29 0.5049 (0.1292) 0.62 3.93 14.07 0.82 0.00 29.61 0.00 3.00 0.00 47.94 Pterostylis parviflora 22 0.822 (0.0665) 12.46 2.19 5.93 2.00 2.87 5.11 4.36 0.00 2.35 34.42 Pterostylis pedunculata 25 0.7297 (0.0883) 0.41 7.81 10.48 0.43 4.54 0.00 2.49 1.71 5.50 60.49 Rutidosis heterogama 439 0.9742 (0.0036) 1.00 5.44 57.74 2.42 0.84 1.64 4.06 9.66 2.04 15.14 Sarcochilus falcatus 161 0.9359 (0.0155) 14.56 1.19 2.85 8.88 0.35 19.12 11.96 18.21 15.53 6.14 Sarcochilus hillii 29 0.7832 (0.0779) 32.62 0.00 35.98 0.71 0.71 9.79 0.39 0.51 1.56 13.52 Sarcochilus olivaceus 30 0.8844 (0.0617) 12.26 0.00 7.08 1.58 1.16 25.87 10.86 0.25 9.48 21.31 Senna acclinis 36 0.9326 (0.0352) 5.35 0.00 12.59 0.00 1.68 0.00 0.00 14.14 47.52 16.54 Spiranthes australis 33 0.8769 (0.0497) 0.91 3.05 0.76 38.78 16.72 0.53 2.19 0.40 3.04 21.39 Sprengelia incarnata 52 0.9702 (0.0122) 0.00 0.92 0.00 72.14 2.82 2.14 8.29 0.08 3.06 9.71 Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus 67 0.9334 (0.0268) 0.56 0.61 0.36 34.49 10.33 1.61 3.89 2.13 2.82 40.09 Syzygium paniculatum 127 0.9358 (0.0215) 8.84 13.28 5.68 32.69 1.12 4.06 17.57 1.56 1.60 11.38 Telopea speciosissima 38 0.9672 (0.0212) 0.00 2.76 0.00 32.45 12.29 0.77 6.88 0.00 3.11 40.44 Tetratheca juncea 1126 0.9473 (0.0031) 32.36 1.38 34.19 13.60 0.05 1.10 7.84 1.29 0.48 6.35 Todea barbara 75 0.9234 (0.0315) 0.00 14.98 3.21 45.18 1.79 5.01 1.75 3.39 4.92 13.49 Xanthorrhoea arborea 54 0.9751 (0.0146) 0.00 0.23 1.79 76.09 0.68 0.73 0.99 0.13 4.45 14.76 Xanthorrhoea fulva 136 0.9512 (0.014) 2.85 7.32 6.24 22.01 30.46 8.40 9.71 0.31 0.24 7.24 28

Xanthorrhoea glauca 0.8902 (0.0355)

| 130 1.62 4.00 2.18 3.63 3.93 12.60 0.86 1.24 1.83 67.88

Page Xanthorrhoea johnsonii 82 0.8623 (0.0417) 0.00 3.89 8.02 24.71 0.00 9.52 32.29 0.65 2.56 17.46

Plants records

AUC

Number Test cold_temp hot_temp seasonal_rain mean_solar slope final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Xanthorrhoea latifolia 334 0.9545 (0.0066) 5.00 0.22 26.23 48.04 0.38 1.58 10.54 3.57 0.23 1.49 Xanthorrhoea macronema 179 0.9287 (0.0147) 44.61 1.18 3.30 36.89 1.30 1.29 2.87 0.42 0.27 5.19 Xanthorrhoea malacophylla 35 0.856 (0.0541) 8.65 0.69 3.68 3.44 13.98 17.78 11.42 2.06 19.61 18.68 Xanthorrhoea media 163 0.9452 (0.0162) 0.54 9.91 11.08 21.12 11.16 0.97 1.39 2.03 0.44 40.44 Xanthorrhoea resinosa 102 0.9733 (0.008) 5.79 48.11 6.60 12.73 4.38 2.30 1.22 8.27 3.11 7.49 Xylomelum pyriforme 168 0.9312 (0.015) 0.26 5.58 15.26 27.45 5.59 4.92 2.62 12.06 5.35 20.91 Zannichellia palustris 23 0.9566 (0.0376) 1.64 0.00 0.50 27.59 3.60 0.43 8.01 0.00 41.98 15.01 Zieria smithii 200 0.8245 (0.0313) 50.44 0.02 17.68 9.23 4.73 0.16 0.00 1.35 3.35 10.44

Page

Table 5. Mean results from MaxEnt models for 56 reptile species within the LHSA region. Results show the mean number of training samples used to construct each model and the mean (± standard deviation) test AUC value across five‐fold cross‐ validated models. The data shown for the environmental variables represent the permutation importance for each variable used to construct the full model. See Section 3.2.1 for more details.

records Reptiles

AUC

Number Test seasonal_rain mean_solar slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Acanthophis antarcticus 34 0.8474 (0.0766) 2.14 2.58 0.00 27.57 2.22 5.18 30.06 27.01 2.35 0.76 Acritoscincus platynota 95 0.8758 (0.0371) 31.67 3.17 16.49 3.15 10.77 0.55 23.16 4.50 0.20 3.84 Amphibolurus muricatus 421 0.8185 (0.0211) 4.20 0.00 12.81 27.27 29.70 3.82 12.26 2.76 4.62 1.75 Anomalopus swansoni 71 0.8441 (0.0434) 17.71 0.00 31.72 2.29 0.77 1.05 2.05 28.78 3.66 9.94 Bellatorias major 188 0.8827 (0.0191) 7.67 1.57 6.20 66.62 5.09 0.81 5.48 5.33 0.00 1.10 Cacophis krefftii 52 0.9125 (0.0307) 33.71 1.20 3.33 27.12 9.66 1.23 0.43 15.69 4.12 0.97 Cacophis squamulosus 99 0.8422 (0.0406) 17.07 4.05 6.66 56.55 6.50 4.87 1.47 1.27 0.00 1.54 Carlia tetradactyla 138 0.88 (0.0241) 35.27 0.01 8.22 28.52 1.71 1.20 4.16 4.74 0.00 15.33 Chelodina longicollis 231 0.7825 (0.0303) 18.86 10.35 19.89 3.15 17.35 1.87 8.36 0.74 0.00 18.96 Cryptoblepharus virgatus 160 0.7744 (0.0382) 13.76 2.25 11.75 2.05 15.02 5.49 14.45 24.16 6.26 0.24 Cryptophis nigrescens 141 0.8511 (0.0336) 14.52 26.01 0.32 4.19 30.68 0.73 1.39 6.24 0.14 9.44 Ctenotus robustus 314 0.7713 (0.0331) 34.00 1.68 2.90 4.28 4.81 2.60 9.43 0.84 0.86 37.00 Ctenotus taeniolatus 441 0.8556 (0.0161) 0.82 1.04 27.15 1.85 11.57 2.57 21.56 24.17 0.89 1.66 Cyclodomorphus gerrardii 23 0.8225 (0.0642) 5.54 0.43 0.00 1.00 8.49 4.68 39.13 3.14 0.00 32.88 Cyclodomorphus michaeli 42 0.8595 (0.0497) 8.99 15.02 30.21 22.34 3.90 0.34 0.00 10.64 4.13 4.08 Demansia psammophis 129 0.7497 (0.0495) 49.15 1.71 7.27 4.56 16.58 5.01 9.34 1.89 2.11 2.06 30 Dendrelaphis punctulatus 102 0.862 (0.0305) 48.34 2.93 17.80 2.32 10.26 1.59 5.45 1.90 0.00 9.20

| Diplodactylus vittatus 106 0.8622 (0.0355) 14.88 7.85 12.66 9.20 17.12 11.89 5.41 17.03 0.00 0.31

Page Egernia cunninghami 59 0.8271 (0.049) 6.58 4.16 13.61 7.58 27.11 1.13 19.21 10.48 1.08 2.11 Egernia mcpheei 31 0.8139 (0.0547) 2.11 0.00 3.46 0.00 12.86 1.90 7.34 3.70 11.06 57.49

records Reptiles

AUC

Number Test seasonal_rain mean_solar slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Egernia striolata 193 0.87 (0.027) 9.07 1.85 4.39 37.12 0.68 1.91 15.37 2.31 2.14 24.98 Egernia whitii 235 0.9001 (0.0196) 20.02 3.53 6.51 4.07 7.75 3.69 25.20 16.47 0.23 3.95 Eulamprus heatwolei 101 0.9347 (0.029) 57.73 0.42 1.18 16.40 4.77 2.03 7.95 5.84 3.45 0.22 Eulamprus quoyii 526 0.7948 (0.0205) 0.85 2.88 5.44 35.77 16.15 4.72 12.51 5.38 2.19 1.52 Eulamprus tenuis 130 0.7966 (0.0398) 0.59 10.24 19.70 3.82 0.88 2.22 37.75 21.03 0.00 3.21 Furina diadema 59 0.7463 (0.0644) 5.41 25.67 16.35 22.51 1.85 4.42 1.99 17.53 2.42 1.43 Hemiaspis signata 133 0.8338 (0.0332) 4.72 2.79 3.30 42.27 21.05 1.96 2.62 12.84 0.56 4.44 Hemiergis decresiensis 40 0.7929 (0.0774) 0.72 0.78 5.17 22.34 14.28 2.33 16.66 11.65 24.34 0.45 Hoplocephalus stephensii 80 0.8564 (0.0478) 15.36 0.87 4.25 35.01 3.96 2.80 2.56 8.48 2.48 22.22 Hypsilurus spinipes 87 0.9058 (0.0235) 5.22 5.92 7.43 34.20 14.03 3.12 5.93 1.55 11.51 10.10 Lampropholis amicula 21 0.8177 (0.0697) 56.62 0.38 2.63 1.38 0.87 4.18 20.97 7.06 2.19 3.72 Lampropholis delicata 1289 0.7778 (0.0141) 29.01 5.96 4.49 23.25 19.65 3.20 5.75 4.73 2.72 1.09 Lampropholis guichenoti 454 0.8426 (0.0193) 10.52 12.70 14.46 29.70 22.42 0.96 4.68 0.86 0.47 2.45 Lialis burtonis 63 0.6616 (0.078) 24.94 1.03 13.38 6.97 18.41 4.31 6.91 3.73 2.32 11.13 Lygisaurus foliorum 182 0.8823 (0.0267) 11.93 25.01 3.76 2.34 2.96 1.53 7.11 38.68 2.25 2.07 Morelia spilota 226 0.8112 (0.0282) 28.78 3.93 13.44 10.26 14.23 7.25 6.64 0.15 7.32 7.78 Morethia boulengeri 59 0.9061 (0.0288) 1.39 5.29 0.29 34.93 3.64 0.00 10.68 12.60 0.82 30.32 Notechis scutatus 63 0.7208 (0.0773) 0.00 39.29 12.10 0.00 15.66 2.87 0.30 16.14 12.85 0.00 Oedura lesueurii 259 0.9097 (0.0135) 5.88 0.30 26.14 1.05 5.67 1.58 19.04 37.51 0.00 0.51 Oedura robusta 26 0.7676 (0.1047) 0.55 1.62 18.01 49.31 8.69 3.26 0.51 16.37 0.14 0.04 Phyllurus platurus 260 0.9118 (0.0137) 1.76 2.85 32.46 3.19 14.59 1.15 5.65 28.77 0.31 7.15 Physignathus lesueurii 495 0.7893 (0.022) 3.05 4.30 1.83 33.74 4.68 3.29 6.86 2.66 0.05 6.37 Pogona barbata 254 0.772 (0.0295) 21.90 11.75 21.28 6.46 13.94 4.16 13.02 0.94 0.16 6.27

31 Pseudechis porphyriacus 569 0.7495 (0.0209) 3.02 1.31 12.37 26.70 42.28 1.83 8.18 0.99 0.19 1.82

| Pseudonaja textilis 155 0.7002 (0.0448) 30.38 5.73 13.51 13.18 0.00 7.26 2.01 1.25 0.00 26.36

Page Pygopus lepidopodus 49 0.7742 (0.0667) 3.90 6.04 0.50 31.23 17.30 0.72 11.71 12.04 9.98 6.23 Ramphotyphlops nigrescens 80 0.8017 (0.0516) 11.37 11.78 30.70 28.14 9.08 0.25 6.20 1.00 0.00 0.00

records Reptiles

AUC

Number Test seasonal_rain mean_solar slope terr1000 final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests cold_temp hot_temp Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests Rankinia diemensis 146 0.9259 (0.0224) 6.90 4.51 6.82 26.88 11.98 0.12 15.38 19.75 0.84 0.45 Saiphos equalis 247 0.7885 (0.0341) 0.05 12.11 18.27 23.02 12.34 2.59 16.86 8.34 0.96 0.06 Saltuarius swaini 65 0.9029 (0.0391) 24.70 7.25 0.46 10.16 0.38 2.17 1.98 1.52 0.96 44.38 Saproscincus mustelinus 142 0.856 (0.0345) 0.40 14.30 26.81 29.23 10.06 2.05 13.12 0.73 0.18 0.01 Tiliqua scincoides 264 0.8194 (0.0314) 58.66 7.30 10.50 0.39 2.61 1.52 1.01 1.57 0.17 15.36 Underwoodisaurus milii 123 0.909 (0.0173) 27.36 11.48 8.37 4.06 1.40 1.44 2.18 28.95 0.99 11.12 Varanus rosenbergi 34 0.939 (0.0414) 22.13 0.00 0.04 48.36 1.84 11.15 2.50 0.00 7.53 0.90 Varanus varius 984 0.771 (0.0149) 28.92 0.63 2.22 0.49 18.44 3.25 20.92 17.13 0.00 7.37 Vermicella annulata 62 0.6501 (0.0559) 51.37 4.68 4.63 0.87 12.85 7.75 4.61 1.97 0.08 3.04

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Table 6. Mean results from Boosted Regression Tree models for 14 EECs within the LHSA region. Results show the number of training samples used to construct each model and the mean (± standard deviation) test AUC value across ten‐fold cross‐ validated models. The data shown for the environmental variables represent the percent contribution of each variable used to construct full model. See Section 3.2.2 for more details.

records EECs

Number AUC mean_rain seasonal_rain slope rugg1000 wetness final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests soil Central Hunter grey box ironbark woodland in the NSW North Coast 0.915 148 46.06 5.99 3.66 0.81 0.67 2.22 13.27 2.24 0.31 14.05 and Sydney Basin Bioregion (0.009) Central Hunter ironbark spotted gum grey box forest in the NSW 0.953 147 28.95 19.20 3.64 2.53 3.32 0.65 3.39 0.24 2.05 12.66 North Coast and Sydney Basin Bioregion (0.005) Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast 0.890 23 1.69 2.02 17.45 5.35 12.98 11.13 5.39 0.63 2.94 4.18 Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregion (0.031) Hunter lowland redgum forest in the Sydney Basin and NSW North 0.891 171 45.62 3.59 3.96 0.85 1.08 1.94 12.83 1.62 0.80 14.90 Coast Bioregion (0.008) 0.992 Kurri sand swamp woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion 71 12.60 27.79 5.48 14.35 1.51 1.40 11.05 0.00 0.47 18.54 (0.002) Littoral rainforest in the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South 0.992 51 12.03 0.89 0.31 6.96 0.72 32.82 0.55 17.46 11.10 8.50 East Corner Bioregion (0.004) Lower Hunter spotted gum ironbark forest in the Sydney Basin 0.949 359 7.96 26.96 2.22 8.02 1.15 2.91 16.58 2.92 0.76 20.86 Bioregion (0.004) Lower Hunter Valley dry rainforest in the Sydney Basin and NSW 0.921 55 24.05 3.78 5.90 13.25 6.64 14.01 5.63 5.60 8.09 4.34 North Coast Bioregion (0.021) 33 0.942

| Lowland rainforest in NSW North Coast and Sydney Basin Bioregion 130 7.20 6.09 6.63 14.54 4.54 11.09 1.72 24.74 4.75 2.34

Page (0.007) Pittwater and Wagstaffe spotted gum forest in the Sydney Basin 0.952 22 21.24 14.34 9.93 6.56 4.07 2.93 4.50 3.88 4.58 10.45 Bioregion (0.038)

records EECs

Number AUC mean_rain seasonal_rain slope rugg1000 wetness final_vegetation Dry_sclerophyll_forests soil Rainforests Wet_sclerophyll_forests River flat eucalypt forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North 0.912 148 11.22 7.67 3.30 5.72 1.88 19.78 10.72 1.37 3.04 14.54 Coast Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregion (0.017) Subtropical coastal floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast 0.911 43 37.07 19.15 2.19 1.85 1.35 6.34 6.57 4.09 0.74 7.51 Bioregion (0.032) Swamp oak floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin 0.909 62 11.01 7.66 9.68 8.89 10.82 6.76 11.73 2.29 3.50 8.00 and South East Corner Bioregion (0.020) Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North 0.960 374 17.83 3.99 8.36 4.35 5.84 19.22 3.81 0.44 1.12 6.28 Coast Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregion (0.004) 34

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Appendix 2. Description of the prioritisation algorithm. The hierarchal ranking of the landscape is created through a removal process where the software starts by assuming that all sites (grid cells) in the landscape are protected. It then proceeds by progressively removing cells that cause the smallest marginal loss in conservation value. This is repeated until no cells are left, the least valuable grid cells being removed first and most valuable cells being retained until the very end. The cell removal order then produces a ranking, or priority value, for each cell. Priority areas for conservation can then be identified simply by taking any given amount of area with highest priority ranks, or by selecting the top fraction of ranked cells up to a given budget level. The critical component of the algorithm is the definition of marginal loss (Moilanen 2007), which dictates which grid cell is removed at each step of the process. Here we used the core‐area definition of marginal loss, which aims to balance the solution across all features at each removal step, retaining the high quality sites of all included features as long as possible. Mathematically, the marginal loss in core‐area Zonation is defined as

(1)

where pij is the occurrence level of feature pj in cell i, and ∑∈ is the sum of occurrences of feature pj in cells k that are included in the remaining set of cells S at each point of the cell removal process. Using the parameters in Eq. 1 the software thus calculates the relative importance of each cell for each feature during the prioritisation process. Then, for each cell, it identifies the maximum value across features (maxj in Eq. 1) and removes the cell that has the smallest maximum value, hence, the lowest marginal loss I (Figure 1). Features can be weighted (e.g. by their conservation importance) using the parameter wj. Furthermore, Ci is the cost of adding cell i to the reserve network, and can be of any monetary or non‐monetary type (e.g. land acquisition cost, lost harvest yield etc.). Thus, when costs are used, Zonation produces a cost‐efficient solution in which high priority cells in the top rank have high value for each of the features but relatively low costs.

One of the key properties of Eq. 1 is that whenever part of a feature’s occurrence is lost during the cell removal process, the values of the remaining grid cells that contain that feature go up. In practice this typically means that low quality occurrences of common features are removed first, but as the common features eventually become rare, removal of occurrences of rare and common features is balanced in a manner that minimises the marginal loss. The min‐max structure of Eq. 1 gives high preference to retaining locations with the highest occurrence levels of features, irrespective to the level of overlap in the distributions of features. In this way, Zonation tries to

retain the high‐quality core areas of all features until all the cells have been removed and trade‐offs between features are discouraged (Moilanen et al. 2005, 2012; Moilanen 2007).

Before the cell removal process is started Zonation also transforms all input values into relative values. For example, if the original data shows numbers of individuals of a species in each grid cell, the relative values tell how large proportion of the total population is present in each grid cell. Similarly, if the original values are probabilities of occurrences the relative values show how large proportion of all summed probabilities is represented by the given grid cell. Because of this transformation, the program can handle any type of data simultaneously, e.g. number of individuals, presences and absences, probabilities of occurrence etc. The relative values for each feature are then used to calculate the marginal loss that dictates which cell is removed at each step (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Illustration of how spatial prioritisation is created by the Zonation software. This is shown using a simple example of two features (Features 1 and 2) and four grid cells. Zonation can use data of any type, e.g. probabilities of occurrences, known presences and absences, numbers of individuals, populations, breeding sites etc. For the purpose of this illustration let us assume that the original data values are numbers of individuals of both features in each grid cell, both features having a total 100 individuals within the study area. The program starts by transforming the original values into relative values, i.e. 5 individuals of Feature 1 in the low‐left grid cell represent 5% (0.05) of the entire population of Feature 1 within the study region, and 15 individuals of Feature 2 represent 15% (0.15) of Feature 2 population. The program then starts to remove cells based on the maximum relative values across the two features in each cell: the cell that has the smallest maximum value will be removed at each step, as this causes the smallest marginal loss across both features. At each step the relative values are updated for the remaining cells, so that the more a feature has lost in previous steps, the more valuable of the remaining occurrences become. The program then proceeds to remove cells until no cells are left in the

landscape. The removal produces a ranking where relatively least valuable grid cells across both features are removed first and the most valuable grid cells are retained as long as possible.

Appendix 3. List of biodiversity features included in Zonation analyses.

Table 7. Summary data for 40 amphibian species included in the Zonation analyses. Species are represented either by species distribution models (SDM) or occurrence point data (SSI), depending on the number of records available. The number of records represents the number of observations within the LHSA region after data filtering, with the number in parentheses indicating the number of occurrence records within the Greater Hunter region used to construct the SDM models where appropriate. Feature ranks were derived by a panel of experts and are largely based on listed threat categories at the NSW and Commonwealth level.

Commonwealth NSW Amphibians Common Name MNES No Records Data type Weight Status Status Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog P 32 (452) SDM 3 Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet P 467 (2249) SDM 1 Crinia tinnula Wallum Froglet V,P 115 (365) SDM 5 Heleioporus australiacus Giant Burrowing Frog TRUE V V,P 4 (158) SDM 5 Lechriodus fletcheri Fletcher's Frog P 21 (179) SDM 3 Limnodynastes fletcheri Long‐thumbed Frog P 1 (6) SSI 1 Limnodynastes dumerilii Eastern Banjo Frog P 75 (299) SDM 1 Limnodynastes ornatus Ornate Burrowing Frog P 35 (162) SDM 1 Limnodynastes peronii Brown‐striped Frog P 284 (1256) SDM 1 Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog P 94 (386) SDM 1 Litoria ewingii Brown Tree Frog P 1 (12) SSI 1 Litoria littlejohni Littlejohn's Tree Frog TRUE V V,P 7 (16) SSI 4 Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog TRUE V E1,P 52 (224) SDM 6 Litoria brevipalmata Green‐thighed Frog V,P 5 (64) SDM 5 Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog P 28 (264) SDM 1

38 Litoria chloris Red‐eyed Tree Frog P 25 (228) SDM 3

| Litoria citropa Blue Mountains Tree Frog P 10 (30) SDM 3

Page Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog P 61 (330) SDM 1 Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog P 278 (1310) SDM 1 Commonwealth threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; C – China‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; J ‐ Japan‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; K – Republic of Korea‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; FPAL ‐ Finalised Priority Assessment List. NSW threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; P – protected.

Commonwealth NSW Amphibians Common Name MNES No Records Data type Weight 39 Status Status

| Litoria freycineti Freycinet's Frog P 10 (112) SDM 1 Page Litoria gracilenta Dainty Green Tree Frog P 1 (39) SDM 3

Litoria jervisiensis Jervis Bay Tree Frog P 21 (57) SDM 3 Litoria latopalmata Broad‐palmed Frog P 130 (499) SDM 1 Litoria lesueuri Lesueur's Frog P 56 (630) SDM 3 Litoria nasuta Rocket Frog P 2 (46) SDM 1 Litoria pearsoniana Pearson's Green Tree Frog P 4 (176) SDM 3 Litoria peronii Peron's Tree Frog P 216 (981) SDM 1 Litoria phyllochroa Leaf‐green Tree Frog P 88 (579) SDM 3 Litoria revelata Revealed Frog P 15 (66) SDM 3 Litoria tyleri Tyler's Tree Frog P 74 (366) SDM 1 Litoria verreauxii Verreaux's Frog P 111 (381) SDM 1 Litoria wilcoxii P 4 (23) SDM 1 Mixophyes fasciolatus Great Barred Frog P 63 (425) SDM 3 Paracrinia haswelli Haswell's Froglet P 15 (71) SDM 3 Pseudophryne australis Red‐crowned Toadlet V,P 22 (261) SDM 5 Pseudophryne bibronii Bibron's Toadlet P 54 (187) SDM 3 Pseudophryne coriacea Red‐backed Toadlet P 142 (828) SDM 3 Uperoleia tyleri Tyler's Toadlet P 3 (14) SSI 1 Uperoleia fusca Dusky Toadlet P 74 (231) SDM 3 Uperoleia laevigata Smooth Toadlet P 91 (395) SDM 1

Commonwealth threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; C – China‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; J ‐ Japan‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; K – Republic of Korea‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; FPAL ‐ Finalised Priority Assessment List. NSW threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; P – protected.

Table 8. Summary of data for 316 bird species included in the Zonation analyses. Species are represented either by species distribution models (SDM) or occurrence point data (SSI), depending on the number of records available. The number of records represents the number of observations within the LHSA region after data filtering, with the number in parentheses indicating the number of occurrence records within the Greater Hunter region used to construct the SDM models where appropriate. Feature ranks were derived by a panel of experts and are largely based on listed threat categories at the NSW and Commonwealth level.

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records Status Status type Weight Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny‐cheeked Honeyeater P 2 (53) SDM 3 Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow‐rumped Thornbill P 115 (1054) SDM 1 Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill P 621 (2258) SDM 1 Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill P 423 (2270) SDM 1 Acanthiza reguloides Buff‐rumped Thornbill P 200 (766) SDM 3 Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill P 845 (3890) SDM 1 Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk P 64 (334) SDM 3 Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk P 124 (634) SDM 3 Accipiter novaehollandiae Grey Goshawk P 106 (466) SDM 3 Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed‐Warbler P 119 (473) SDM 1 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K P 14 (59) SDM 4 Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet‐nightjar P 174 (1442) SDM 3 Ailuroedus crassirostris Green Catbird P 32 (731) SDM 3 Alectura lathami Australian Brush‐turkey P 42 (812) SDM 3 Anas querquedula Garganey TRUE C,J,K P 1 (1) SSI 2 Anas castanea Chestnut Teal P 270 (1335) SDM 3 Anas gracilis Grey Teal P 200 (995) SDM 3 Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler P 76 (231) SDM 3 Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck P 455 (2440) SDM 1

40 Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter P 80 (701) SDM 1

| Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose V,P 37 (86) SDM 4

Page Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird P 282 (2037) SDM 1 Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird P 127 (1915) SDM 3 Commonwealth threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; C – China‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; J ‐ Japan‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; K – Republic of Korea‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; FPAL ‐ Finalised Priority Assessment List. NSW threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; P – protected.

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records 41 Status Status type Weight

| Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater TRUE E E4A,P ‐ Other 6

Page Anthus novaeseelandiae Australian Pipit P 90 (654) SDM 1

Aphelocephala leucopsis Southern Whiteface P 3 (9) SSI 1 Aprosmictus erythropterus Red‐winged Parrot P 1 (8) SSI 1 Apus pacificus Fork‐tailed Swift TRUE C,J,K P 3 (83) SDM 2 Ardea ibis Cattle Egret TRUE C,J P 183 (865) SDM 2 Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret P 114 (439) SDM 3 Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret P 174 (1043) SDM 2 Ardea pacifica White‐necked Heron P 94 (479) SDM 3 Ardenna grisea Sooty Shearwater TRUE C,J P 1 (5) SSI 2 Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone TRUE C,J,K P 11 (63) SDM 4 Artamus cinereus Black‐faced Woodswallow P 1 (1) SSI 1 Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow P 124 (527) SDM 3 Artamus leucorynchus White‐breasted Woodswallow P 101 (549) SDM 3 Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow P 3 (34) SSI 3 Artamus superciliosus White‐browed Woodswallow P 18 (86) SDM 3 Aviceda subcristata Pacific Baza P 63 (331) SDM 3 Aythya australis Hardhead P 104 (525) SDM 3 Biziura lobata Musk Duck P 28 (150) SDM 3 Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern TRUE E E1,P 4 (12) SSI 6 Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone‐curlew E1,P 9 (237) SDM 6 Butorides striatus Striated Heron P 4 (88) SDM 3 Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella P 101 (438) SDM 1 Cacatua tenuirostris Long‐billed Corella P 41 (389) SDM 1 Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan‐tailed Cuckoo P 531 (2439) SDM 3 Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo P 77 (365) SDM 3 Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo P 69 (519) SDM 3 Calidris minuta Little Stint TRUE K P 2 (2) SSI 2 Calidris subminuta Long‐toed Stint TRUE C,J,K P 1 (1) SSI 2 Calidris acuminata Sharp‐tailed Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K P 50 (235) SDM 4

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records Status Status type Weight Calidris canutus Red Knot TRUE C,J,K P 10 (105) SDM 4 Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K E1,P 16 (134) SDM 6 Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper TRUE J,K P 5 (23) SDM 2 Calidris ruficollis Red‐necked Stint TRUE C,J,K P 25 (186) SDM 4 Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot TRUE C,J,K V,P 3 (53) SDM 5 Callocephalon fimbriatum Gang‐gang Cockatoo V,P,3 3 (8) SSI 4 Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow‐tailed Black‐Cockatoo P 253 (1784) SDM 3 Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black‐Cockatoo V,P,2 9 (27) SDM 4 Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal P 114 (683) SDM 3 Ceyx azureus Azure Kingfisher P 63 (435) SDM 3 Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze‐Cuckoo P 68 (355) SDM 3 Chalcites lucidus Shining Bronze‐Cuckoo P 226 (967) SDM 1 Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove P 15 (164) SDM 3 Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand‐plover TRUE C,J,K V,P 2 (8) SSI 4 Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover TRUE J,K P 2 (5) SSI 2 Charadrius bicinctus Double‐banded Plover P 10 (95) SDM 4 Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand‐plover TRUE C,J,K V,P 7 (66) SDM 5 Charadrius ruficapillus Red‐capped Plover P 27 (202) SDM 3 Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck P 369 (2325) SDM 1 Cheramoeca leucosterna White‐backed Swallow P 4 (55) SDM 3 Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern P 16 (65) SDM 3 Chlidonias leucopterus White‐winged Black Tern TRUE C,J,K P 3 (23) SDM 2 Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Silver Gull P 130 (1403) SDM 1 Chthonicola sagittata Speckled Warbler V,P 41 (527) SDM 4 Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark P 11 (55) SDM 3 Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark P 17 (171) SDM 3 Cinclosoma punctatum Spotted Quail‐thrush P 105 (329) SDM 3 Circus approximans Swamp Harrier P 124 (438) SDM 3 42 Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier V,P 6 (94) SDM 4

Page Cisticola exilis Golden‐headed Cisticola P 111 (486) SDM 1 Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt P 1 (15) SSI 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records 43 Status Status type Weight

| Climacteris affinis White‐browed Treecreeper P 2 (12) SSI 1 Page Climacteris erythrops Red‐browed Treecreeper P 14 (299) SDM 3

Climacteris picumnus victoriae Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) V,P 5 (217) SDM 4 Columba leucomela White‐headed Pigeon P 40 (701) SDM 3 Coracina maxima Ground Cuckoo‐shrike P 3 (9) SSI 1 Coracina novaehollandiae Black‐faced Cuckoo‐shrike P 763 (3753) SDM 1 Coracina papuensis White‐bellied Cuckoo‐shrike P 108 (300) SDM 3 Coracina tenuirostris Cicadabird P 126 (790) SDM 3 Corcorax melanorhamphos White‐winged Chough P 240 (906) SDM 1 Corvus mellori Little Raven P 8 (110) SDM 3 Corvus orru Torresian Crow P 21 (771) SDM 1 Corvus tasmanicus Forest Raven P 3 (181) SDM 3 Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail P 10 (89) SDM 3 Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail P 72 (462) SDM 3 Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird P 410 (2225) SDM 1 Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird P 637 (3532) SDM 1 Cuculus saturatus Himalayan Cuckoo TRUE C,J,K P 6 (13) SSI 2 Cygnus atratus Black Swan P 249 (1117) SDM 3 Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella V,P 179 (823) SDM 4 Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird TRUE E E1,P 1 (1) SSI 6 Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling‐Duck P 34 (89) SDM 3 Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling‐Duck P 13 (54) SDM 3 Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird P 413 (1818) SDM 1 Dicrurus bracteatus Spangled Drongo P 65 (545) SDM 3 Emu population in the New South Wales North Dromaius novaehollandiae Coast Bioregion and Port Stephens local E2,P 11 (44) SDM government area 6 Egretta garzetta Little Egret P 93 (568) SDM 3 Egretta novaehollandiae White‐faced Heron P 393 (2347) SDM 1 Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret TRUE C P 4 (81) SDM 3

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records Status Status type Weight Elanus axillaris Black‐shouldered Kite P 93 (787) SDM 1 Elseyornis melanops Black‐fronted Dotterel P 88 (322) SDM 3 Entomyzon cyanotis Blue‐faced Honeyeater P 77 (340) SDM 1 Eolophus roseicapillus Galah P 353 (2575) SDM 1 Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Black‐necked Stork E1,P 58 (447) SDM 6 Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat P 1 (2) SSI 1 Epthianura albifrons White‐fronted Chat V,P 48 (147) SDM 5 Erythrogonys cinctus Red‐kneed Dotterel P 33 (100) SDM 3 Esacus magnirostris Beach Stone‐curlew E4A,P 1 (28) SDM 6 Eudynamys orientalis Eastern Koel P 174 (1142) SDM 1 Eudyptula minor Little Penguin P 6 (52) SDM 5 Eurostopodus mystacalis White‐throated Nightjar P 72 (501) SDM 3 Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird P 277 (1464) SDM 1 Excalfactoria chinensis King Quail P 2 (16) SSI 1 Falco berigora Brown Falcon P 83 (537) SDM 1 Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel P 148 (981) SDM 1 Falco longipennis Australian Hobby P 68 (403) SDM 1 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon P 60 (382) SDM 3 Falco subniger Black Falcon P 5 (32) SDM 5 Falcunculus frontatus frontatus Eastern Shrike‐tit P 46 (344) SDM 3 Fulica atra Eurasian Coot P 140 (591) SDM 1 Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe TRUE C,J,K P 82 (264) SDM 4 Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen P 243 (1042) SDM 1 Gallirallus philippensis Buff‐banded Rail P 35 (231) SDM 3 Gelochelidon nilotica Gull‐billed Tern P 16 (115) SDM 3 Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove P 1 (7) SSI 1 Geopelia humeralis Bar‐shouldered Dove P 245 (1149) SDM 1 Geopelia striata Peaceful Dove P 88 (509) SDM 3 44 Gerygone albogularis White‐throated Gerygone P 263 (1155) SDM 1

Page Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone P 2 (96) SDM 3 Gerygone levigaster Mangrove Gerygone P 42 (167) SDM 3

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records 45 Status Status type Weight

| Gerygone mouki Brown Gerygone P 389 (2219) SDM 3 Page Gliciphila melanops Tawny‐crowned Honeyeater P 7 (48) SDM 3

Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet P 90 (549) SDM 3 Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet V,P 342 (936) SDM 5 Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie‐lark P 531 (3473) SDM 1 Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher V,P 8 (167) SDM 5 Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher E1,P 13 (452) SDM 6 Haliaeetus leucogaster White‐bellied Sea‐Eagle TRUE C P 302 (1621) SDM 2 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite P 6 (225) SDM 3 Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite P 213 (1271) SDM 1 Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle V,P 41 (238) SDM 5 Himantopus himantopus Black‐winged Stilt P 109 (463) SDM 3 Hirundapus caudacutus White‐throated Needletail TRUE C,J,K P 101 (709) SDM 2 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow TRUE C,J,K P 1 (2) SSI 2 Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow P 510 (3476) SDM 1 Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern TRUE C,J P 13 (354) SDM 3 Hylacola pyrrhopygia Chestnut‐rumped Heathwren P 30 (105) SDM 3 Irediparra gallinacea Comb‐crested Jacana V,P 24 (68) SDM 5 Ixobrychus dubius Australian Little Bittern P 1 (2) SSI 1 Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern V,P 8 (75) SDM 5 Lalage sueurii White‐winged Triller P 40 (211) SDM 3 Lathamus discolour Swift Parrot TRUE E E1,P,3 ‐ Other 6 Larus pacificus Pacific Gull P 1 (17) SSI 1 Leucosarcia picata Wonga Pigeon P 259 (1418) SDM 3 Lewinia pectoralis Lewin's Rail P 17 (79) SDM 3 Lichenostomus fuscus Fuscous Honeyeater P 139 (351) SDM 3 Lichenostomus leucotis White‐eared Honeyeater P 100 (768) SDM 3 Lichenostomus melanops Yellow‐tufted Honeyeater P 263 (584) SDM 3 Lichenostomus penicillatus White‐plumed Honeyeater P 32 (503) SDM 3 Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater P 62 (398) SDM 3

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records Status Status type Weight Limicola falcinellus Broad‐billed Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K V,P 4 (17) SSI 4 Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit P 1 (1) SSI 1 Limosa lapponica Bar‐tailed Godwit TRUE C,J,K P 20 (433) SDM 4 Limosa limosa Black‐tailed Godwit TRUE C,J,K V,P 8 (72) SDM 5 Lonchura castaneothorax Chestnut‐breasted Mannikin P 29 (119) SDM 3 Lopholaimus antarcticus Topknot Pigeon P 36 (508) SDM 3 Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant Petrel TRUE E E1,P 1 (14) SSI 6 Macropygia amboinensis Brown Cuckoo‐Dove P 122 (1304) SDM 3 Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink‐eared Duck P 25 (92) SDM 3 Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy‐wren P 420 (2041) SDM 3 Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner P 598 (3582) SDM 1 Manorina melanophrys Bell Miner P 340 (1701) SDM 1 Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird P 98 (255) SDM 3 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird P 80 (262) SDM 3 Meliphaga lewinii Lewin's Honeyeater P 695 (4630) SDM 3 Melithreptus albogularis White‐throated Honeyeater P 2 (3) SSI 1 Melithreptus brevirostris Brown‐headed Honeyeater P 202 (638) SDM 3 Melithreptus gularis gularis Black‐chinned Honeyeater (eastern subspecies) V,P 92 (152) SDM 5 Melithreptus lunatus White‐naped Honeyeater P 435 (1564) SDM 3 Menura novaehollandiae Superb Lyrebird P 225 (1892) SDM 3 Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee‐eater J P 53 (567) SDM 2 Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant P 224 (1669) SDM 3 Microeca fascinans Jacky Winter P 199 (1027) SDM 3 Milvus migrans Black Kite P 7 (36) SDM 1 Monarcha melanopsis Black‐faced Monarch P 165 (1323) SDM 2 Morus serrator Australasian Gannet P 10 (224) SDM 1 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail TRUE C,J,K P 3 (3) SSI 2 Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail P 5 (7) SSI 1 46 Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher P 17 (122) SDM 2

Page Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher P 25 (283) SDM 1 Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher P 200 (950) SDM 3

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records 47 Status Status type Weight

| Myzomela sanguinolenta Scarlet Honeyeater P 420 (1787) SDM 3 Page Neochmia modesta Plum‐headed Finch P 1 (22) SDM 1

Neochmia temporalis Red‐browed Finch P 647 (3279) SDM 1 Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot V,P,3 1 (17) SSI 4 Nettapus coromandelianus Cotton Pygmy‐Goose E1,P 1 (1) SSI 6 Ninox connivens Barking Owl V,P,3 4 (22) SSI 5 Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook P 262 (1667) SDM 3 Ninox strenua Powerful Owl V,P,3 46 (291) SDM 5 Numenius minutus Little Curlew TRUE C,J,K P 1 (4) SSI 2 Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew TRUE C,J,K P 39 (404) SDM 4 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel TRUE C,J,K P 25 (222) SDM 4 Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron P 62 (257) SDM 3 Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon P 318 (2381) SDM 1 Origma solitaria Rockwarbler P 44 (331) SDM 3 Oriolus sagittatus Olive‐backed Oriole P 373 (2020) SDM 1 Orthonyx temminckii Logrunner P 2 (225) SDM 3 Oxyura australis Blue‐billed Duck V,P 7 (28) SDM 4 Pandion cristatus Eastern Osprey V,P,3 26 (427) SDM 5 Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote P 294 (1549) SDM 1 Pelecanoides urinatrix Common Diving‐Petrel P 1 (1) SSI 1 Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican P 190 (1771) SDM 1 Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin P 92 (419) SDM 1 Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin P 110 (552) SDM 1 Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin V,P 38 (226) SDM 5 Petroica goodenovii Red‐capped Robin P 2 (116) SDM 3 Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin V,P 4 (130) SDM 5 Petroica rosea Rose Robin P 195 (984) SDM 3 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant P 84 (982) SDM 1 Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant P 198 (1383) SDM 3 Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant P 46 (793) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records Status Status type Weight Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing P 83 (514) SDM 3 Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing P 21 (126) SDM 3 Philemon citreogularis Little Friarbird P 18 (123) SDM 3 Philomachus pugnax Ruff TRUE C,J,K P 3 (6) SSI 2 Phylidonyris niger White‐cheeked Honeyeater P 210 (1365) SDM 3 Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater P 42 (579) SDM 3 Pitta versicolor Noisy Pitta P 9 (198) SDM 3 Platalea flavipes Yellow‐billed Spoonbill P 69 (233) SDM 3 Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill P 168 (782) SDM 3 Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella P 245 (2230) SDM 1 Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella P 765 (3845) SDM 1 Plectorhyncha lanceolata Striped Honeyeater P 67 (756) SDM 3 Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis TRUE C P 33 (84) SDM 3 Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover TRUE C,J,K P 34 (174) SDM 4 Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover TRUE C,J,K P 3 (29) SDM 2 Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth P 206 (1423) SDM 1 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe P 12 (81) SDM 3 Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary‐headed Grebe P 29 (137) SDM 3 Pomatostomus superciliosus White‐browed Babbler P 1 (46) SDM 3 Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis Grey‐crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies) V,P 142 (813) SDM 5 Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen P 272 (1101) SDM 1 Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake P 10 (30) SDM 1 Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake P 16 (46) SDM 3 Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake P 16 (42) SDM 3 Psephotus haematonotus Red‐rumped Parrot P 78 (556) SDM 1 Psophodes cristatus Chirruping Wedgebill P 1 (1) SSI 1 Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird P 685 (4323) SDM 3 Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit‐Dove V,P 5 (164) SDM 5 48 Ptilinopus regina Rose‐crowned Fruit‐Dove V,P 5 (37) SDM 4

Page Ptilinopus superbus Superb Fruit‐Dove V,P 3 (27) SDM 4 Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Satin Bowerbird P 316 (2186) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records 49 Status Status type Weight

| Pycnoptilus floccosus Pilotbird P 1 (67) SDM 3 Page Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red‐necked Avocet P 23 (96) SDM 3

Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail P 555 (3364) SDM 1 Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail P 214 (1346) SDM 3 Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe TRUE V E1,P 1 (5) SSI 6 Scythrops novaehollandiae Channel‐billed Cuckoo P 209 (989) SDM 1 Sericornis citreogularis Yellow‐throated Scrubwren P 43 (855) SDM 3 Sericornis frontalis White‐browed Scrubwren P 676 (3780) SDM 3 Sericornis magnirostra Large‐billed Scrubwren P 60 (614) SDM 3 Sericulus chrysocephalus Regent Bowerbird P 27 (484) SDM 3 Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill P 87 (697) SDM 3 Sphecotheres vieilloti Australasian Figbird P 47 (794) SDM 1 Stagonopleura bella Beautiful Firetail P 1 (4) SSI 1 Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail V,P 2 (198) SDM 5 Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern P 1 (2) SSI 1 Sterna hirundo Common Tern TRUE C,J,K P 8 (139) SDM 4 Sterna striata White‐fronted Tern P 1 (34) SDM 1 Sternula albifrons Little Tern TRUE C,J,K E1,P 3 (158) SDM 6 Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck V,P 8 (24) SDM 4 Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole P 1 (1) SSI 1 Stipiturus malachurus Southern Emu‐wren P 78 (324) SDM 3 Strepera versicolor Grey Currawong P 3 (28) SDM 1 Sugomel niger Black Honeyeater P 1 (2) SSI 1 Symposiachrus trivirgatus Spectacled Monarch P 4 (105) SDM 3 Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe P 197 (845) SDM 1 Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck P 3 (20) SDM 1 Taeniopygia bichenovii Double‐barred Finch P 97 (687) SDM 3 Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch P 8 (111) SDM 3 Thalasseus bergii Crested Tern P 22 (775) SDM 1 Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis P 276 (1325) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Birds Common Name MNES No Records Status Status type Weight Threskiornis spinicollis Straw‐necked Ibis P 233 (1034) SDM 1 Todiramphus macleayii Forest Kingfisher P 12 (144) SDM 3 Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher P 399 (1724) SDM 3 Tribonyx ventralis Black‐tailed Native‐hen P 15 (26) SDM 1 Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Scaly‐breasted Lorikeet P 101 (998) SDM 1 Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet P 303 (2774) SDM 1 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K P 11 (18) SSI 2 Tringa incana Wandering Tattler J P 1 (6) SSI 2 Tringa brevipes Grey‐tailed Tattler TRUE C,J,K P 18 (132) SDM 4 Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank TRUE C,J,K P 43 (220) SDM 4 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K P 25 (101) SDM 4 Tryngites subruficollis Buff‐breasted Sandpiper TRUE J,K P 3 (5) SSI 2 Turnix maculosus Red‐backed Button‐quail V,P 1 (1) SSI 4 Turnix varius Painted Button‐quail P 50 (190) SDM 3 Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl P 10 (203) SDM 1 Tyto longimembris Eastern Grass Owl V,P,3 1 (36) SDM 4 Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl V,P,3 23 (256) SDM 4 Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl V,P,3 8 (357) SDM 5 Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing P 483 (2769) SDM 1 Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing P 3 (44) SDM 1 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper TRUE C,J,K V,P 12 (63) SDM 5 Zoothera heinei Russet‐tailed Thrush P 1 (71) SDM 3 Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush P 42 (329) SDM 3

Page

Table 9. Summary of data for 64 mammal species included in the Zonation analyses. 51

| Species are represented either by species distribution models (SDM) or occurrence point data (SSI), depending on the number of records available. The

Page number of records represents the number of observations within the LHSA region after data filtering, with the number in parentheses indicating the

number of occurrence records within the Greater Hunter region used to construct the SDM models where appropriate. Feature ranks were derived by a panel of experts and are largely based on listed threat categories at the NSW and Commonwealth level.

NSW No Data Mammals Common Name MNES Commonwealth Status Weight Status Records type Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider P 56 (268) SDM 3 Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous Bettong V,P 1 (29) SDM 5 Antechinus agilis Agile Antechinus P 6 (12) SSI 1 Antechinus flavipes Yellow‐footed Antechinus P 50 (197) SDM 3 Antechinus stuartii Brown Antechinus P 283 (1390) SDM 3 Antechinus swainsonii Dusky Antechinus P 8 (129) SDM 3 Cercartetus nanus Eastern Pygmy‐possum V,P 1 (60) SDM 5 Chalinolobus dwyeri Large‐eared Pied Bat TRUE V V,P 31 (188) SDM 5 Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat P 237 (1077) SDM 1 Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat P 139 (838) SDM 1 Dasyurus maculatus Spotted‐tailed Quoll TRUE E V,P 122 (1379) SDM 6 Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern Pipistrelle V,P 27 (197) SDM 5 Hydromys chrysogaster Water‐rat P 14 (70) SDM 3 Isoodon macrourus Northern Brown Bandicoot P 56 (396) SDM 3 Kerivoula papuensis Golden‐tipped Bat V,P 26 (188) SDM 5 Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo P 150 (1106) SDM 1 Macropus parma Parma Wallaby V,P 10 (227) SDM 5 Macropus robustus Common Wallaroo P 51 (264) SDM 3 Macropus rufogriseus Red‐necked Wallaby P 114 (1008) SDM 1 Melomys cervinipes Fawn‐footed Melomys P 3 (53) SDM 3 Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing‐bat V,P 227 (730) SDM 5 Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing‐bat V,P 176 (857) SDM 5 Mormopterus norfolkensis Eastern Freetail‐bat V,P 124 (519) SDM 5 Mormopterus planiceps Little Mastiff‐bat P 9 (85) SDM 3 Commonwealth threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; C – China‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; J ‐ Japan‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; K – Republic of Korea‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; FPAL ‐ Finalised Priority Assessment List. NSW threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; P – protected.

NSW No Data Mammals Common Name MNES Commonwealth Status Weight Status Records type Myotis macropus Southern Myotis V,P 71 (345) SDM 5 Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long‐eared Bat P 79 (357) SDM 1 Nyctophilus gouldi Gould's Long‐eared Bat P 102 (687) SDM 1 Ornithorhynchus anatinus Platypus P 58 (655) SDM 3 Perameles nasuta Long‐nosed Bandicoot P 85 (785) SDM 3 Petauroides volans Greater Glider P 135 (2049) SDM 3 Petaurus australis Yellow‐bellied Glider V,P 312 (1626) SDM 5 Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider P 425 (2092) SDM 3 Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider V,P 273 (826) SDM 5 Petrogale penicillata Brush‐tailed Rock‐wallaby TRUE V E1,P 51 (180) SDM 6 Phascogale tapoatafa Brush‐tailed Phascogale V,P 48 (271) SDM 5 Phascolarctos cinereus Koala TRUE V V,P 1806 (6867) SDM 5 Planigale maculata Common Planigale V,P 1 (15) SSI 4 Potorous tridactylus Long‐nosed Potoroo TRUE V V,P 5 (63) SDM 5 Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum P 258 (1166) SDM 1 Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse TRUE V P 56 (164) SDM 5 Pteropus alecto Black Flying‐fox P 1 (6) SSI 1 Pteropus poliocephalus Grey‐headed Flying‐fox TRUE V V,P 198 (928) SDM 5 Pteropus scapulatus Little Red Flying‐fox P 9 (68) SDM 3 Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat P 164 (1115) SDM 3 Rattus lutreolus Swamp Rat P 61 (474) SDM 3 Rhinolophus megaphyllus Eastern Horseshoe‐bat P 75 (536) SDM 3 Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow‐bellied Sheathtail‐bat V,P 16 (75) SDM 5 Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad‐nosed Bat V,P 104 (379) SDM 5 Scotorepens sp 1 Central‐eastern Broad‐nosed Bat P 1 (10) SSI 1 Scotorepens balstoni Inland Broad‐nosed Bat P 3 (68) SDM 3 Scotorepens orion Eastern Broad‐nosed Bat P 84 (410) SDM 3 Sminthopsis murina Common Dunnart P 40 (150) SDM 3 Tadarida australis White‐striped Freetail‐bat P 223 (966) SDM 1 Thylogale stigmatica Red‐legged Pademelon V,P 1 (42) SDM 5 Thylogale thetis Red‐necked Pademelon P 18 (365) SDM 3 52 Trichosurus caninus Short‐eared Possum P 26 (304) SDM 3

Page Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum P 383 (2018) SDM 1 Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat P 21 (387) SDM 3

NSW No Data Mammals Common Name MNES Commonwealth Status Weight 53 Status Records type

| Vespadelus pumilus Eastern Forest Bat P 70 (798) SDM 3

Page Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat P 10 (247) SDM 3 Vespadelus troughtoni Eastern Cave Bat V,P 13 (126) SDM 5

Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat P 311 (1310) SDM 3 Vombatus ursinus Common Wombat P 526 (2009) SDM 3 Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby P 288 (1591) SDM 3

Table 10. Summary data for 212 plant species included in the Zonation analyses. Species are represented either by species distribution models (SDM) or occurrence point data (SSI), depending on the number of records available. The number of records represents the number of observations within the LHSA region after data filtering, with the number in parentheses indicating the number of occurrence records within the Greater Hunter region used to construct the SDM models where appropriate. Feature ranks were derived by a panel of experts and are largely based on listed threat categories at the NSW and Commonwealth level.

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight Status Status type Acacia bynoeana Bynoe's Wattle TRUE V E1,P 74 (126) SDM 6 Acianthella amplexicaulis P 2 (7) SSI 1 Acianthus caudatus Mayfly Orchid P 1 (5) SSI 1 Acianthus exsertus Mosquito Orchid P 5 (17) SSI 1 Acianthus pusillus Gnat Orchid P 3 (9) SSI 1 Acianthus fornicatus Pixie Caps P 75 (195) SDM 1 Actinotus helianthi Flannel Flower P 58 (283) SDM 1 Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair P 215 (1051) SDM 1 Adiantum atroviride P 6 (21) SDM 1 Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair P 3 (26) SDM 1 Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair P 67 (488) SDM 1 Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair P 109 (567) SDM 1 Adiantum silvaticum P 5 (131) SDM 1 Angophora inopina Charmhaven Apple TRUE V V,P 136 (308) SDM 4 Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Bangalow Palm P 12 (316) SDM 1 Arthrochilus prolixus P 5 (28) SDM 1 Arthropteris palisotii Lesser Creeping Fern E1,P,3 2 (3) SSI 5 Asperula asthenes Trailing Woodruff TRUE V V,P 1 (52) SDM 6 Asplenium australasicum Bird's Nest Fern P 25 (348) SDM 1 Banksia spinulosa Hairpin Banksia P 249 (745) SDM 1 Blandfordia grandiflora Christmas Bells P 17 (68) SDM 1

54 Boronia anemonifolia P 1 (12) SSI 1

| Boronia falcifolia Wallum Boronia P 2 (31) SDM 1

Page Boronia floribunda Pale‐pink Boronia P 1 (25) SDM 1 Boronia ledifolia Sydney Boronia P 7 (153) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight 55 Status Status type

| Boronia parviflora Swamp Boronia P 12 (46) SDM 1

Page Boronia pinnata P 21 (154) SDM 1 Boronia polygalifolia Dwarf Boronia P 45 (106) SDM 1

Bulbophyllum exiguum P 6 (51) SDM 1 Bulbophyllum shepherdii Wheat‐leaved Orchid P 2 (43) SDM 1 Caladenia fuscata Dusky Fingers P 1 (2) SSI 1 Caladenia gracilis Musky Caladenia P 1 (5) SSI 1 Caladenia hillmanii P 7 (12) SSI 1 Caladenia picta P 3 (6) SSI 1 Caladenia platichila P 1 (2) SSI 1 Caladenia quadrifaria P 4 (17) SSI 1 Caladenia testacea Honey Caladenia P 5 (8) SSI 1 Caladenia carnea Pink Fingers P 24 (78) SDM 1 Caladenia catenata White Caladenia P 53 (156) SDM 1 Caleana major Large Duck Orchid P 11 (34) SDM 1 Callistemon linearifolius Netted Bottle Brush V,P,3 225 (290) SDM 4 Black Cypress Pine, Woronora Plateau Callitris endlicheri E2 2 (12) SSI 5 population Calochilus campestris Copper Beard Orchid P 5 (17) SSI 1 Calochilus gracillimus Slender Beard Orchid P 1 (7) SSI 1 Calochilus paludosus Red Beard Orchid P 9 (39) SDM 1 Calochilus robertsonii Purplish Beard Orchid P 9 (34) SDM 1 Cassinia aureonitens P 2 (11) SSI 1 Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana River Oak P 20 (308) SDM 1 Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig P 26 (153) SDM 1 Caustis pentandra Thick Twist Rush P 14 (57) SDM 1 Caustis recurvata P 21 (78) SDM 1 Ceratopetalum gummiferum Christmas Bush P 34 (162) SDM 1 Cestichis reflexa P 6 (27) SDM 1 Chamaesyce psammogeton Sand Spurge E1,P 1 (15) SSI 5 Chiloglottis formicifera Ant Orchid P 3 (14) SSI 1 Chiloglottis reflexa P 3 (16) SSI 1 Chiloglottis seminuda P 1 (2) SSI 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight Status Status type Chiloglottis trapeziformis Thick‐lip Bird Orchid P 3 (7) SSI 1 Chiloglottis diphylla P 2 (26) SDM 1 Chiloglottis sylvestris P 2 (20) SDM 1 Chiloglottis trilabra P 1 (41) SDM 1 Cordyline stricta Narrow‐leaved Palm Lily P 41 (308) SDM 1 Corybas pruinosus Toothed Helmet Orchid P 7 (12) SSI 1 Corybas fimbriatus Fringed Helmet Orchid P 7 (24) SDM 1 Crowea exalata P 1 (12) SSI 1 Cryptostylis leptochila Small Tongue Orchid P 2 (6) SSI 1 Cryptostylis erecta Tartan Tongue Orchid P 14 (108) SDM 1 Cryptostylis subulata Large Tongue Orchid P 36 (152) SDM 1 Cyanicula caerulea Blue Caladenia P 7 (26) SDM 1 Cyathea australis Rough Treefern P 20 (256) SDM 1 Cyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Treefern P 3 (162) SDM 1 Cymbidium suave Snake Orchid P 59 (287) SDM 1 Cynanchum elegans White‐flowered Wax Plant TRUE E E1,P 2 (93) SDM 4 Cyrtostylis reniformis Gnat Orchid P 1 (13) SSI 1 Darwinia peduncularis V,P 1 (7) SSI 4 Dendrobium striolatum Streaked Rock Orchid P 1 (6) SSI 1 Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid P 5 (63) SDM 1 Dendrobium gracilicaule P 1 (86) SDM 1 Dendrobium linguiforme Tongue Orchid P 6 (51) SDM 1 Dendrobium pugioniforme Dagger Orchid P 3 (126) SDM 1 Dendrobium schoeninum Pencil Orchid P 1 (54) SDM 1 Dendrobium teretifolium Rat's Tail Orchid P 1 (50) SDM 1 Dendrobium tetragonum Tree Spider Orchid P 1 (26) SDM 1 Dillwynia tenuifolia Dillwynia tenuifolia, Kemps Creek E2,V,P 1 (11) SSI 5 Dipodium punctatum P 13 (67) SDM 1 Diuris chryseopsis Small Snake Orchid P 1 (1) SSI 1 Diuris dendrobioides P 3 (11) SSI 1 Diuris maculata Spotted Doubletail P 1 (2) SSI 1 56 Diuris platichila P 1 (5) SSI 1

Page Diuris punctata Purple Donkey Orchid P 3 (14) SSI 1 Diuris sulphurea Tiger Orchid P 11 (40) SSI 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight 57 Status Status type

| Doryanthes excelsa Gymea Lily P 60 (189) SDM 1

Page Epacris purpurascens var. purpurascens V,P 1 (5) SSI 4 Eriostemon australasius P 68 (192) SDM 1

Erythrorchis cassythoides Climbing Orchid P 4 (18) SSI 1 Eucalyptus castrensis Singleton Mallee E1,P 10 (10) SSI 5 Eucalyptus nicholii Narrow‐leaved Black Peppermint TRUE V V,P 1 (2) SSI 7 Eucalyptus pumila Pokolbin Mallee TRUE V V,P 10 (14) SSI 7 Eucalyptus camaldulensis population Eucalyptus camaldulensis E2 1 (203) SDM 5 in the Hunter catchment Eucalyptus camfieldii Camfield's Stringybark TRUE V V,P 7 (50) SDM 4 Eucalyptus fracta Broken Back Ironbark V,P 1 (24) SDM 5 Eucalyptus glaucina Slaty Red Gum TRUE V V,P 24 (173) SDM 4 Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens TRUE V V,P 281 (343) SDM 4 Eucalyptus parramattensis C. Hall. subsp. parramattensis in Wyong and Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. parramattensis E2 2 (26) SDM 5 Lake Macquarie local government areas Gahnia sieberiana Red‐fruit Saw‐sedge P 63 (306) SDM 1 Genoplesium acuminatum P 2 (8) SSI 1 Genoplesium fimbriatum Fringed Midge Orchid P 4 (11) SSI 1 Genoplesium rufum Red Midge Orchid P 8 (15) SSI 1 Genoplesium ruppii P 1 (1) SSI 1 Glossodia major Waxlip Orchid P 12 (33) SDM 1 Glossodia minor Small Waxlip Orchid P 6 (25) SDM 1 Grevillea shiressii TRUE V V,P 1 (17) SSI 7 Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora Small‐flower Grevillea TRUE V V,P 450 (556) SDM 6 Isopogon anemonifolius Broad‐leaf Drumsticks P 206 (476) SDM 1 Isopogon anethifolius Narrow‐leaf Drumsticks P 5 (34) SDM 1 Isopogon dawsonii Nepean Conebush P 1 (86) SSI 1 Kunzea ambigua Tick Bush P 13 (156) SDM 1 Kunzea capitata P 7 (68) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight Status Status type Leionema lamprophyllum subsp. Leionema lamprophyllum subsp. obovatum obovatum population in the Hunter E2,2 1 (1) SSI 5 Catchment Livistona australis Cabbage Palm P 51 (662) SDM 1 Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush P 84 (448) SDM 1 Lyperanthus suaveolens Brown Beaks P 11 (36) SDM 1 Macrozamia montana P 1 (2) SSI 1 Macrozamia communis Burrawang P 128 (432) SDM 1 Macrozamia flexuosa P 166 (246) SDM 3 Macrozamia reducta P 57 (136) SDM 1 Maundia triglochinoides V,P 12 (30) SDM 4 Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark TRUE V V,P 108 (510) SDM 4 Melaleuca groveana Grove's Paperbark V,P 23 (95) SDM 4 Microtis parviflora Slender Onion Orchid P 15 (65) SDM 1 Microtis unifolia Common Onion Orchid P 5 (71) SDM 1 Muehlenbeckia costata Scrambling Lignum V,P 1 (1) SSI 4 Neoastelia spectabilis Silver Sword Lily TRUE V V,P 1 (1) SSI 7 Olearia cordata TRUE V V,P 7 (15) SSI 7 Orthoceras strictum Bird's‐mouth Orchid P 3 (13) SSI 1 Papillilabium beckleri P 5 (31) SDM 1 Persicaria elatior Tall Knotweed TRUE V V,P 5 (6) SSI 7 Persoonia hirsuta Hairy Geebung TRUE E E1,P,3 7 (17) SSI 7 Persoonia lanceolata Lance Leaf Geebung P 95 (278) SDM 1 Persoonia laurina Laurel Geebung P 16 (31) SDM 1 Persoonia levis Broad‐leaved Geebung P 298 (913) SDM 1 Persoonia linearis Narrow‐leaved Geebung P 545 (2145) SDM 1 Persoonia pauciflora North Rothbury Persoonia TRUE CE E4A,P,3 42 (48) SDM 7 Persoonia pinifolia Pine‐leaved Geebung P 1 (26) SDM 1 Petrophile canescens Conesticks P 2 (4) SSI 1 Petrophile sessilis P 2 (5) SSI 1 Petrophile pulchella Conesticks P 74 (330) SDM 1 58 Phebalium squamulosum Scaly Phebalium P 29 (125) SDM 1

Page Philotheca hispidula P 1 (19) SSI 1 Philotheca myoporoides Long‐leaf Wax Flower P 4 (23) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight 59 Status Status type

| Philotheca salsolifolia P 13 (80) SDM 1

Page Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn Fern P 33 (412) SDM 1 Plectorrhiza tridentata Tangle Orchid P 22 (127) SDM 1

Prasophyllum elatum Tall Leek Orchid P 7 (20) SSI 1 Prasophyllum brevilabre Short‐lipped Leek Orchid P 4 (20) SDM 1 Prostanthera cineolifera Singleton Mint Bush TRUE V V,P 3 (7) SSI 7 Prostanthera densa Villous Mint‐bush TRUE V V,P 11 (15) SSI 7 Pterostylis alveata Coastal Greenhood P 2 (6) SSI 1 Pterostylis chaetophora P 2 (8) SSI 1 Pterostylis grandiflora Cobra Greenhood P 7 (19) SSI 1 Pterostylis hispidula Small Nodding Greenhood P 2 (14) SSI 1 Pterostylis longipetala P 1 (2) SSI 1 Pterostylis ophioglossa Snake Tongue Greenhood P 8 (15) SSI 1 Pterostylis reflexa Small Autumn Greenhood P 7 (13) SSI 1 Pterostylis revoluta P 2 (12) SSI 1 Pterostylis rufa Rusty Hood P 5 (5) SSI 1 Pterostylis x furcillata P 1 (3) SSI 1 Pterostylis acuminata Pointed Greenhood P 18 (36) SDM 1 Pterostylis baptistii King Greenhood P 8 (32) SDM 1 Pterostylis concinna Trim Greenhood P 14 (47) SDM 1 Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood P 6 (78) SDM 1 Pterostylis longifolia Tall Greenhood P 33 (83) SDM 1 Pterostylis nutans Nodding Greenhood P 37 (132) SDM 1 Pterostylis obtusa Blue‐tongue Greenhood P 4 (29) SSI 1 Pterostylis parviflora Tiny Greenhood P 4 (22) SDM 1 Pterostylis pedunculata Maroonhood P 8 (25) SDM 1 Pultenaea maritima Coast Headland Pea V,P 4 (8) SSI 4 Pyrorchis nigricans P 3 (4) SSI 1 Rulingia prostrata Dwarf Kerrawang TRUE E E1,P 6 (10) SSI 7 Rutidosis heterogama Heath Wrinklewort TRUE V V,P 346 (439) SDM 4 Sarcochilus spathulatus Small Butterfly Orchid P 1 (5) SSI 1 Sarcochilus falcatus Orange Blossom Orchid P 1 (161) SDM 1 Sarcochilus hillii P 7 (29) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Data Plants Common Name MNES No Records Weight Status Status type Sarcochilus olivaceus Green Tree Orchid P 6 (30) SDM 1 Senna acclinis Rainforest Cassia E1,P 1 (36) SDM 5 Spiranthes australis Ladies' Tresses P 4 (33) SDM 1 Sprengelia incarnata Pink Swamp Heath P 4 (52) SDM 1 Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus Umbrella Fern P 7 (67) SDM 1 Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly TRUE V E1,P 5 (127) SDM 7 Telopea speciosissima Waratah P 4 (38) SDM 1 Tetratheca juncea Black‐eyed Susan TRUE V V,P 815 (1126) SDM 4 Thelymitra carnea Tiny Sun Orchid P 3 (9) SSI 1 Thelymitra fragrans P 3 (6) SSI 1 Thelymitra media var. media Tall Sun Orchid P 1 (2) SSI 1 Thelymitra nuda Plain Sun Orchid P 3 (6) SSI 1 Thelymitra peniculata P 3 (10) SSI 1 Todea barbara King Fern P 4 (75) SDM 1 Velleia perfoliata TRUE V V,P 5 (5) SSI 7 Xanthorrhoea concava P 1 (5) SSI 1 Xanthorrhoea arborea P 1 (54) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea fulva P 30 (136) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea glauca P 71 (130) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Johnson's Grass Tree P 6 (82) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea latifolia P 160 (334) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea macronema P 60 (179) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea malacophylla P 15 (35) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea media P 13 (163) SDM 1 Xanthorrhoea resinosa P 16 (102) SDM 1 Xylomelum pyriforme Woody Pear P 67 (168) SDM 1 Zannichellia palustris E1,P 7 (23) SDM 4 Low growing form of Z. smithii, Zieria smithii E2 27 (200) SDM 5 Diggers Head

Page

Table 11. Summary of data for 62 reptile species included in the Zonation analyses. 61

| Species are represented either by species distribution models (SDM) or occurrence point data (SSI), depending on the number of records available. The

Page number of records represents the number of observations within the LHSA region after data filtering, with the number in parentheses indicating the

Commonwealth NSW Reptiles Common Name MNES No Records Data type Weight Status Status Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder P 3 (34) SDM 2 Acritoscincus platynota Red‐throated Skink P 8 (95) SDM 2 Amphibolurus muricatus Jacky Lizard P 104 (421) SDM 1 Anomalopus swansoni Punctate Worm‐skink P 10 (71) SDM 2 Bellatorias major Land Mullet P 35 (188) SDM 1 Boiga irregularis Brown Tree Snake P 1 (18) SSI 1 Cacophis krefftii Southern Dwarf Crowned Snake P 4 (52) SDM 2 Cacophis squamulosus Golden‐crowned Snake P 16 (99) SDM 2 Carlia tetradactyla Southern Rainbow‐skink P 36 (138) SDM 2 Chelodina longicollis Eastern Snake‐necked Turtle P 47 (231) SDM 1 Cryptoblepharus virgatus Cream‐striped Shinning‐skink P 30 (160) SDM 2 Cryptophis nigrescens Eastern Small‐eyed Snake P 21 (141) SDM 2 Ctenotus robustus Robust Ctenotus P 56 (314) SDM 1 Ctenotus taeniolatus Copper‐tailed Skink P 84 (441) SDM 1 Cyclodomorphus gerrardii Pink‐tongued Lizard P 4 (23) SDM 2 Cyclodomorphus michaeli Mainland She‐oak Skink P 12 (42) SDM 3 Delma plebeia Leaden Delma P 1 (16) SSI 1 Demansia psammophis Yellow‐faced Whip Snake P 33 (129) SDM 1 Dendrelaphis punctulatus Common Tree Snake P 17 (102) SDM 2 Diplodactylus vittatus Wood Gecko P 13 (106) SDM 2 Egernia saxatilis Black Rock Skink P 1 (1) SSI 1 Egernia cunninghami Cunningham's Skink P 7 (59) SDM 2 Egernia mcpheei Eastern Crevice Skink P 1 (31) SDM 2 Egernia striolata Tree Skink P 18 (193) SDM 1 Commonwealth threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; C – China‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; J ‐ Japan‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; K – Republic of Korea‐Australia Migratory Bird Agreemment; FPAL ‐ Finalised Priority Assessment List. NSW threat status: CE – critically endangered; E – endangered; V – vulnerable; P – protected.

Commonwealth NSW Reptiles Common Name MNES No Records Data type Weight Status Status Egernia whitii White's Skink P 23 (235) SDM 1 Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle TRUE P 2 (3) SSI 1 Eulamprus heatwolei Yellow‐bellied Water‐skink P 1 (101) SDM 2 Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water‐skink P 93 (526) SDM 1 Eulamprus tenuis Barred‐sided Skink P 41 (130) SDM 2 Furina diadema Red‐naped Snake P 7 (59) SDM 2 Hemiaspis signata Black‐bellied Swamp Snake P 21 (133) SDM 2 Hemiergis decresiensis Three‐toed Earless Skink P 4 (40) SDM 1 Hoplocephalus stephensii Stephens' Banded Snake V,P 11 (80) SDM 5 Hypsilurus spinipes Southern Angle‐headed Dragon P 3 (87) SDM 2 Lampropholis amicula Friendly Sunskink P 2 (21) SSI 1 Lampropholis delicata Dark‐flecked Garden Sunskink P 224 (1289) SDM 1 Lampropholis guichenoti Pale‐flecked Garden Sunskink P 79 (454) SDM 1 Lialis burtonis Burton's Snake‐lizard P 8 (63) SSI 2 Lygisaurus foliorum Tree‐base Litter‐skink P 14 (182) SDM 2 Morelia spilota Carpet & Diamond Pythons P 29 (226) SDM 1 Morethia boulengeri South‐eastern Morethia Skink P 4 (59) SDM 2 Notechis scutatus Tiger Snake P 8 (63) SDM 2 Oedura lesueurii Lesueur's Velvet Gecko P 17 (259) SDM 1 Oedura robusta Robust Velvet Gecko P 4 (26) SDM 2 Phyllurus platurus Broad‐tailed Gecko P 44 (260) SDM 1 Physignathus lesueurii Eastern Water Dragon P 41 (495) SDM 1 Pogona barbata Bearded Dragon P 51 (254) SDM 1 Pseudechis porphyriacus Red‐bellied Black Snake P 93 (569) SDM 1 Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake P 23 (155) SDM 1 Pygopus lepidopodus Common Scaly‐foot P 9 (49) SDM 2 Ramphotyphlops proximus Proximus Blind Snake P 3 (11) SSI 1 Ramphotyphlops wiedii Brown‐snouted Blind Snake P 1 (16) SSI 1 Ramphotyphlops nigrescens Blackish Blind Snake P 8 (80) SDM 1 Rankinia diemensis Mountain Dragon P 15 (146) SDM 2 Saiphos equalis Three‐toed Skink P 40 (247) SDM 1 62 Saltuarius swaini Southern Leaf‐tailed Gecko P 7 (65) SDM 2

Page Saproscincus mustelinus Weasel Skink P 11 (142) SDM 2 Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Blue‐tongue P 44 (264) SDM 1

Commonwealth NSW Reptiles Common Name MNES No Records Data type Weight 63 Status Status

| Underwoodisaurus milii Thick‐tailed Gecko P 18 (123) SDM 2

Page Varanus gouldii Gould's Goanna P 1 (11) SSI 1 Varanus rosenbergi Rosenberg's Goanna V,P 6 (34) SDM 5

Varanus varius Lace Monitor P 197 (984) SDM 1 Vermicella annulata Bandy‐bandy P 9 (62) SSI 2

Table 12. Summary data for 24 EECs and 3 habitat features included in the Zonation analyses. Features are represented either by species distribution models (SDM), occurrence point data (SSI) or polygons, depending on the data available. The number of records represents the number of observations within the LHSA region after data filtering, with the number in parentheses indicating the number of occurrence records within the Greater Hunter region used to construct the SDM models where appropriate. Feature ranks were derived by a panel of experts and are largely based on listed threat categories at the NSW and Commonwealth level.

Number Commonwealth NSW Data EECs & habitat features MNES of Weight Status Status type Records Central Hunter grey box ironbark woodland in the NSW North Coast and Sydney Basin bioregion E 3 (37) SDM 6 Central Hunter ironbark spotted gum grey box forest in the NSW North Coast and Sydney Basin E 45 (77) SDM 6 bioregion Coastal saltmarsh in the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregion E 4 (2) SSI 6 Freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South East E 7 (21) SDM 6 Corner bioregion Hunter lowland redgum forest in the Sydney Basin and NSW North Coast bioregion E 22 (171) SDM 6 Kurri sand swamp woodland in the Sydney Basin bioregion E 28 (70) SDM 6 Littoral rainforest in the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregion E 1 (39) SDM 7 Lower Hunter spotted gum ironbark forest in the Sydney Basin bioregion E 231 (359) SDM 7 Lower Hunter valley dry rainforest in the Sydney Basin and NSW North Coast bioregion V 17 (33) SDM 6 Lowland rainforest in NSW North Coast and Sydney Basin bioregion E 2 (28) SDM 6 Pittwater and wagstaffe spotted gum forest in the Sydney Basin bioregion 14 (27) SDM 6 Quorrobolong scribbly gum woodland in the Sydney Basin bioregion E 2 (2) SSI 6 River flat eucalypt forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South East E 52 (148) SDM 6 Corner bioregion Subtropical coastal floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast bioregion E 2 (43) SDM 6 Swamp oak floodplain forest of the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregion TRUE E E 13 (32) SDM 6 Swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the NSW North Coast Sydney Basin and South E 41 (259) SDM 6 East Corner bioregion

64 Urtica incise, Adiantum aethiopicum, Dichondra repens, Doodia aspera, Adiantum formosum, E 1 (12) SSI 6

| Nyssanthes diffusa

Page White box yellow box Blakely’s red gum woodland E 9 (172) SSI 6 White gum moist forest in the NSW North Coast bioregion E 1 (12) SSI 6

Number Commonwealth NSW Data 65 EECs & habitat features MNES of Weight

Status Status type | Records

Page Nominated EC hinterland TRUE FPAL ‐ Polygon 7 Listed EC littoral TRUE CE ‐ Polygon 7

Listed EC lowland TRUE CE ‐ Polygon 7 Nominated EC remnant TRUE FPAL ‐ Polygon 7 Nominated EC saltmarsh TRUE V ‐ Polygon 7 GHFF foraging (grey‐headed flying fox foraging habitat) ‐ Other 3 GHFF roosting (grey‐headed flying fox roosting habitat) ‐ Other 3 Koala rawhabval2 (important habitats for koala) ‐ Other 3

Appendix 4. Summary of the spatial data used to create the protected area layer used in the Zonation analyses. Protected areas were ranked by their level of tenure security based on discussions with DotE & HCCREMS.

Protected Spatial layer Criteria based on shapefile fields areas NPWSReserves.shp reservetyp = “NP|NR|RP|SC” CAPAD_ext_LH.shp TYPE = "National Park|Nature Reserve|Aboriginal Area|State Conservation Level 1 Area|Regional Park" ConservationAgreementsLowerHunter.shp WilliamtownRAAF_HeritageSites.shp NPWSReserves.shp reservetyp = “SC” or “RP” CAPAD_ext_LH.shp TYPE = "Flora Reserve|Protected area" ramsar_wetlands_LH.shp sepp14_shape.shp Level 2 SEPP22.shp ConservationAgreementsLowerHunter.shp commonwealth_heritage_public_LH.shp com_heritage$NAME != "Williamtown RAAF Base Group" ipa_declared.shp RegisteredPropertyAgreementsLowerHunter.shp Level 3 WildlifeRefugesLowerHunter.shp LH_Commonwealth_Lands.shp

66 | Page

Appendix 5. The proportion of each biodiversity feature that represented in the high priority conservation areas and is currently 67

| protected within the LHSA region.

Page

Table 13. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 40 amphibian species contained within the high priority conservation and currently protected within the existing protected area network. High priority conservation areas represent the top 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% of the weighted prioritisation, while the level of protection is defined in Section 4.4.

High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Amphibians Common Name MNES Top 5% Top 10% Top 15% Top 30% Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog 5.5 10.7 16.4 33.3 24.8 4.6 0.8 30.2 Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet 5.5 11.0 16.7 32.8 27.0 4.3 0.8 32.1 Crinia tinnula Wallum Froglet 7.5 15.9 24.7 49.2 29.3 9.6 2.1 41.0 Heleioporus australiacus Giant Burrowing Frog TRUE 13.1 24.8 34.1 55.5 30.1 8.6 1.1 39.8 Lechriodus fletcheri Fletcher's Frog 5.6 11.1 16.6 32.5 26.2 4.6 0.8 31.6 Limnodynastes dumerilii Eastern Banjo Frog 6.6 13.5 20.3 37.7 23.1 3.6 0.7 27.4 Limnodynastes fletcheri Long‐thumbed Frog 7.9 15.8 23.0 42.5 25.5 7.5 1.3 34.3 Limnodynastes ornatus Ornate Burrowing Frog 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 75.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 Limnodynastes peronii Brown‐striped Frog 5.2 10.6 16.2 32.2 29.3 3.7 0.8 33.8 Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Litoria brevipalmata Green‐thighed Frog 10.6 21.9 31.3 54.1 33.4 11.8 0.9 46.1 Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog 15.2 30.4 41.4 65.2 37.2 15.3 0.7 53.2 Litoria chloris Red‐eyed Tree Frog 8.7 17.1 24.6 44.3 22.5 7.3 1.1 30.9 Litoria citropa Blue Mountains Tree Frog 3.9 7.7 12.0 26.0 24.2 4.2 1.1 29.5 Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog 5.8 11.5 17.2 33.1 26.9 3.9 0.8 31.6 Litoria ewingii Brown Tree Frog 5.0 9.2 14.0 29.6 30.5 4.4 0.4 35.3 Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog 8.1 13.8 19.5 36.9 42.3 6.7 0.1 49.1 Litoria freycineti Freycinet's Frog 5.1 10.4 15.9 32.0 27.4 4.3 0.8 32.5 Litoria gracilenta Dainty Green Tree Frog 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Litoria jervisiensis Jervis Bay Tree Frog 5.7 11.6 17.4 33.8 24.1 4.1 0.9 29.1

Amphibians Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Litoria latopalmata Broad‐palmed Frog 6.3 12.9 19.3 37.1 25.9 6.4 1.5 33.8 Litoria lesueuri Lesueur's Frog 13.2 25.4 36.9 64.6 33.1 8.0 1.0 42.1 Litoria littlejohni Littlejohn's Tree Frog TRUE 7.8 15.5 23.4 44.5 27.9 7.1 1.5 36.5 Litoria nasuta Rocket Frog 5.1 10.3 15.7 31.1 26.7 3.6 0.9 31.2 Litoria pearsoniana Pearson's Green Tree Frog 4.0 7.8 12.0 25.5 30.0 3.5 0.5 34.0 Litoria peronii Peron's Tree Frog 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Litoria phyllochroa Leaf‐green Tree Frog 10.5 21.1 30.4 52.5 27.0 7.7 1.0 35.7 Litoria revelata Revealed Frog 8.8 15.5 22.3 40.7 36.6 4.6 0.1 41.3 Litoria tyleri Tyler's Tree Frog 5.3 10.6 16.0 31.9 26.0 3.9 0.8 30.7 Litoria verreauxii Verreaux's Frog 4.0 8.2 12.9 27.6 29.6 4.1 0.7 34.4 Litoria wilcoxii 6.0 11.5 17.3 35.0 28.0 5.7 1.1 34.8 Mixophyes fasciolatus Great Barred Frog 7.6 14.9 21.9 39.9 22.8 4.0 1.0 27.8 Paracrinia haswelli Haswell's Froglet 2.9 6.0 9.7 22.1 35.1 3.4 0.4 38.9 Pseudophryne australis Red‐crowned Toadlet 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 14.3 Pseudophryne bibronii Bibron's Toadlet 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudophryne coriacea Red‐backed Toadlet 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 9.1 Uperoleia fusca Dusky Toadlet 14.7 28.2 38.7 62.5 30.2 13.7 0.7 44.6 Uperoleia laevigata Smooth Toadlet 11.6 22.8 31.8 54.8 29.4 12.1 1.4 42.9 Uperoleia tyleri Tyler's Toadlet 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Page

Table 14. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 316 bird species contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within 69

| the existing protected area network.

Page High priority conservation areas represent the top 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% of the weighted prioritisation, while the level of protection is defined in Section

4.4.

High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas Birds Common Name MNES Top 5% Top 10% Top 15% Top 30% Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny‐cheeked Honeyeater 6.3 12.7 18.9 35.0 23.9 4.6 0.7 29.2 Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow‐rumped Thornbill 5.6 11.6 17.4 33.3 25.6 4.0 0.7 30.3 Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill 4.6 9.3 14.1 29.0 28.3 4.1 0.8 33.2 Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill 5.4 11.1 16.7 32.3 26.1 4.2 0.8 31.1 Acanthiza reguloides Buff‐rumped Thornbill 4.5 9.3 14.2 29.1 26.6 3.5 0.9 31.0 Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill 4.8 9.5 14.4 29.5 29.2 4.3 0.8 34.3 Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk 5.6 11.1 16.6 32.9 25.9 4.8 0.8 31.5 Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk 5.4 11.0 16.5 32.2 26.4 4.5 0.8 31.7 Accipiter novaehollandiae Grey Goshawk 5.1 10.0 15.1 30.6 25.4 5.1 0.8 31.3 Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed‐Warbler 6.7 13.8 20.4 37.9 20.3 5.2 0.8 26.3 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper TRUE 9.3 19.4 27.9 48.5 28.7 10.5 1.6 40.8 Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet‐nightjar 4.6 9.2 14.1 28.7 30.8 3.8 0.8 35.4 Ailuroedus crassirostris Green Catbird 6.2 11.1 16.3 34.0 26.9 5.9 0.5 33.3 Alectura lathami Australian Brush‐turkey 4.4 8.4 12.7 27.1 32.2 4.6 0.5 37.3 Anas castanea Chestnut Teal 6.4 13.2 19.6 36.8 19.5 4.9 1.0 25.4 Anas gracilis Grey Teal 6.3 12.8 19.0 35.9 21.7 4.6 0.8 27.1 Anas querquedula Garganey TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler 6.6 13.0 19.2 36.8 15.5 4.7 0.9 21.1 Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck 5.7 11.7 17.5 33.8 22.9 4.3 0.8 28.0 Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter 7.6 15.2 22.3 40.5 19.4 5.6 1.0 26.0 Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose 7.9 15.1 21.5 39.6 18.2 8.5 0.6 27.3 Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird 5.4 10.8 16.2 32.2 27.3 4.7 0.8 32.8 Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird 5.8 11.5 17.3 34.3 24.7 5.5 1.1 31.3 Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater TRUE 8.7 14.9 20.8 37.9 25.3 5.4 0.4 31.1 Anthus novaeseelandiae Australian Pipit 6.6 13.4 19.8 36.5 26.7 4.9 0.9 32.5 Aphelocephala leucopsis Southern Whiteface 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aprosmictus erythropterus Red‐winged Parrot 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas Apus pacificus Fork‐tailed Swift TRUE 7.2 13.9 20.4 39.1 23.0 6.0 1.3 30.3 Ardea ibis Cattle Egret TRUE 6.0 12.2 18.0 34.4 18.1 4.2 1.0 23.3 Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret 7.0 14.2 20.8 38.2 19.8 5.5 1.0 26.3 Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret 6.8 13.8 20.3 37.6 19.7 5.0 0.9 25.6 Ardea pacifica White‐necked Heron 5.5 11.2 16.8 32.8 22.0 4.8 0.8 27.6 Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone TRUE 16.1 29.9 41.0 68.3 38.2 13.3 1.1 52.6 Artamus cinereus Black‐faced Woodswallow 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow 5.2 10.7 16.2 31.6 28.9 3.7 0.9 33.5 Artamus leucorynchus White‐breasted Woodswallow 6.9 13.9 20.4 38.3 22.5 6.6 1.2 30.3 Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 Artamus superciliosus White‐browed Woodswallow 6.4 13.1 19.5 36.5 26.1 5.3 0.9 32.3 Aviceda subcristata Pacific Baza 4.8 9.6 14.6 30.0 24.0 4.5 0.9 29.4 Aythya australis Hardhead 6.3 12.8 19.0 36.2 18.4 4.5 0.8 23.7 Biziura lobata Musk Duck 9.4 19.0 28.0 49.1 18.1 6.5 0.8 25.4 Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone‐curlew 7.2 16.0 24.2 43.8 28.4 10.4 1.0 39.8 Butorides striatus Striated Heron 9.1 18.7 27.2 47.7 27.2 9.9 1.8 38.9 Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella 6.9 14.1 21.0 39.6 18.8 5.2 0.9 24.9 Cacatua tenuirostris Long‐billed Corella 5.8 11.8 17.7 35.4 16.9 4.3 1.1 22.3 Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan‐tailed Cuckoo 4.9 9.8 14.9 30.2 28.8 4.3 0.8 33.9 Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo 5.6 11.5 17.3 33.5 25.9 4.5 0.9 31.3 Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo 4.8 9.7 14.7 29.6 28.5 4.2 0.7 33.4 Calidris acuminata Sharp‐tailed Sandpiper TRUE 8.2 16.3 23.5 42.5 24.2 8.3 1.0 33.5 Calidris canutus Red Knot TRUE 13.2 25.6 35.5 60.6 37.6 12.9 1.6 52.1 Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper TRUE 14.1 26.6 36.4 61.5 34.3 13.1 1.2 48.6 Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper TRUE 9.4 18.7 26.6 46.9 24.4 9.4 1.1 34.9 Calidris minuta Little Stint TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Calidris ruficollis Red‐necked Stint TRUE 16.4 30.3 40.9 67.4 35.8 13.7 1.0 50.5 Calidris subminuta Long‐toed Stint TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot TRUE 18.6 34.8 46.5 76.2 43.5 15.2 0.8 59.5 Callocephalon fimbriatum Gang‐gang Cockatoo 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow‐tailed Black‐Cockatoo 4.9 9.8 14.8 30.2 28.4 4.4 0.8 33.6 70 Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black‐Cockatoo 4.0 8.1 12.4 26.3 24.3 3.9 1.0 29.2

Page Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal 5.7 11.4 17.0 33.6 22.6 5.0 1.1 28.7 Ceyx azureus Azure Kingfisher 5.4 11.0 16.4 31.6 24.3 4.6 0.8 29.7

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas

71 Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze‐Cuckoo 6.0 12.3 18.4 35.2 25.4 4.7 0.9 31.0

| Chalcites lucidus Shining Bronze‐Cuckoo 5.5 11.0 16.5 32.2 28.6 4.5 0.9 34.0

Page Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove 6.9 12.9 18.9 35.8 27.9 5.7 0.9 34.5 Charadrius bicinctus Double‐banded Plover 15.1 30.2 41.7 65.5 38.0 14.5 1.3 53.8

Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand‐plover TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand‐plover TRUE 14.2 27.9 39.0 65.0 36.7 14.4 1.3 52.4 Charadrius ruficapillus Red‐capped Plover 14.0 26.9 37.4 62.7 31.3 11.0 1.0 43.3 Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck 5.2 10.7 16.3 31.8 25.0 4.1 0.8 29.9 Cheramoeca leucosterna White‐backed Swallow 5.5 11.1 16.8 32.5 24.3 3.9 0.6 28.8 Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern 9.8 19.3 27.5 47.8 24.6 8.9 1.1 34.6 Chlidonias leucopterus White‐winged Black Tern TRUE 20.6 35.9 47.5 74.8 40.0 13.4 0.7 54.1 Chroicocephalus Silver Gull 9.1 18.5 27.1 48.3 26.9 9.0 1.3 37.2 novaehollandiae Chthonicola sagittata Speckled Warbler 5.5 11.5 17.5 33.0 27.0 1.8 0.4 29.2 Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark 8.8 18.0 25.8 43.8 21.5 8.3 0.8 30.6 Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark 6.9 14.3 21.1 36.9 23.9 5.0 0.8 29.7 Cinclosoma punctatum Spotted Quail‐thrush 3.2 6.4 10.1 22.7 31.1 3.5 0.7 35.3 Circus approximans Swamp Harrier 7.3 14.5 21.1 39.2 21.6 6.2 1.1 28.9 Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier 8.8 17.1 24.7 44.5 21.5 6.7 0.9 29.1 Cisticola exilis Golden‐headed Cisticola 6.5 13.0 19.1 36.0 19.4 4.7 0.8 24.9 Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Climacteris affinis White‐browed Treecreeper 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Climacteris erythrops Red‐browed Treecreeper 4.4 8.8 13.6 28.5 35.3 4.0 0.6 39.9 Climacteris picumnus victoriae Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) 6.8 13.3 19.5 34.7 29.9 2.7 0.7 33.3 Columba leucomela White‐headed Pigeon 6.2 11.6 17.0 33.2 23.2 5.2 1.0 29.4 Coracina maxima Ground Cuckoo‐shrike 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coracina novaehollandiae Black‐faced Cuckoo‐shrike 5.3 10.8 16.2 31.9 26.9 4.3 0.8 32.0 Coracina papuensis White‐bellied Cuckoo‐shrike 4.6 9.6 14.6 29.4 28.2 3.1 0.8 32.1 Coracina tenuirostris Cicadabird 4.3 8.6 13.1 27.2 31.4 3.7 0.7 35.8 Corcorax melanorhamphos White‐winged Chough 4.8 10.0 15.3 29.8 26.6 3.1 0.7 30.4 Corvus mellori Little Raven 7.7 15.0 21.9 40.0 24.7 6.4 0.9 32.0 Corvus orru Ĉȣ脈樃≫sian Crow 8.3 16.1 23.4 42.9 21.2 6.2 0.8 28.2 Corvus tasmanicus Forest Raven 10.5 19.4 27.8 48.9 29.7 6.7 0.9 37.3 Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail 5.9 11.7 17.2 33.0 25.0 4.3 0.7 30.0

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail 5.5 11.1 16.6 32.5 26.4 4.9 0.8 32.1 Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird 5.7 11.7 17.7 33.8 25.6 3.9 0.8 30.3 Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird 5.2 10.5 15.8 31.2 27.3 4.1 0.8 32.2 Cuculus saturatus Himalayan Cuckoo TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 Cygnus atratus Black Swan 6.4 13.1 19.6 37.0 19.3 4.3 0.9 24.5 Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella 5.1 10.3 15.7 31.2 27.7 4.0 0.8 32.5 Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling‐Duck 6.4 12.6 18.4 35.2 17.3 5.5 1.2 24.0 Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling‐Duck 7.1 13.9 20.1 36.6 13.9 5.0 1.0 19.9 Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird 4.9 9.9 15.0 29.9 28.9 4.1 0.7 33.7 Dicrurus bracteatus Spangled Drongo 8.0 15.6 22.8 42.2 21.4 6.2 1.1 28.7 Emu population in the New South Wales Dromaius novaehollandiae North Coast Bioregion and Port Stephens 6.7 13.5 20.2 37.8 27.7 8.4 0.8 36.9 local government area Egretta garzetta Little Egret 7.9 15.6 22.6 40.6 22.9 7.4 1.2 31.5 Egretta novaehollandiae White‐faced Heron 5.7 11.8 17.7 33.9 23.7 4.5 0.9 29.1 Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret TRUE 11.9 23.4 34.3 58.7 31.1 7.4 1.2 39.7 Elanus axillaris Black‐shouldered Kite 6.5 13.2 19.5 36.6 23.9 5.1 0.9 29.9 Elseyornis melanops Black‐fronted Dotterel 6.8 13.8 20.4 37.9 21.3 5.0 0.9 27.2 Entomyzon cyanotis Blue‐faced Honeyeater 5.1 10.8 16.6 32.2 26.1 2.7 0.7 29.5 Eolophus roseicapillus Galah 5.8 11.9 17.8 34.1 24.3 4.2 0.8 29.3 Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Black‐necked Stork 7.9 16.3 23.8 43.3 18.2 8.0 0.7 26.9 Epthianura albifrons White‐fronted Chat 10.7 21.5 30.6 53.2 29.9 14.1 1.2 45.2 Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Erythrogonys cinctus Red‐kneed Dotterel 7.8 15.8 23.0 41.1 19.2 7.7 0.8 27.7 Esacus magnirostris Beach Stone‐curlew 22.9 38.5 50.5 78.5 39.1 14.4 0.9 54.4 Eudynamys orientalis Eastern Koel 5.4 10.9 16.3 31.9 25.2 4.4 0.9 30.5 Eudyptula minor Little Penguin 13.1 26.9 40.1 68.4 37.8 8.6 0.7 47.1 Eurostopodus mystacalis White‐throated Nightjar 4.4 8.8 13.4 27.8 29.5 4.1 0.7 34.3 Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird 5.2 10.5 15.9 31.2 26.2 4.1 0.8 31.1 Excalfactoria chinensis King Quail 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 100.0 Falco berigora Brown Falcon 6.1 12.3 18.4 35.2 25.8 5.0 0.8 31.6 72 Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel 6.6 13.5 20.0 37.2 23.6 4.8 0.9 29.3

Page Falco longipennis Australian Hobby 6.4 12.8 19.0 36.1 23.1 4.8 0.8 28.7 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 5.9 11.7 17.4 33.7 26.4 5.5 0.8 32.7

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas

73 Falco subniger Black Falcon 8.0 16.2 23.4 41.4 21.1 6.4 0.8 28.3

| Falcunculus frontatus frontatus Eastern Shrike‐tit 4.9 9.8 14.8 29.9 32.9 3.6 0.7 37.2

Page Fulica atra Eurasian Coot 5.9 12.1 18.2 35.6 19.8 4.0 0.8 24.6 Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe TRUE 6.0 12.1 17.8 34.1 20.0 4.9 0.9 25.8

Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen 5.7 11.6 17.5 34.2 21.1 4.2 0.8 26.1 Gallirallus philippensis Buff‐banded Rail 6.1 12.2 17.9 35.0 21.3 6.1 1.1 28.5 Gelochelidon nilotica Gull‐billed Tern 14.6 27.5 38.0 64.6 34.9 12.8 1.0 48.7 Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Geopelia humeralis Bar‐shouldered Dove 5.7 11.6 17.4 33.6 25.1 4.1 0.9 30.1 Geopelia striata Peaceful Dove 5.4 11.2 17.1 32.8 29.5 3.4 0.9 33.8 Gerygone albogularis White‐throated Gerygone 5.2 10.7 16.2 31.7 26.7 3.8 0.9 31.4 Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone 8.1 17.4 25.9 43.4 23.8 3.0 0.4 27.2 Gerygone levigaster Mangrove Gerygone 9.4 19.2 27.3 47.8 29.0 12.4 1.4 42.8 Gerygone mouki Brown Gerygone 4.9 9.5 14.3 29.4 29.4 4.4 0.7 34.5 Gliciphila melanops Tawny‐crowned Honeyeater 5.2 10.3 15.5 31.8 28.3 4.0 0.8 33.1 Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet 4.3 9.2 14.1 29.4 23.0 3.8 1.1 27.9 Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet 4.8 10.1 15.5 32.3 16.8 2.6 1.9 21.3 Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie‐lark 6.0 12.2 18.4 35.1 24.3 4.0 0.9 29.2 Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher 4.4 10.0 15.6 32.6 16.8 2.4 1.5 20.7 Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Haliaeetus leucogaster White‐bellied Sea‐Eagle TRUE 13.7 27.4 40.1 67.3 36.2 7.6 1.2 45.0 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite 12.3 25.8 36.9 62.9 35.9 11.9 0.8 48.6 Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite 7.4 15.1 22.3 40.8 21.8 6.6 1.0 29.4 Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle 7.3 14.0 20.5 39.7 25.7 6.1 1.0 32.8 Himantopus himantopus Black‐winged Stilt 3.1 6.4 10.3 23.5 26.6 3.4 0.6 30.6 Hirundapus caudacutus White‐throated Needletail TRUE 6.1 12.2 18.2 34.9 23.8 4.8 0.8 29.4 Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow 7.4 15.3 22.4 41.1 19.3 5.9 0.9 26.1 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow TRUE 5.5 10.9 16.4 32.3 27.9 4.3 0.9 33.1 Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern TRUE 8.0 16.4 24.3 41.4 26.2 1.7 0.3 28.2 Hylacola pyrrhopygia Chestnut‐rumped Heathwren 7.7 15.2 22.4 41.4 23.9 6.2 0.8 30.9 Irediparra gallinacea Comb‐crested Jacana 3.6 7.5 11.7 24.6 33.9 3.8 1.1 38.8 Ixobrychus dubius Australian Little Bittern 7.1 13.7 20.6 38.5 25.9 3.4 3.4 32.7 Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lalage sueurii White‐winged Triller 5.7 11.3 17.3 35.1 21.5 4.1 2.8 28.4 Larus pacificus Pacific Gull 5.4 10.7 16.2 32.0 28.4 5.0 1.2 34.6

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot TRUE 4.5 8.6 13.1 27.8 31.3 4.7 0.5 36.5 Leucosarcia picata Wonga Pigeon 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Lewinia pectoralis Lewin's Rail 10.1 16.9 23.6 43.0 35.6 6.7 0.3 42.6 Lichenostomus fuscus Fuscous Honeyeater 3.9 7.7 12.0 25.6 31.0 3.7 0.6 35.3 Lichenostomus leucotis White‐eared Honeyeater 6.4 12.5 18.4 34.7 23.8 5.4 1.2 30.4 Lichenostomus melanops Yellow‐tufted Honeyeater 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 71.4 0.0 0.0 71.4 Lichenostomus penicillatus White‐plumed Honeyeater 5.2 10.8 16.4 32.3 24.9 3.5 1.0 29.4 Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater 3.5 7.5 11.9 25.4 32.6 3.3 0.7 36.6 Limicola falcinellus Broad‐billed Sandpiper TRUE 3.7 7.9 12.4 25.7 33.3 2.3 0.6 36.2 Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit 5.6 11.2 16.8 32.8 27.0 4.1 0.8 31.9 Limosa lapponica Bar‐tailed Godwit TRUE 6.0 12.0 18.1 35.2 23.9 4.6 0.9 29.4 Limosa limosa Black‐tailed Godwit TRUE 6.1 12.6 18.9 35.7 21.4 4.1 0.9 26.4 Lonchura castaneothorax Chestnut‐breasted Mannikin 45.1 63.9 77.4 92.8 48.2 10.7 0.1 59.0 Lopholaimus antarcticus Topknot Pigeon 7.6 14.3 21.0 39.3 26.8 5.9 1.2 33.9 Macropygia amboinensis Brown Cuckoo‐Dove 7.1 12.6 18.4 35.7 35.3 5.9 0.2 41.4 Malacorhynchus Pink‐eared Duck 6.4 13.2 19.7 37.2 18.5 3.4 1.2 23.1 membranaceus Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy‐wren 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner 3.3 6.9 10.9 23.8 35.6 2.5 0.6 38.7 Manorina melanophrys Bell Miner 7.6 14.7 21.2 39.1 16.0 5.5 0.8 22.3 Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird 5.4 11.1 16.8 32.4 25.7 4.1 0.8 30.6 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird 4.0 7.9 12.1 26.0 30.7 4.2 0.6 35.5 Meliphaga lewinii Lewin's Honeyeater 7.9 15.6 22.5 41.2 21.9 7.7 1.1 30.7 Melithreptus albogularis White‐throated Honeyeater 4.8 10.1 16.3 35.1 11.2 2.5 2.5 16.2 Melithreptus brevirostris Brown‐headed Honeyeater 2.5 5.3 8.4 18.8 37.0 3.1 0.2 40.3 Black‐chinned Honeyeater (eastern Melithreptus gularis gularis 4.7 9.3 14.1 28.9 29.6 4.3 0.7 34.6 subspecies) Melithreptus lunatus White‐naped Honeyeater 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Menura novaehollandiae Superb Lyrebird 6.6 13.7 20.4 37.3 32.5 1.6 0.5 34.6 Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee‐eater TRUE 4.4 8.9 13.7 28.3 30.0 3.9 0.7 34.6 Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant 6.1 11.2 16.5 34.1 27.4 7.3 0.6 35.3 Microeca fascinans Jacky Winter 3.5 6.7 10.4 23.4 34.2 4.1 0.5 38.8 74 Milvus migrans Black Kite 4.4 9.3 14.3 28.7 27.0 3.1 0.8 30.9

Page Monarcha melanopsis Black‐faced Monarch 5.8 11.6 17.3 33.5 20.3 3.7 1.1 25.1 Morus serrator Australasian Gannet 11.4 23.4 34.6 57.7 24.7 1.5 0.3 26.5

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas

75 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail TRUE 5.9 11.8 17.6 33.8 22.9 3.8 1.0 27.7

| Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail 7.1 14.3 21.4 39.7 25.4 4.7 1.0 31.1

Page Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 66.7 0.0 100.0 Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 80.0

Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Myzomela sanguinolenta Scarlet Honeyeater 5.3 11.0 16.8 32.0 25.8 4.2 0.7 30.7 Neochmia modesta Plum‐headed Finch 6.7 13.2 19.6 36.8 19.9 4.3 1.1 25.3 Neochmia temporalis Red‐browed Finch 4.9 9.8 14.9 29.9 28.6 4.1 0.8 33.5 Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nettapus coromandelianus Cotton Pygmy‐Goose 6.6 13.4 20.0 36.2 21.4 5.0 0.7 27.1 Ninox connivens Barking Owl 5.1 10.2 15.4 30.6 28.5 4.3 0.7 33.5 Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ninox strenua Powerful Owl 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew TRUE 4.4 8.7 13.3 27.8 30.7 4.2 0.7 35.6 Numenius minutus Little Curlew TRUE 5.6 11.0 16.6 33.6 24.1 5.3 1.1 30.5 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel TRUE 38.8 88.9 100.0 100.0 21.9 0.0 0.0 21.9 Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 2.8 0.0 86.1 Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon 33.6 76.4 100.0 100.0 57.5 37.2 0.0 94.7 Origma solitaria Rockwarbler 6.5 13.2 19.5 37.1 21.7 5.8 1.0 28.5 Oriolus sagittatus Olive‐backed Oriole 5.5 11.1 16.7 32.4 27.2 3.8 0.9 31.9 Orthonyx temminckii Logrunner 2.9 6.2 10.1 23.1 34.2 3.6 0.4 38.2 Oxyura australis Blue‐billed Duck 5.2 10.8 16.5 32.3 25.2 3.2 0.6 29.0 Pandion cristatus Eastern Osprey 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote 5.0 10.1 15.3 30.5 28.5 4.2 0.7 33.4 Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican 5.1 10.4 15.5 30.2 21.8 4.5 0.6 26.9 Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin 4.5 9.0 13.7 29.0 29.7 5.7 1.0 36.4 Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin 4.2 8.3 12.7 26.6 30.9 4.0 0.7 35.6 Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin 3.1 6.2 9.8 22.6 28.9 4.5 1.0 34.4 Petroica goodenovii Red‐capped Robin 3.8 7.1 11.0 24.4 35.3 4.4 0.5 40.2 Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin 3.7 7.5 11.6 25.0 32.7 3.4 0.7 36.8 Petroica rosea Rose Robin 4.5 9.0 13.8 28.4 27.9 3.7 0.8 32.4 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant 2.5 4.9 7.8 19.0 39.7 3.9 0.2 43.8 Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant 4.8 9.8 15.0 30.1 26.6 3.9 0.8 31.3 Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant 8.3 16.5 24.7 44.7 21.9 2.3 0.5 24.7 Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing 6.8 13.4 19.9 37.1 29.7 4.9 0.4 35.0

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing 4.8 9.6 14.6 29.9 28.5 4.2 0.7 33.4 Philemon citreogularis Little Friarbird 8.0 16.0 23.4 42.3 20.6 5.8 1.0 27.4 Philomachus pugnax Ruff TRUE 7.2 14.6 21.5 40.0 20.9 5.6 0.9 27.4 Phylidonyris niger White‐cheeked Honeyeater 6.1 12.0 17.6 34.5 17.6 4.4 0.8 22.8 Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater 5.2 10.4 15.4 30.7 26.5 4.8 0.8 32.1 Pitta versicolor Noisy Pitta 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Platalea flavipes Yellow‐billed Spoonbill 7.3 14.8 22.4 44.5 36.0 6.1 1.8 43.9 Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill 5.5 11.1 16.9 33.3 28.0 4.6 1.1 33.7 Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella 5.2 10.3 15.7 31.7 31.4 4.8 1.1 37.3 Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella 3.0 5.8 9.3 21.8 34.1 4.1 0.3 38.5 Plectorhyncha lanceolata Striped Honeyeater 7.8 13.8 20.0 38.1 30.2 5.2 0.7 36.1 Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover TRUE 6.0 12.4 18.4 35.2 14.3 4.2 0.7 19.2 Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover TRUE 7.2 14.7 21.5 39.5 17.6 5.1 0.9 23.6 Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth 4.5 8.9 13.5 28.0 29.2 4.1 0.6 33.9 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe 5.4 11.1 16.8 32.6 25.6 4.2 0.8 30.6 Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary‐headed Grebe 7.8 15.8 23.4 41.9 25.7 4.8 0.9 31.4 Pomatostomus superciliosus White‐browed Babbler 3.5 6.5 10.0 22.6 33.1 4.2 0.3 37.6 Pomatostomus temporalis Grey‐crowned Babbler (eastern 6.4 12.8 18.7 35.8 19.0 6.4 1.1 26.5 temporalis subspecies) Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen 17.5 33.8 46.1 74.0 42.8 15.7 0.8 59.3 Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake 18.3 35.3 47.1 70.0 37.5 13.5 1.3 52.3 Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake 5.1 10.2 15.4 30.8 28.5 4.2 0.8 33.5 Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake 12.1 23.2 33.1 54.9 22.7 8.2 0.7 31.6 Psephotus haematonotus Red‐rumped Parrot 7.8 15.5 22.2 40.5 19.7 7.2 1.0 27.9 Psophodes cristatus Chirruping Wedgebill 7.0 14.3 21.2 38.7 20.1 4.5 0.8 25.4 Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird 5.6 11.2 16.8 32.8 25.9 4.5 0.8 31.2 Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit‐Dove 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 Ptilinopus regina Rose‐crowned Fruit‐Dove 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 Ptilinopus superbus Superb Fruit‐Dove 5.6 11.2 16.9 33.3 32.2 3.1 0.7 36.0 Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Satin Bowerbird 3.9 7.4 11.5 25.5 21.8 4.0 1.0 26.8 Pycnoptilus floccosus Pilotbird 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 76 Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red‐necked Avocet 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Page Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail 4.7 9.3 14.1 29.4 27.9 4.6 0.8 33.3 Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas

77 Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe TRUE 2.3 4.8 7.9 19.7 36.0 3.5 0.5 40.0

| Scythrops novaehollandiae Channel‐billed Cuckoo 5.0 9.9 15.1 30.9 29.7 4.9 0.8 35.4

Page Sericornis citreogularis Yellow‐throated Scrubwren 3.1 5.8 8.8 20.1 35.0 3.4 0.3 38.7 Sericornis frontalis White‐browed Scrubwren 4.3 7.8 11.8 26.6 25.8 5.4 0.2 31.4

Sericornis magnirostra Large‐billed Scrubwren 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sericulus chrysocephalus Regent Bowerbird 5.5 11.1 16.7 32.6 24.1 4.0 0.9 29.0 Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill 9.7 20.5 30.9 54.2 23.0 1.3 0.4 24.7 Sphecotheres vieilloti Australasian Figbird 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Stagonopleura bella Beautiful Firetail 4.9 9.1 13.8 28.9 34.0 4.5 0.4 38.9 Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail 5.1 10.1 15.2 30.5 29.0 4.5 0.8 34.3 Sterna hirundo Common Tern TRUE 4.7 8.9 13.4 28.0 32.7 4.5 0.4 37.6 Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern 8.0 14.8 21.6 40.1 23.8 5.6 0.9 30.3 Sterna striata White‐fronted Tern 5.7 11.8 17.9 33.7 29.4 2.5 0.7 32.6 Sternula albifrons Little Tern TRUE 4.9 10.1 15.5 30.9 26.1 3.4 0.8 30.3 Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck 7.7 15.5 22.9 44.1 25.8 6.0 1.2 33.0 Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole 6.5 13.3 20.6 41.4 32.6 6.9 2.3 41.8 Stipiturus malachurus Southern Emu‐wren 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Strepera versicolor Grey Currawong 8.0 16.3 24.3 41.9 23.5 3.6 0.6 27.7 Sugomel niger Black Honeyeater 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Symposiachrus trivirgatus Spectacled Monarch 3.9 7.3 11.3 24.9 32.3 5.0 0.9 38.2 Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck 4.5 9.3 14.3 28.5 29.6 4.4 0.7 34.7 Taeniopygia bichenovii Double‐barred Finch 21.9 30.0 36.4 51.1 39.7 7.9 0.0 47.6 Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thalasseus bergii Crested Tern 9.8 19.5 28.6 52.7 18.0 2.4 2.1 22.5 Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis 5.8 12.2 18.4 34.2 26.0 3.0 0.7 29.7 Threskiornis spinicollis Straw‐necked Ibis 7.5 15.2 21.8 36.3 24.8 4.7 0.5 30.0 Todiramphus macleayii Forest Kingfisher 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tribonyx ventralis Black‐tailed Native‐hen 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Scaly‐breasted Lorikeet 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet 6.9 13.9 20.4 38.0 20.9 6.1 1.0 28.0 Tringa brevipes Grey‐tailed Tattler TRUE 6.6 12.2 18.1 35.6 28.6 5.5 0.4 34.5 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper TRUE 6.3 12.5 18.5 35.1 23.2 4.9 1.0 29.1 Tringa incana Wandering Tattler TRUE 5.9 10.2 15.0 31.1 33.7 6.2 0.4 40.3

Birds Common Name MNES High Priority Conservation Areas Protected Areas Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank TRUE 6.2 12.7 18.8 35.2 23.0 4.1 1.0 28.1 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper TRUE 5.3 10.8 16.3 31.9 26.3 4.4 0.9 31.6 Tryngites subruficollis Buff‐breasted Sandpiper TRUE 5.0 10.3 15.2 29.7 21.0 5.4 0.6 27.0 Turnix maculosus Red‐backed Button‐quail 7.7 15.2 22.5 42.2 21.9 6.1 1.4 29.4 Turnix varius Painted Button‐quail 5.9 12.0 18.1 35.0 21.8 4.9 1.2 27.9 Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl 6.6 12.1 18.0 35.6 31.4 5.1 0.6 37.1 Tyto longimembris Eastern Grass Owl 5.0 10.0 15.2 30.1 28.4 3.9 0.8 33.1 Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl 13.0 27.1 39.1 63.8 37.9 13.7 1.4 53.0 Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.8 0.0 0.0 81.8 Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing 4.2 8.8 13.6 27.7 28.7 3.1 0.8 32.6 Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing 5.6 11.2 16.8 32.5 30.4 5.0 0.8 36.2 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper TRUE 4.7 9.0 13.6 29.4 26.7 5.9 1.0 33.6 Zoothera heinei Russet‐tailed Thrush 3.7 7.8 12.3 26.3 34.5 2.2 0.8 37.5 Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush 4.3 8.8 13.7 29.3 23.1 5.4 1.4 29.9

Page

Table 15. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 64 mammal species contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected 79 within the existing protected area network.

Page High priority conservation areas represent the top 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% of the weighted prioritisation, while the level of protection is defined in Section

4.4.

High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Mammals Common Name MNES Top 5% Top 10% Top 15% Top 30% Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider 4.7 9.4 14.3 29.0 27.2 3.8 0.8 31.8 Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous Bettong 7.3 12.4 17.5 32.7 32.9 4.3 0.3 37.5 Antechinus agilis Agile Antechinus 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 33.3 Antechinus flavipes Yellow‐footed Antechinus 6.5 13.2 19.8 36.8 26.7 3.4 0.9 31.0 Antechinus stuartii Brown Antechinus 5.1 10.1 15.2 31.2 26.0 4.9 1.1 32.0 Antechinus swainsonii Dusky Antechinus 6.0 11.8 17.9 34.6 28.8 5.7 1.1 35.6 Cercartetus nanus Eastern Pygmy‐possum 3.9 7.7 12.0 27.0 29.7 4.1 0.9 34.7 Chalinolobus dwyeri Large‐eared Pied Bat TRUE 4.1 8.3 12.6 25.9 30.6 2.7 0.5 33.8 Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat 5.4 10.9 16.4 32.1 26.4 3.8 0.9 31.1 Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat 5.3 10.5 15.8 31.2 28.1 3.9 0.8 32.8 Dasyurus maculatus Spotted‐tailed Quoll TRUE 5.2 10.2 15.3 30.6 24.9 4.4 0.7 30.0 Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern False Pipistrelle 5.6 11.0 16.5 32.1 26.5 4.4 0.9 31.8 Hydromys chrysogaster Water‐rat 6.3 11.8 17.5 34.7 30.8 6.0 0.7 37.5 Isoodon macrourus Northern Brown Bandicoot 10.3 17.6 25.2 47.1 34.4 7.7 0.5 42.6 Kerivoula papuensis Golden‐tipped Bat 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo 15.9 24.6 31.8 47.8 41.6 6.5 0.1 48.2 Macropus parma Parma Wallaby 3.3 7.0 11.1 23.5 35.2 2.4 0.4 38.0 Macropus robustus Common Wallaroo 6.1 13.0 19.6 37.4 20.1 4.8 1.3 26.2 Macropus rufogriseus Red‐necked Wallaby 6.0 12.3 18.4 34.7 23.6 3.5 0.8 27.9 Melomys cervinipes Fawn‐footed Melomys 5.1 10.6 16.1 31.5 26.7 3.6 0.9 31.2 Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing‐bat 6.7 13.8 20.6 38.3 20.1 4.2 1.2 25.5 Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing‐bat 6.9 13.5 20.0 36.8 16.4 2.9 1.2 20.5 Mormopterus norfolkensis Eastern Freetail‐bat 4.6 9.0 13.7 28.5 30.7 4.3 0.6 35.6 Mormopterus planiceps Little Mastiff‐bat 4.8 9.4 14.4 29.3 27.1 4.2 0.7 32.0 Myotis macropus Southern Myotis 5.6 11.5 17.4 34.1 25.4 4.3 0.8 30.5 Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long‐eared Bat 90.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 72.3 10.9 0.0 83.2 Nyctophilus gouldi Gould's Long‐eared Bat 5.8 11.7 18.6 46.8 27.9 1.0 0.4 29.3 Ornithorhynchus anatinus Platypus 4.9 9.8 15.1 30.5 29.9 4.0 0.7 34.6

Mammals Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Perameles nasuta Long‐nosed Bandicoot 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 33.3 Petauroides volans Greater Glider 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 Petaurus australis Yellow‐bellied Glider 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider 6.7 13.5 20.8 43.5 33.8 7.2 1.5 42.5 Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider 5.5 11.1 16.9 33.4 26.2 5.7 1.8 33.7 Petrogale penicillata Brush‐tailed Rock‐wallaby TRUE 22.1 41.8 58.0 81.5 4.3 0.2 0.4 4.9 Phascogale tapoatafa Brush‐tailed Phascogale 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phascolarctos cinereus Koala TRUE 6.1 11.7 17.4 35.5 33.5 6.6 1.4 41.5 Planigale maculata Common Planigale 8.4 15.6 22.3 41.7 40.9 7.8 0.1 48.8 Potorous tridactylus Long‐nosed Potoroo TRUE 5.0 10.4 15.7 30.5 25.4 3.4 0.7 29.5 Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum 6.9 13.6 19.7 37.2 20.6 6.2 1.2 28.0 Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse TRUE 7.1 13.6 20.3 38.6 28.9 7.9 0.8 37.6 Pteropus alecto Black Flying‐fox 5.3 10.4 15.7 31.7 25.7 4.4 1.0 31.1 Pteropus poliocephalus Grey‐headed Flying‐fox TRUE 6.1 12.3 18.4 35.7 28.7 5.0 0.9 34.6 Pteropus scapulatus Little Red Flying‐fox 5.7 11.3 16.7 31.8 26.6 4.2 0.8 31.6 Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat 4.2 7.7 11.6 23.2 37.7 3.5 0.4 41.6 Rattus lutreolus Swamp Rat 4.1 8.6 13.4 28.0 28.7 3.2 0.9 32.8 Rhinolophus megaphyllus Eastern Horseshoe‐bat 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 16.7 Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow‐bellied Sheathtail‐bat 10.6 21.1 29.8 51.3 25.3 10.7 1.3 37.3 Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad‐nosed Bat 5.2 11.9 18.8 38.1 16.9 0.8 1.1 18.8 Scotorepens balstoni Inland Broad‐nosed Bat 6.0 12.0 17.9 34.2 23.1 3.5 1.0 27.6 Scotorepens orion Eastern Broad‐nosed Bat 4.6 9.3 14.2 29.4 28.1 4.8 0.8 33.7 Scotorepens sp 1 Central‐eastern Broad‐nosed Bat 4.6 8.8 13.6 29.8 22.7 4.1 0.4 27.2 Sminthopsis murina Common Dunnart 5.2 10.5 15.9 31.8 25.9 4.1 0.9 30.9 Tadarida australis White‐striped Freetail‐bat 5.7 11.3 17.0 34.0 24.8 6.6 1.5 32.9 Thylogale stigmatica Red‐legged Pademelon 8.3 15.2 22.6 43.1 37.7 7.3 0.6 45.6 Thylogale thetis Red‐necked Pademelon 3.8 7.9 12.3 26.2 20.6 5.0 1.6 27.2 Trichosurus caninus Short‐eared Possum 6.1 12.4 18.5 35.5 21.3 4.7 0.9 26.9 Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum 15.7 27.8 38.5 61.9 45.0 6.3 0.2 51.5 Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat 5.8 11.8 17.7 34.1 24.8 4.0 0.9 29.7 Vespadelus pumilus Eastern Forest Bat 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80 Vespadelus troughtoni Eastern Cave Bat 5.7 11.7 17.6 33.9 24.1 4.3 0.8 29.2

Page Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat 6.7 13.7 20.1 37.4 25.2 5.7 0.9 31.8 Vombatus ursinus Common Wombat 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mammals Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas

81 Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby 3.1 6.1 9.6 23.3 30.5 5.5 0.6 36.6

Page

Table 16. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 212 plant species contained within the high priority conservation and currently protected within the existing protected area network. High priority conservation areas represent the top 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% of the weighted prioritisation, while the level of protection is defined in Section 4.4.

High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Plants Common Name MNES Top 5% Top 10% Top 15% Top 30% Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Acacia bynoeana Bynoe's Wattle TRUE 5.8 12.2 18.5 37.0 18.3 2.2 2.1 22.6 Acianthella amplexicaulis 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Acianthus caudatus Mayfly Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Acianthus exsertus Mosquito Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 Acianthus fornicatus Pixie Caps 4.8 9.6 14.5 30.0 28.0 4.1 0.8 32.9 Acianthus pusillus Gnat Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Actinotus helianthi Flannel Flower 4.6 9.1 14.0 29.0 37.6 4.7 0.7 43.0 Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair 4.7 9.3 14.0 28.1 28.4 4.1 0.7 33.2 Adiantum atroviride 2.6 4.7 7.0 15.6 55.9 2.3 0.2 58.4 Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair 4.7 8.7 13.3 29.0 33.1 5.0 0.3 38.4 Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair 4.6 8.4 12.6 26.5 31.7 4.9 0.4 37.0 Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair 4.2 8.0 12.2 25.4 31.9 4.2 0.5 36.6 Adiantum silvaticum 8.0 13.1 18.2 35.3 30.9 6.7 0.2 37.8 Angophora inopina Charmhaven Apple TRUE 3.9 8.6 13.5 28.2 20.6 6.8 2.0 29.4 Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Bangalow Palm 12.0 20.5 28.7 51.6 34.1 7.2 0.6 41.9 Arthrochilus prolixus 4.4 8.9 13.7 29.8 18.8 4.0 1.9 24.7 Arthropteris palisotii Lesser Creeping Fern 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Asperula asthenes Trailing Woodruff TRUE 5.3 9.9 15.0 31.6 17.5 4.7 1.1 23.3 Asplenium australasicum Bird's Nest Fern 6.7 11.5 16.6 32.8 32.1 6.1 0.4 38.6 Banksia spinulosa Hairpin Banksia 4.6 9.5 14.6 30.3 26.8 4.4 1.0 32.2 Blandfordia grandiflora Christmas Bells 6.4 12.9 19.9 39.8 28.9 6.0 1.9 36.8 Boronia anemonifolia 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Boronia falcifolia Wallum Boronia 9.3 19.5 30.3 61.6 44.1 9.3 0.5 53.9

82 Boronia floribunda Pale‐pink Boronia 4.4 7.7 11.3 22.6 44.6 4.6 0.6 49.8

| Boronia ledifolia Sydney Boronia 2.5 4.4 6.7 15.0 46.5 3.4 0.1 50.0

Page Boronia parviflora Swamp Boronia 6.1 12.4 18.9 38.3 27.2 6.2 1.5 34.9 Boronia pinnata 6.3 12.3 18.6 38.1 34.5 8.1 0.5 43.1

Plants Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas

83 Boronia polygalifolia Dwarf Boronia 4.4 9.2 14.5 30.7 19.8 3.3 1.4 24.5

| Bulbophyllum exiguum 7.2 11.4 16.3 34.9 32.6 7.9 0.1 40.6

Page Bulbophyllum shepherdii Wheat‐leaved Orchid 8.8 14.8 20.5 38.1 33.5 8.7 0.2 42.4 Caladenia carnea Pink Fingers 6.0 11.9 17.9 34.5 25.5 5.0 1.1 31.6

Caladenia catenata White Caladenia 6.1 12.6 18.9 36.5 23.8 4.6 1.1 29.5 Caladenia fuscata Dusky Fingers 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Caladenia gracilis Musky Caladenia 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caladenia hillmanii 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 42.9 0.0 0.0 42.9 Caladenia picta 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 33.3 Caladenia platichila 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Caladenia quadrifaria 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 33.4 0.0 66.7 Caladenia testacea Honey Caladenia 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caleana major Large Duck Orchid 5.8 11.8 17.8 35.3 30.5 3.9 1.0 35.4 Callistemon linearifolius Netted Bottle Brush 6.3 14.1 21.4 40.4 24.4 5.4 1.0 30.8 Callitris endlicheri Black Cypress Pine, Woronora 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Plateau population Calochilus campestris Copper Beard Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 Calochilus gracillimus Slender Beard Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Calochilus paludosus Red Beard Orchid 4.6 9.6 14.5 29.2 24.4 5.3 1.1 30.8 Calochilus robertsonii Purplish Beard Orchid 6.2 13.0 19.7 37.5 17.3 4.4 1.5 23.2 Cassinia aureonitens 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Casuarina cunninghamiana subsp. River Oak 7.5 15.0 22.0 38.3 20.6 5.5 0.3 26.4 cunninghamiana Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig 5.4 10.4 15.6 31.9 40.8 5.4 0.3 46.5 Caustis pentandra Thick Twist Rush 8.0 15.7 23.3 43.2 35.6 8.2 1.2 45.0 Caustis recurvata 8.1 16.3 24.4 49.4 39.7 8.2 0.5 48.4 Ceratopetalum gummiferum Christmas Bush 4.3 8.6 13.3 28.0 32.7 5.4 1.0 39.1 Cestichis reflexa 3.6 6.4 9.7 22.9 34.0 5.3 0.3 39.6 Chamaesyce psammogeton Sand Spurge 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chiloglottis diphylla 3.2 6.5 10.2 22.4 29.1 2.7 0.4 32.2 Chiloglottis formicifera Ant Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 66.7 Chiloglottis reflexa 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 Chiloglottis seminuda 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Chiloglottis sylvestris 5.5 10.5 15.5 30.0 22.9 4.3 1.0 28.2 Chiloglottis trapeziformis Thick‐lip Bird Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 50.0

Plants Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Chiloglottis trilabra 7.6 14.3 21.0 40.4 30.9 5.1 0.2 36.2 Cordyline stricta Narrow‐leaved Palm Lily 6.2 10.7 15.5 32.5 28.8 6.0 0.6 35.4 Corybas fimbriatus Fringed Helmet Orchid 5.3 9.7 14.3 29.7 32.3 6.2 0.6 39.1 Corybas pruinosus Toothed Helmet Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Crowea exalata 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Cryptostylis erecta Tartan Tongue Orchid 6.1 12.3 19.0 39.8 24.4 5.4 1.5 31.3 Cryptostylis leptochila Small Tongue Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 Cryptostylis subulata Large Tongue Orchid 5.7 10.9 16.4 32.8 23.8 5.3 1.9 31.0 Cyanicula caerulea Blue Caladenia 6.9 14.1 21.2 39.6 24.1 2.8 1.0 27.9 Cyathea australis Rough Treefern 7.7 13.4 19.3 37.9 34.0 6.2 0.9 41.1 Cyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Treefern 11.8 18.3 24.9 45.0 36.1 7.0 0.3 43.4 Cymbidium suave Snake Orchid 4.2 7.6 11.5 25.4 30.8 4.5 0.9 36.2 Cynanchum elegans White‐flowered Wax Plant TRUE 4.8 8.8 13.4 28.3 32.6 3.0 0.4 36.0 Cyrtostylis reniformis Gnat Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Darwinia peduncularis 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid 6.6 11.1 15.8 30.6 30.2 3.9 0.7 34.8 Dendrobium gracilicaule 9.5 14.6 19.8 34.6 26.0 4.7 0.4 31.1 Dendrobium linguiforme Tongue Orchid 4.3 8.3 12.4 25.7 28.0 3.5 0.5 32.0 Dendrobium pugioniforme Dagger Orchid 13.1 19.8 26.4 45.3 39.9 7.9 0.1 47.9 Dendrobium schoeninum Pencil Orchid 6.8 11.7 17.2 31.0 31.3 5.2 0.2 36.7 Dendrobium striolatum Streaked Rock Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Dendrobium teretifolium Rat's Tail Orchid 8.1 14.1 20.2 37.7 26.5 5.4 0.5 32.4 Dendrobium tetragonum Tree Spider Orchid 7.2 12.1 17.4 34.9 34.6 6.7 0.2 41.5 Dillwynia tenuifolia Dillwynia tenuifolia, Kemps Creek 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dipodium punctatum 5.2 10.2 15.6 33.1 23.3 4.4 1.0 28.7 Diuris chryseopsis Small Snake Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Diuris dendrobioides 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Diuris maculata Spotted Doubletail 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Diuris platichila 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Diuris punctata Purple Donkey Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Diuris sulphurea Tiger Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18.2 0.0 0.0 18.2 Doryanthes excelsa Gymea Lily 3.6 7.2 11.3 26.0 24.9 5.5 1.3 31.7 84 Epacris purpurascens var. purpurascens 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Page Eriostemon australasius 7.8 15.5 23.5 47.0 38.3 8.3 1.1 47.7 Erythrorchis cassythoides Climbing Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0

Plants Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas

85 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 26.5 41.5 52.0 69.0 9.9 3.4 0.7 14.0

| population in the Hunter catchment

Page Eucalyptus camfieldii Camfield's Stringybark TRUE 8.2 15.9 23.9 48.3 28.4 3.2 2.3 33.9 Eucalyptus castrensis Singleton Mallee 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eucalyptus fracta Broken Back Ironbark 27.8 35.0 40.9 54.8 62.8 2.5 0.1 65.4 Eucalyptus glaucina Slaty Red Gum TRUE 11.5 22.2 31.4 50.8 9.1 0.5 0.6 10.2 Eucalyptus nicholii Narrow‐leaved Black Peppermint TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. TRUE 9.0 19.9 30.0 54.7 27.7 6.1 0.3 34.1 decadens Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. Eucalyptus parramattensis C. Hall. 5.6 12.0 19.0 39.1 17.2 4.5 3.0 24.7 parramattensis subsp. parramattensis in Wyong and Lake Macquarie local government areas Eucalyptus pumila Pokolbin Mallee TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 30.0 Gahnia sieberiana Red‐fruit Saw‐sedge 5.7 11.3 17.2 35.4 27.2 6.5 1.4 35.1 Genoplesium acuminatum 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Genoplesium fimbriatum Fringed Midge Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Genoplesium rufum Red Midge Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 Genoplesium ruppii 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glossodia major Waxlip Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.9 14.1 0.8 43.8 Glossodia minor Small Waxlip Orchid 10.3 19.7 29.0 52.3 30.0 6.3 2.8 39.1 Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora Small‐flower Grevillea TRUE 5.1 10.4 15.9 31.1 28.9 3.6 0.8 33.3 Grevillea shiressii TRUE 5.7 11.7 17.6 33.6 24.4 4.2 0.9 29.5 Isopogon anemonifolius Broad‐leaf Drumsticks 5.3 11.2 16.8 33.4 14.5 3.7 1.0 19.2 Isopogon anethifolius Narrow‐leaf Drumsticks 5.5 10.7 16.2 33.1 24.2 5.8 1.2 31.2 Isopogon dawsonii Nepean Conebush 5.6 11.7 17.8 36.1 29.3 4.3 1.1 34.7 Kunzea ambigua Tick Bush 4.9 10.0 15.0 30.3 22.5 5.2 1.1 28.8 Kunzea capitata 4.5 8.8 14.1 30.9 29.0 4.6 0.2 33.8 Leionema lamprophyllum subsp. Leionema lamprophyllum subsp. 5.4 10.8 16.2 32.1 26.8 4.9 1.0 32.7 obovatum obovatum population in the Hunter Catchment Livistona australis Cabbage Palm 5.4 10.7 16.2 32.4 25.1 3.9 0.8 29.8 Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush 4.2 8.4 12.7 26.9 28.2 4.0 0.4 32.6 Lyperanthus suaveolens Brown Beaks 12.1 20.7 28.8 48.9 19.3 3.7 0.3 23.3 Macrozamia communis Burrawang 3.1 6.5 10.2 22.1 33.3 2.9 0.4 36.6

Plants Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Macrozamia flexuosa 4.8 9.8 14.8 29.6 26.8 3.8 0.8 31.4 Macrozamia montana 4.4 8.4 12.8 27.3 27.4 4.5 0.6 32.5 Macrozamia reducta 5.7 11.4 17.2 33.8 31.0 4.7 1.1 36.8 Maundia triglochinoides 4.9 9.8 14.9 30.2 28.2 4.3 0.8 33.3 Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark TRUE 6.0 12.3 18.9 37.2 11.5 8.8 0.9 21.2 Melaleuca groveana Grove's Paperbark 6.4 12.8 18.8 35.8 17.6 5.0 0.9 23.5 Microtis parviflora Slender Onion Orchid 5.7 11.7 17.6 33.4 30.0 3.3 0.7 34.0 Microtis unifolia Common Onion Orchid 6.6 13.5 20.0 37.4 21.0 5.3 0.8 27.1 Muehlenbeckia costata Scrambling Lignum 14.6 28.4 40.9 68.4 36.4 7.5 0.7 44.6 Neoastelia spectabilis Silver Sword Lily TRUE 5.0 10.0 15.2 30.2 29.5 4.1 0.7 34.3 Olearia cordata TRUE 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Orthoceras strictum Bird's‐mouth Orchid 5.9 12.2 18.3 34.8 23.2 4.3 0.9 28.4 Papillilabium beckleri 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Persicaria elatior Tall Knotweed TRUE 7.6 13.9 20.3 38.5 28.6 5.3 0.6 34.5 Persoonia hirsuta Hairy Geebung TRUE 7.9 15.1 21.7 38.4 18.3 5.8 0.9 25.0 Persoonia lanceolata Lance Leaf Geebung 9.8 19.9 29.2 51.3 27.6 8.1 1.2 36.9 Persoonia laurina Laurel Geebung 3.3 6.9 11.0 25.2 20.8 3.6 0.2 24.6 Persoonia levis Broad‐leaved Geebung 7.1 14.3 21.6 41.5 23.0 6.4 1.7 31.1 Persoonia linearis Narrow‐leaved Geebung 5.6 11.4 17.3 33.5 25.7 3.8 0.8 30.3 Persoonia pauciflora North Rothbury Persoonia TRUE 7.6 15.4 22.5 40.9 21.2 6.0 1.0 28.2 Persoonia pinifolia Pine‐leaved Geebung 4.7 9.4 14.4 29.9 27.3 4.5 0.9 32.7 Petrophile canescens Conesticks 6.2 12.3 18.4 35.0 23.1 3.5 1.1 27.7 Petrophile pulchella Conesticks 6.8 13.8 20.3 37.5 22.4 5.1 0.9 28.4 Petrophile sessilis 6.3 12.9 19.2 36.0 24.7 4.8 0.8 30.3 Phebalium squamulosum Scaly Phebalium 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Philotheca hispidula 8.9 17.7 25.6 45.0 23.3 6.9 1.2 31.4 Philotheca myoporoides Long‐leaf Wax Flower 5.4 11.3 17.3 33.2 28.6 3.4 0.7 32.7 Philotheca salsolifolia 6.3 12.4 18.5 35.5 27.0 4.7 1.1 32.8 Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn Fern 5.2 10.5 15.8 31.3 26.4 4.0 0.8 31.2 Plectorrhiza tridentata Tangle Orchid 49.2 59.9 65.7 76.4 27.3 1.3 3.8 32.4 Prasophyllum brevilabre Short‐lipped Leek Orchid 9.2 18.2 26.3 46.2 17.2 6.8 0.8 24.8 Prasophyllum elatum Tall Leek Orchid 8.9 18.1 26.8 46.6 27.3 1.6 0.4 29.3 86 Prostanthera cineolifera Singleton Mint Bush TRUE 6.7 14.1 21.0 38.3 19.5 2.1 0.5 22.1

Page Prostanthera densa Villous Mint‐bush TRUE 6.0 12.1 18.0 35.1 19.9 4.6 0.8 25.3 Pterostylis acuminata Pointed Greenhood 3.5 6.7 10.5 24.5 31.6 4.5 0.7 36.8

Plants Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas

87 Pterostylis alveata Coastal Greenhood 5.2 10.8 16.4 32.6 28.2 4.3 0.9 33.4

| Pterostylis baptistii King Greenhood 4.7 9.4 14.5 29.8 24.5 4.6 1.1 30.2

Page Pterostylis chaetophora 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pterostylis concinna Trim Greenhood 4.8 9.5 14.5 29.5 29.6 4.4 0.7 34.7

Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pterostylis grandiflora Cobra Greenhood 5.6 11.2 16.7 32.7 25.2 3.8 0.9 29.9 Pterostylis hispidula Small Nodding Greenhood 7.8 15.1 21.9 40.7 22.9 5.4 1.3 29.6 Pterostylis longifolia Tall Greenhood 4.9 10.0 15.2 31.4 27.1 4.2 0.9 32.2 Pterostylis longipetala 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pterostylis nutans Nodding Greenhood 5.1 10.1 15.0 29.7 19.6 6.0 1.6 27.2 Pterostylis obtusa Blue‐tongue Greenhood 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pterostylis ophioglossa Snake Tongue Greenhood 4.8 10.2 15.8 31.3 33.2 3.8 0.7 37.7 Pterostylis parviflora Tiny Greenhood 4.9 9.4 14.1 28.7 32.9 4.4 0.7 38.0 Pterostylis pedunculata Maroonhood 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 42.9 0.0 0.0 42.9 Pterostylis reflexa Small Autumn Greenhood 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pterostylis revoluta 4.3 8.5 13.1 27.4 32.7 5.3 0.6 38.6 Pterostylis rufa Rusty Hood 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pterostylis x furcillata 4.7 9.5 14.5 29.7 28.4 4.7 0.7 33.8 Pultenaea maritima Coast Headland Pea 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.6 28.5 0.0 57.1 Pyrorchis nigricans 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rulingia prostrata Dwarf Kerrawang TRUE 5.2 10.3 15.5 31.2 27.8 4.9 1.1 33.8 Rutidosis heterogama Heath Wrinklewort TRUE 5.9 11.7 17.8 36.1 24.8 5.8 1.3 31.9 Sarcochilus falcatus Orange Blossom Orchid 5.0 9.9 14.9 30.1 29.9 4.4 0.8 35.1 Sarcochilus hillii 14.1 26.5 37.6 62.4 35.5 6.7 0.2 42.4 Sarcochilus olivaceus Green Tree Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Sarcochilus spathulatus Small Butterfly Orchid 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Senna acclinis Rainforest Cassia 9.1 14.0 18.9 33.2 23.5 3.9 0.3 27.7 Spiranthes australis Ladies' Tresses 5.1 10.2 15.5 30.7 27.1 4.3 0.8 32.2 Sprengelia incarnata Pink Swamp Heath 9.2 15.1 21.3 40.9 40.0 6.8 0.1 46.9 Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus Umbrella Fern 8.4 16.3 23.5 42.4 22.1 6.2 1.3 29.6 Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly TRUE 9.1 17.5 25.2 46.2 21.4 9.3 1.3 32.0 Telopea speciosissima Waratah 20.4 33.3 43.1 63.1 23.4 12.0 0.7 36.1 Tetratheca juncea Black‐eyed Susan TRUE 13.2 24.4 34.7 57.7 22.8 11.6 2.3 36.7 Thelymitra carnea Tiny Sun Orchid 7.6 13.8 20.1 38.4 28.2 5.6 0.7 34.5 Thelymitra fragrans 8.9 17.1 25.1 44.5 22.7 6.2 0.8 29.7

Plants Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Thelymitra media var. media Tall Sun Orchid 5.6 11.4 17.2 33.3 22.9 4.0 0.8 27.7 Thelymitra nuda Plain Sun Orchid 5.1 10.2 15.5 30.6 28.2 3.6 0.7 32.5 Thelymitra peniculata 9.3 18.2 26.0 46.7 23.7 8.4 0.9 33.0 Todea barbara King Fern 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Velleia perfoliata TRUE 2.4 4.9 8.0 18.8 42.6 2.7 0.3 45.6 Xanthorrhoea arborea 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 11.1 0.0 44.4 Xanthorrhoea concava 5.2 10.2 15.4 31.0 28.9 4.2 0.9 34.0 Xanthorrhoea fulva 5.3 10.5 15.9 32.1 24.6 4.2 0.9 29.7 Xanthorrhoea glauca 6.7 13.1 19.5 36.7 23.9 4.2 0.8 28.9 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Johnson's Grass Tree 6.4 13.1 19.7 36.3 24.3 3.3 0.8 28.4 Xanthorrhoea latifolia 5.2 10.5 15.8 31.1 27.9 3.9 0.8 32.6 Xanthorrhoea macronema 4.1 8.5 13.0 27.0 27.7 3.2 0.6 31.5 Xanthorrhoea malacophylla 4.6 9.3 14.1 28.7 29.7 4.0 0.8 34.5 Xanthorrhoea media 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 22.2 Xanthorrhoea resinosa 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Xylomelum pyriforme Woody Pear 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Zannichellia palustris 6.2 13.2 20.3 40.7 26.4 6.9 1.5 34.8 Zieria smithii Low growing form of Z. smithii, 9.0 18.7 28.0 52.4 26.5 4.5 0.5 31.5 Diggers Head

Page

Table 17. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 62 reptile species contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within 89

| the existing protected area network

Page High priority conservation areas represent the top 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% of the weighted prioritisation, while the level of protection is defined in Section

4.4.

High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Reptiles Common Name MNES Top 5% Top 10% Top 15% Top 30% Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder 4.2 9.1 14.1 28.6 26.6 4.7 0.9 32.2 Acritoscincus platynota Red‐throated Skink 2.6 5.4 8.7 20.3 32.9 3.0 0.5 36.4 Amphibolurus muricatus Jacky Lizard 5.2 10.6 16.1 31.8 26.4 4.3 0.8 31.5 Anomalopus swansoni Punctate Worm‐skink 4.5 9.2 14.1 28.0 37.4 3.7 0.6 41.7 Bellatorias major Land Mullet 7.5 14.0 20.8 40.6 26.8 7.2 0.9 34.9 Boiga irregularis Brown Tree Snake 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Cacophis krefftii Southern Dwarf Crowned Snake 7.9 13.9 20.2 39.6 25.9 6.1 0.6 32.6 Cacophis squamulosus Golden‐crowned Snake 6.7 12.9 19.3 37.9 27.5 6.7 1.0 35.2 Carlia tetradactyla Southern Rainbow‐skink 5.9 12.2 18.2 34.4 25.5 3.1 0.5 29.1 Chelodina longicollis Eastern Snake‐necked Turtle 6.5 13.2 19.7 36.7 23.7 4.2 0.8 28.7 Cryptoblepharus virgatus Cream‐striped Shinning‐skink 4.7 9.5 14.6 29.3 29.0 3.5 0.8 33.3 Cryptophis nigrescens Eastern Small‐eyed Snake 4.3 8.6 13.3 28.2 27.1 4.1 0.8 32.0 Ctenotus robustus Robust Ctenotus 6.4 13.0 19.3 36.3 25.9 4.9 0.9 31.7 Ctenotus taeniolatus Copper‐tailed Skink 4.7 9.7 14.8 29.7 29.9 4.1 0.8 34.8 Cyclodomorphus gerrardii Pink‐tongued Lizard 3.5 7.0 10.9 24.2 30.5 3.3 0.4 34.2 Cyclodomorphus michaeli Mainland She‐oak Skink 6.7 12.8 19.1 37.9 25.6 6.5 0.9 33.0 Delma plebeia Leaden Delma 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Demansia psammophis Yellow‐faced Whip Snake 5.0 10.1 15.2 30.2 26.6 4.1 0.8 31.5 Dendrelaphis punctulatus Common Tree Snake 5.2 10.6 16.1 31.8 20.2 3.8 1.0 25.0 Diplodactylus vittatus Wood Gecko 4.1 8.5 13.3 27.8 30.9 2.5 0.5 33.9 Egernia cunninghami Cunningham's Skink 3.4 6.6 10.3 23.2 33.7 3.9 0.5 38.1 Egernia mcpheei Eastern Crevice Skink 4.6 8.6 13.1 28.2 28.8 4.9 0.3 34.0 Egernia saxatilis Black Rock Skink 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Egernia striolata Tree Skink 7.4 15.0 22.6 41.4 25.2 2.6 0.5 28.3 Egernia whitii White's Skink 2.8 6.0 9.5 20.8 38.7 3.0 0.4 42.1 Eulamprus heatwolei Yellow‐bellied Water‐skink 5.8 10.9 16.3 32.2 35.7 4.9 0.2 40.8 Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water‐skink 5.3 10.7 16.3 32.0 26.6 4.4 0.8 31.8

Reptiles Common Name MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas Eulamprus tenuis Barred‐sided Skink 4.7 9.6 14.6 29.3 29.8 4.1 0.7 34.6 Furina diadema Red‐naped Snake 4.7 9.6 14.6 28.6 22.1 3.5 0.5 26.1 Hemiaspis signata Black‐bellied Swamp Snake 7.0 14.1 20.6 38.1 22.4 5.8 1.1 29.3 Hemiergis decresiensis Three‐toed Earless Skink 2.9 6.1 9.8 23.1 28.1 5.0 0.4 33.5 Hoplocephalus stephensii Stephens' Banded Snake 5.4 10.9 16.4 32.0 26.8 4.3 0.8 31.9 Hypsilurus spinipes Southern Angle‐headed Dragon 15.2 29.3 40.3 66.6 36.4 13.6 0.7 50.7 Lampropholis amicula Friendly Sunskink 6.6 13.1 20.6 41.6 31.9 4.4 3.0 39.3 Lampropholis delicata Dark‐flecked Garden Sunskink 21.4 43.0 59.6 85.4 19.7 0.0 0.1 19.8 Lampropholis guichenoti Pale‐flecked Garden Sunskink 6.2 12.6 18.6 34.7 26.3 4.6 0.8 31.7 Lialis burtonis Burton's Snake‐lizard 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lygisaurus foliorum Tree‐base Litter‐skink 5.1 11.1 17.8 38.3 19.7 1.2 0.8 21.7 Morelia spilota Carpet & Diamond Pythons 5.8 11.6 17.3 33.5 24.3 4.0 1.0 29.3 Morethia boulengeri South‐eastern Morethia Skink 5.2 9.8 15.1 31.7 24.5 3.9 0.6 29.0 Notechis scutatus Tiger Snake 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oedura lesueurii Lesueur's Velvet Gecko 4.6 8.9 13.4 28.0 28.3 4.4 0.6 33.3 Oedura robusta Robust Velvet Gecko 11.2 23.6 33.8 58.2 34.2 13.1 0.6 47.9 Phyllurus platurus Broad‐tailed Gecko 4.7 9.7 14.7 28.8 30.5 2.5 0.6 33.6 Physignathus lesueurii Eastern Water Dragon 5.8 11.5 17.2 32.9 28.0 4.3 0.9 33.2 Pogona barbata Bearded Dragon 7.0 12.6 18.2 34.6 29.2 6.3 0.6 36.1 Pseudechis porphyriacus Red‐bellied Black Snake 7.5 15.0 21.8 40.7 17.5 6.5 1.1 25.1 Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake 4.9 9.7 14.9 33.7 22.5 5.0 0.9 28.4 Pygopus lepidopodus Common Scaly‐foot 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ramphotyphlops nigrescens Blackish Blind Snake 7.6 14.6 21.4 40.4 24.5 5.7 1.7 31.9 Ramphotyphlops proximus Proximus Blind Snake 7.1 13.7 20.2 39.2 25.7 5.5 1.6 32.8 Ramphotyphlops wiedii Brown‐snouted Blind Snake 4.5 8.8 13.4 27.9 28.7 4.1 0.6 33.4 Rankinia diemensis Mountain Dragon 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 Saiphos equalis Three‐toed Skink 7.7 16.3 25.6 51.5 19.1 0.8 4.4 24.3 Saltuarius swaini Southern Leaf‐tailed Gecko 4.0 8.0 12.3 26.2 29.8 3.9 0.6 34.3 Saproscincus mustelinus Weasel Skink 5.5 11.4 17.2 33.0 26.0 4.1 0.7 30.8 Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Blue‐tongue 12.2 24.6 35.4 60.3 32.3 11.0 1.0 44.3 Underwoodisaurus milii Thick‐tailed Gecko 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Varanus gouldii Gould's Goanna 9.3 18.5 27.0 49.3 27.0 10.9 0.9 38.8 90 Varanus rosenbergi Rosenberg's Goanna 5.3 10.5 15.9 32.6 23.2 4.8 0.9 28.9

Page Varanus varius Lace Monitor 7.2 12.8 18.8 36.4 32.2 5.0 0.4 37.6 Vermicella annulata Bandy‐bandy 5.2 10.6 16.1 32.1 25.7 3.6 0.9 30.2

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Table 18. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 24 EECs and 3 habitat features contained within the high priority conservation areas and currently protected within the existing protected area network. High priority conservation areas represent the top 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% of the weighted prioritisation, while the level of protection is defined in Section 4.4.

High priority conservation areas Protected Areas EECs & other biodiversity features MNES Top 5% Top 10% Top 15% Top 30% Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total central hunter grey box ironbark woodland in the nsw north coast and sydney 10.5 19.9 28.6 44.8 23.7 2.1 0.4 26.2 basin bioregion central hunter ironbark spotted gum grey box forest in the nsw north coast and 11.7 21.9 31.4 53.5 14.5 0.6 1.0 16.1 sydney basin bioregion coastal saltmarsh in the nsw north coast sydney basin and south east corner 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 75.0 25.0 0.0 100.0 bioregion freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the nsw north coast sydney basin 20.5 32.2 41.9 63.6 25.9 14.7 1.1 41.7 and south east corner bioregion hunter lowland redgum forest in the sydney basin and nsw north coast bioregion 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 kurri sand swamp woodland in the sydney basin bioregion 5.1 9.9 14.5 28.5 30.2 5.2 0.7 36.1 littoral rainforest in the nsw north coast sydney basin and south east corner 5.6 11.1 16.7 32.9 22.6 4.3 0.9 27.8 bioregion lower hunter spotted gum ironbark forest in the sydney basin bioregion 4.1 8.1 12.4 26.3 32.6 5.3 0.8 38.7 lower hunter valley dry rainforest in the sydney basin and nsw north coast 5.8 11.4 16.7 32.9 17.7 6.0 1.1 24.8 bioregion lowland rainforest in nsw north coast and sydney basin bioregion 5.9 11.2 16.7 33.4 25.2 5.5 0.9 31.6 Nominated EC Hinterland TRUE 3.4 6.8 10.9 25.2 31.2 3.4 1.9 36.5 Nominated EC Littoral TRUE 16.6 32.0 43.6 70.4 38.2 15.5 0.5 54.2 Nominated EC Lowland TRUE 3.4 7.1 11.2 24.8 34.6 5.2 0.7 40.5 Nominated EC Remnant TRUE 21.3 35.9 47.1 72.4 38.0 15.2 0.8 54.0 Nominated EC Saltmarsh TRUE 5.7 11.1 16.6 32.6 26.9 4.2 0.9 32.0 pittwater and wagstaffe spotted gum forest in the sydney basin bioregion 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 quorrobolong scribbly gum woodland in the sydney basin bioregion 7.1 12.8 18.4 35.0 28.2 4.8 0.6 33.6

92 river flat eucalypt forest on coastal floodplains of the nsw north coast sydney 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

| basin and south east corner bioregion

Page subtropical coastal floodplain forest of the nsw north coast bioregion 14.2 27.5 38.5 64.1 34.6 11.1 0.9 46.6

EECs & other biodiversity features MNES High priority conservation areas Protected Areas

93 swamp oak floodplain forest of the nsw north coast sydney basin and south east TRUE 13.7 26.2 36.8 62.1 33.4 10.1 1.3 44.8

| corner bioregion

Page swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the nsw north coast sydney 16.0 28.5 38.9 67.9 35.0 11.5 0.9 47.4 basin and south east corner bioregion

urtica incisa adiantum aethiopicum dichondra repens doodia aspera adiantum 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 formosum nyssanthes diffusa white box yellow box blakely.s red gum woodland 5.0 10.0 15.1 30.3 27.5 4.0 0.8 32.3 white gum moist forest in the nsw north coast bioregion 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 GHFF foraging (grey‐headed flying fox foraging habitat) 5.1 10.3 15.7 32.6 21.9 5.0 1.4 28.3 GHFF roosting (grey‐headed flying fox roosting habitat) 2.6 4.7 7.4 19.5 24.4 5.0 0.6 30.0 Koala rawhabval2 (important habitats for koala) 3.0 6.0 9.5 22.2 35.4 4.4 0.7 40.5

Appendix 6. Summary of the spatial data used to create the development scenarios used in the Zonation analyses. Development scenario Spatial layers Source Notes 1: Urban development Currently Zoned LZN_20150217.shp DPE ZONE_ = (“B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | B8 |IN1 | IN2 | IN3 | IN4 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | SP2”) LEPs SP2 Salt Ash (bombing site), SP2 Special Purpose Zone around the Williamtown RAAF Airport and SP2 Defence area on the eastern side of Nelson Bay Road removed as these sites are mostly in natural condition and unlikely to be developed Zoning information contained in this layer is correct as of 15 February 2015 PORTSLZN_20131022.shp DPE SEPP_Huntlee_LZN.shp DPE TOMAGO.shp DPE Inverstigation areas URA_Option_1_and_2.shp OEH Other development LMCC_Agricultural_Land_v1_region.shp HCCREMS TYPE = “Constrained (potential urban growth or plans conservation)” AND not overlapping with (‘proposed_awaba_reserve_region.shp’ | ‘Proposed_Coastal_Wetland_region.shp’) lh_proposed_urban_land.shp DotE FutureResidentialAreas.shp HCCREMS Urban Release Area_LHRS_region.shp HCCREMS ps_plgstrategy2011_growthareas.shp HCCREMS Urban_Settlement_2011_region.shp HCCREMS ProposedDevelopmentv2.shp HCCREMS 2: Expressway newFreewayCentreline.shp HCCREMS 3: Important Agricultural Allagg1.shp HCCREMS Built from the following IAL layers: Broad Acre Areas Agriculture, Cultivated Turf and Viticulture 4: Cumulative LEPS, Growth Areas, Future Development, Expressway, Important As defined above development Agricultural Areas and Small vegetation fragments 5: Mining titles coal_titles.shp UoM 94

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Appendix 7. Predicted proportion of each biodiversity feature’s LHSA distribution predicted to be lost under each development scenario. 95

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Table 19. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 40 amphibian species predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios. The scenarios are described in Chapter 5, with the impacts listed under the Urban scenario cumulative across its components.

1. Urban 3. 2. 4. Zoned + Important 5. Amphibians Common Name MNES Zoned + Hunter Cumulative Zoned URA1&2 + Planned Agricultural Mining URA1&2 Expressway development development Lands Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog 5 6.2 8.8 0.1 5.3 13.4 32 Crinia signifera Common Eastern 5.9 7.2 10.1 0.2 6.4 15.4 26.3 Froglet Crinia tinnula Wallum Froglet 11 13.1 17.7 0 2 19.3 26.3 Heleioporus australiacus Giant Burrowing Frog TRUE 3.1 3.8 4.9 0.1 3.4 7.9 28.3 Lechriodus fletcheri Fletcher's Frog 1.4 1.9 2.6 0 2.4 4.7 22.6 Limnodynastes dumerilii Eastern Banjo Frog 5.4 6.5 9.1 0.2 5.7 13.9 26.4 Limnodynastes fletcheri Long‐thumbed Frog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Limnodynastes ornatus Ornate Burrowing Frog 6.3 7.7 10.8 0.2 7.1 16.6 26.1 Limnodynastes peronii Brown‐striped Frog 6.8 8.2 11.6 0.2 7.1 17.5 28.2 Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog 8 9.7 13.5 0.2 9.3 21.2 28.3 Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell TRUE 10.3 12.3 17.2 0.2 8.8 24.3 25.4 Frog Litoria brevipalmata Green‐thighed Frog 5.5 6.5 9.7 0.1 4.7 13.5 42 Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog 6.4 7.7 10.8 0.2 7.3 16.8 26.3 Litoria chloris Red‐eyed Tree Frog 2.1 2.6 3.7 0.1 4.1 7.4 26.9 Litoria citropa Blue Mountains Tree 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.1 2.4 3 17.2 Frog Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog 5.8 7 10.1 0.2 6.1 15.2 27.1 Litoria ewingii Brown Tree Frog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree 6.8 8.3 11.7 0.2 7.6 18 27.8 Frog Litoria freycineti Freycinet's Frog 8.4 10 13.9 0.1 4.2 17.3 31.2 Litoria gracilenta Dainty Green Tree Frog 9.7 11 15.9 0 3 18.5 22.5

Amphibians Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Litoria jervisiensis Jervis Bay Tree Frog 9.4 11.1 15 0 2.9 17.4 28 Litoria latopalmata Broad‐palmed Frog 6.2 7.5 10.4 0.2 7.1 16.3 26.6 Litoria lesueuri Lesueur's Frog 2.7 3.4 5.1 0.2 5.5 9.8 25.3 Litoria littlejohni Littlejohn's Tree Frog TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Litoria nasuta Rocket Frog 9.8 11.5 16.3 0.1 5.9 21.1 23.9 Litoria pearsoniana Pearson's Green Tree 1.3 1.8 2.7 0.1 4.4 6.8 23 Frog Litoria peronii Peron's Tree Frog 5.9 7.2 10.1 0.2 6.9 15.9 26.7 Litoria phyllochroa Leaf‐green Tree Frog 3.5 4.2 6.1 0.1 5.1 10.5 27.5 Litoria revelata Revealed Frog 5.4 6.5 9.2 0.1 3.7 12.4 32.7 Litoria tyleri Tyler's Tree Frog 6.6 8.1 11.5 0.2 7.4 17.6 29.6 Litoria verreauxii Verreaux's Frog 5.9 7.2 10.1 0.2 7 15.9 26.7 Litoria wilcoxii 2.5 3.2 5 0.2 7.1 11.3 23 Mixophyes fasciolatus Great Barred Frog 3.6 4.3 6.5 0.1 5.1 11 38.8 Paracrinia haswelli Haswell's Froglet 10.9 12.9 18.3 0.1 5.2 22.3 33.4 Pseudophryne australis Red‐crowned Toadlet 3.1 3.6 4.7 0.1 2.1 6.5 28.6 Pseudophryne bibronii Bibron's Toadlet 6.1 7.4 10.5 0.2 5.8 15.4 27.2 Pseudophryne coriacea Red‐backed Toadlet 6 7.3 10.8 0.1 5.5 15.3 32.1 Uperoleia fusca Dusky Toadlet 6 7.2 10.1 0.2 6.7 15.7 28.6 Uperoleia laevigata Smooth Toadlet 6.7 8 11.3 0.2 7.2 17.2 27.1 Uperoleia tyleri Tyler's Toadlet 0 0 33.3 0 0 33.3 33.3

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Table 20. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 316 bird species predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios. 97

| The scenarios are described in Chapter 5, with the impacts listed under the Urban scenario cumulative across its components.

Page

1. Urban 3. 2. 4. Zoned + Important 5. Birds Common Name MNES Zoned + Hunter Cumulative Zoned URA1&2 + Planned Agricultural Mining URA1&2 Expressway development development Lands Acanthagenys Spiny‐cheeked Honeyeater 6.7 8 10.9 0.2 9 18.4 23.9 rufogularis Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow‐rumped Thornbill 6.3 7.7 10.8 0.2 8.5 17.9 24.8 Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill 4.7 5.7 8.1 0.2 5.3 12.5 27.2 Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill 6 7.3 10.3 0.2 7.1 16.2 26.7 Acanthiza reguloides Buff‐rumped Thornbill 5.5 6.7 9.5 0.2 6.3 14.6 28 Acanthorhynchus Eastern Spinebill 4.7 5.7 8.1 0.2 5.1 12.3 26.7 tenuirostris Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk 5.8 7.1 10 0.2 6.4 15.3 26.6 Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk 6 7.2 10.1 0.2 6.7 15.7 26.5 Accipiter Grey Goshawk 5.3 6.5 9.2 0.2 6 14.2 27 novaehollandiae Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed‐Warbler 8 9.8 14 0.3 9.9 22.2 27.5 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper TRUE 10.6 12.5 16.1 0.1 4.3 19.7 27 Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet‐nightjar 4.4 5.3 7.3 0.1 4.6 11.1 27.3 Ailuroedus crassirostris Green Catbird 2.7 3.3 4.9 0.1 4 8.5 28 Alectura lathami Australian Brush‐turkey 2.9 3.5 5.2 0.1 3.8 8.5 25.3 Anas castanea Chestnut Teal 8.3 10.1 14.4 0.2 9.1 21.9 30.9 Anas gracilis Grey Teal 7 8.5 12.2 0.2 9.3 19.9 26.5 Anas querquedula Garganey TRUE 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler 8.1 10 14.5 0.3 11 23.6 29.9 Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck 6.4 7.9 11.2 0.2 8.3 18.1 27.6 Anhinga Australasian Darter 8.9 10.8 15.2 0.2 9.9 23.4 27.7 novaehollandiae Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose 10.6 13.3 18.6 0.1 10.3 27.2 22.7 Anthochaera Red Wattlebird 6.1 7.3 10.3 0.2 6.1 15.3 26.8 carunculata

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Anthochaera Little Wattlebird 7.1 8.6 11.9 0.2 5.1 16.1 33.2 chrysoptera Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater TRUE 9.6 11.7 14.9 0.1 6.5 20.8 47.3 Anthus novaeseelandiae Australian Pipit 7.1 8.6 11.7 0.2 7.9 18.3 25 Aphelocephala leucopsis Southern Whiteface 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Aprosmictus Red‐winged Parrot 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 erythropterus Apus pacificus Fork‐tailed Swift TRUE 9 10.9 15 0.1 5.6 19.6 31.3 Ardea ibis Cattle Egret TRUE 7.9 9.7 14 0.3 9.9 22.2 31.3 Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret 8.9 10.9 15.4 0.3 9.7 23.4 29.2 Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret 8 9.7 13.8 0.3 9.4 21.6 29.3 Ardea pacifica White‐necked Heron 6.1 7.5 10.8 0.2 8 17.4 27.7 Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone TRUE 10.7 12.5 15.6 0 2.8 17.9 13.3 Artamus cinereus Black‐faced Woodswallow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow 5.8 7 9.8 0.2 6.7 15.3 26.4 Artamus leucorynchus White‐breasted Woodswallow 9.2 11.1 15.9 0.1 7 21.6 30.4 Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.3 Artamus superciliosus White‐browed Woodswallow 7.3 8.8 12.1 0.2 7.3 18.3 25.9 Aviceda subcristata Pacific Baza 5.9 7.1 10.1 0.2 6.3 15.3 29.7 Aythya australis Hardhead 7.2 8.9 12.8 0.3 10 21.1 27.4 Biziura lobata Musk Duck 9.8 12 16.6 0.3 11.2 25.9 23.7 Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.3 Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone‐curlew 8.6 10.2 13.6 0.1 4.3 17.2 20.5 Butorides striatus Striated Heron 10.7 12.6 16.6 0 3.3 19.4 30.2 Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella 9 11 15.5 0.2 9.7 23.5 27.3 Cacatua tenuirostris Long‐billed Corella 8.2 10.1 14.4 0.3 9.5 22.3 30.9 Cacomantis Fan‐tailed Cuckoo 4.9 6 8.4 0.2 5.3 12.8 26.6 flabelliformis Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo 6.7 8.1 11.3 0.2 7.1 17.1 26.6 Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo 4.9 6 8.6 0.2 5.8 13.5 26.9 Calidris acuminata Sharp‐tailed Sandpiper TRUE 8.8 10.7 14.9 0.2 7.6 21.3 26.5 Calidris canutus Red Knot TRUE 10.5 12.1 14.9 0 2.1 16.7 18 98 Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper TRUE 10.4 12.2 15.9 0 4.1 19.3 16.9

Page Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper TRUE 9.7 11.8 16.3 0.1 7.4 22.4 22.5 Calidris minuta Little Stint TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

99 Calidris ruficollis Red‐necked Stint TRUE 10.3 12 15.5 0 4.5 19.4 14.1

| Calidris subminuta Long‐toed Stint TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Page Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot TRUE 10.1 11.5 14 0 2.2 15.9 10.3 Callocephalon Gang‐gang Cockatoo 100 100 100 0 0 100 100

fimbriatum Calyptorhynchus Yellow‐tailed Black‐Cockatoo 4.9 6 8.5 0.2 5.2 12.9 26.9 funereus Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black‐Cockatoo 5.8 7 9.9 0.2 5.2 13.7 32.3 Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal 7.5 9.1 13.1 0.2 7.1 18.9 29.9 Ceyx azureus Azure Kingfisher 5.9 7.1 10.2 0.2 7.2 16.3 28.6 Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze‐Cuckoo 7.1 8.6 12.1 0.2 7.5 18.3 26.9 Chalcites lucidus Shining Bronze‐Cuckoo 5.4 6.6 9.2 0.2 5.7 14 26.4 Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove 5.5 6.6 9.1 0.1 5 13.5 27.4 Charadrius bicinctus Double‐banded Plover 9.8 11.2 14.5 0 1.9 16.1 14.8 Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand‐plover TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand‐plover TRUE 10 11.5 15.1 0 1.7 16.5 13.4 Charadrius ruficapillus Red‐capped Plover 11.2 12.9 17.1 0.1 5.1 21.4 16.3 Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover TRUE 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck 6 7.3 10.3 0.2 7.5 16.6 27 Cheramoeca leucosterna White‐backed Swallow 5.2 6.3 8.8 0.3 8.1 15.7 26.1 Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern 9.8 11.7 16.1 0.2 8 22.7 23.1 Chlidonias leucopterus White‐winged Black Tern TRUE 10.6 11.5 14.5 0 4.5 18.5 11.6 Chroicocephalus Silver Gull 10.8 12.9 17.4 0.1 4.5 21 26 novaehollandiae Chthonicola sagittata Speckled Warbler 5.1 6.2 8.8 0.3 10.6 17.5 21 Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark 7.6 9.4 13.2 0.2 9.4 21.4 24.8 Cincloramphus Rufous Songlark 7.1 8.6 11.8 0.3 9.8 20 23.8 mathewsi Cinclosoma punctatum Spotted Quail‐thrush 3.4 4.2 6 0.2 4.2 9.4 28.2 Circus approximans Swamp Harrier 8.8 10.7 15.1 0.2 8.3 21.9 29 Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier 9.3 11.4 15.9 0.2 10.1 24.2 22.7 Cisticola exilis Golden‐headed Cisticola 7.9 9.6 13.7 0.3 9.9 21.9 28.7 Cladorhynchus Banded Stilt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 leucocephalus Climacteris affinis White‐browed Treecreeper 0 0 0 0 50 50 0

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Climacteris erythrops Red‐browed Treecreeper 2.7 3.2 4.4 0.1 3.1 7.1 24.3 Climacteris picumnus Brown Treecreeper (eastern 6.4 7.4 9.8 0.3 7.8 16 24.3 victoriae subspecies) Columba leucomela White‐headed Pigeon 6.5 7.9 11.5 0.1 6.1 16.6 31.1 Coracina maxima Ground Cuckoo‐shrike 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 Coracina Black‐faced Cuckoo‐shrike 5.7 6.9 9.6 0.2 6.5 15.1 26.3 novaehollandiae Coracina papuensis White‐bellied Cuckoo‐shrike 5.4 6.5 9.4 0.2 6.8 15.1 27.3 Coracina tenuirostris Cicadabird 4.3 5.2 7.5 0.1 4.9 11.5 26.7 Corcorax White‐winged Chough 5.7 6.9 9.8 0.2 7.8 16.2 26.9 melanorhamphos Corvus mellori Little Raven 6.9 8.3 11.5 0.2 8.6 18.8 21.5 Corvus orru Torresian Crow 8.3 10.2 14.6 0.2 8.8 22 25.4 Corvus tasmanicus Forest Raven 6.3 7.5 11 0.1 5.3 15.5 21.1 Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail 5.7 7 10.1 0.2 8.4 17 24.3 Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail 5.9 7.2 10.2 0.2 6.8 15.9 26.8 Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird 6.4 7.8 10.9 0.2 8 17.6 25.9 Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird 5.6 6.8 9.4 0.2 6.4 14.7 26.7 Cuculus saturatus Himalayan Cuckoo TRUE 20 20 40 0 20 40 40 Cygnus atratus Black Swan 7.4 9.1 13 0.3 9.5 20.9 29.6 Daphoenositta Varied Sittella 5.5 6.7 9.4 0.2 6.2 14.5 27 chrysoptera Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling‐Duck 10.4 12.9 18.9 0.2 9.8 26.7 35.5 Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling‐Duck 10.6 13.2 19 0.3 13.1 29.5 32.3 Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird 4.8 5.8 8.2 0.2 5.7 13 26 Dicrurus bracteatus Spangled Drongo 9.8 11.8 16.6 0.1 6.8 22.2 30 Dromaius Emu population in the New 7.3 8.8 12.7 0.1 5.7 17.1 19.5 novaehollandiae South Wales North Coast Bioregion and Port Stephens local government area

100 Egretta garzetta Little Egret 9.1 11 15.3 0.2 7.4 21.4 28.2 Egretta novaehollandiae White‐faced Heron 6.5 8 11.3 0.2 8.1 18.1 27.2

Page Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret TRUE 11.8 13.5 18.2 0.1 3.1 20.9 22.3 Elanus axillaris Black‐shouldered Kite 7.2 8.8 12.3 0.2 7.9 18.9 25.8

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

101 Elseyornis melanops Black‐fronted Dotterel 7.8 9.5 13.4 0.3 10.1 21.8 27

Entomyzon cyanotis Blue‐faced Honeyeater 5.7 7 10.1 0.3 8.5 17.2 25.7 |

Page Eolophus roseicapillus Galah 6.9 8.4 11.7 0.2 8.1 18.5 27.1 Ephippiorhynchus Black‐necked Stork 9.7 12 17.4 0.2 10.3 26 27.1

asiaticus Epthianura albifrons White‐fronted Chat 9.1 10.7 14.3 0.1 5 18.6 18.1 Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Erythrogonys cinctus Red‐kneed Dotterel 8 9.9 14 0.2 11.1 23.4 27.5 Esacus magnirostris Beach Stone‐curlew 11.9 13.6 16.9 0 3.6 20 10.6 Eudynamys orientalis Eastern Koel 6.3 7.7 10.9 0.2 6.8 16.5 28.3 Eudyptula minor Little Penguin 10.8 12 16.9 0 1 17.8 13.5 Eurostopodus mystacalis White‐throated Nightjar 4.3 5.2 7.4 0.1 4.8 11.4 28.7 Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird 6 7.3 10.3 0.2 6.9 16 27.3 Excalfactoria chinensis King Quail 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Falco berigora Brown Falcon 6.4 7.8 10.9 0.2 7.5 17.2 24.5 Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel 7.4 9 12.5 0.2 8.6 19.7 24.9 Falco longipennis Australian Hobby 7.1 8.7 12.2 0.2 8.4 19.1 26.1 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 6.2 7.5 10.3 0.2 6.3 15.5 26.3 Falco subniger Black Falcon 7.9 9.7 13.5 0.3 10.1 21.9 22.7 Falcunculus frontatus Eastern Shrike‐tit 3.7 4.4 6.3 0.1 4.8 10.4 24.8 frontatus Fulica atra Eurasian Coot 6.8 8.4 12.1 0.3 10.1 20.5 27.3 Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe TRUE 7.4 9.1 13.2 0.2 9 20.7 29.8 Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen 6.6 8.2 11.7 0.3 9.1 19.3 27.6 Gallirallus philippensis Buff‐banded Rail 8 9.8 14 0.2 7.6 20.3 30.3 Gelochelidon nilotica Gull‐billed Tern 11.4 13.1 16.7 0 3.8 20 15.2 Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Geopelia humeralis Bar‐shouldered Dove 6.5 7.8 11.1 0.2 7.5 17.3 27.5 Geopelia striata Peaceful Dove 6.3 7.5 10.5 0.2 6.9 16.2 27.5 Gerygone albogularis White‐throated Gerygone 6.4 7.8 11 0.2 7.4 17.1 27.1 Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone 6.4 7.7 10.1 0.4 12.3 20 18.8 Gerygone levigaster Mangrove Gerygone 9.8 11.8 15.4 0 3.2 18 26.2 Gerygone mouki Brown Gerygone 4 4.9 7 0.1 4.9 11.2 25.8 Gliciphila melanops Tawny‐crowned Honeyeater 13.3 15 20.4 0 1.6 21.7 32.8 Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet 7.1 8.6 11.9 0.2 7.6 18.3 27.4

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet 5.5 6.7 9.4 0.2 6.3 14.5 26.7 Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie‐lark 6.6 8 11.2 0.2 7.9 17.8 27.2 Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher 12.9 14.5 19.5 0 1.7 20.8 19.2 Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher 9.2 10.6 13.9 0 1.4 15.1 14.8 Haliaeetus leucogaster White‐bellied Sea‐Eagle TRUE 9.4 11.4 16 0.2 7.9 22.4 26.9 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite 11.3 13.2 18 0 4.8 21.9 23.2 Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite 8.8 10.7 14.9 0.2 7.8 21.2 28.6 Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle 6.3 7.7 10.9 0.2 7.4 17.1 26.3 Himantopus himantopus Black‐winged Stilt 9 11 15.5 0.3 10.9 24.6 27.7 Hirundapus caudacutus White‐throated Needletail TRUE 6 7.2 10.1 0.2 6 15 27.3 Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow 5.7 6.9 9.6 0.2 6.8 15.3 26.1 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern TRUE 9.7 11.3 14.7 0 3.3 17.5 15 Hylacola pyrrhopygia Chestnut‐rumped Heathwren 5.3 6.3 8.5 0.1 3.3 11.1 30.3 Irediparra gallinacea Comb‐crested Jacana 8.3 10.6 16.4 0.3 11.6 25.8 35.3 Ixobrychus dubius Australian Little Bittern 0 100 100 0 0 100 0 Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern 6.7 8.1 11.5 0.2 6.4 16.8 34.1 Lalage sueurii White‐winged Triller 6.7 8.2 11.8 0.2 8.6 18.8 23.5 Larus pacificus Pacific Gull 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lathamus discolor ∉㘀脈ᔏ써 ᘀ멨 㘀脈㐀 TRUE 11.7 13.6 18 0.4 10.1 25.6 38.2 Leucosarcia picata Wonga Pigeon 3.2 3.9 5.7 0.2 4.8 9.8 26.3 Lewinia pectoralis Lewin's Rail 8 9.6 13.3 0.2 6.4 18.4 30.5 Lichenostomus fuscus Fuscous Honeyeater 6.7 8.1 11.5 0.2 7.4 17.6 29.4 Lichenostomus leucotis White‐eared Honeyeater 3.7 4.5 6.3 0.2 4.5 10 26.4 Lichenostomus Yellow‐tufted Honeyeater 3.5 4.3 6.3 0.2 5.2 10.6 25.6 melanops Lichenostomus White‐plumed Honeyeater 7 8.6 11.8 0.3 9.8 19.9 23.8 penicillatus Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater 9.8 11.7 16.2 0.1 5.7 20.8 28.1 Limicola falcinellus Broad‐billed Sandpiper TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

102 Limosa lapponica Bar‐tailed Godwit TRUE 9.1 10.8 14.1 0 2.4 16 18.9 Limosa limosa Black‐tailed Godwit TRUE 10.2 11.9 14.9 0 3.5 18 13.6

Page Lonchura Chestnut‐breasted Mannikin 8.9 10.9 15.8 0.2 9.2 23.3 33.3 castaneothorax

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

103 Lopholaimus antarcticus Topknot Pigeon 5.1 6.2 8.8 0.1 5.1 13.1 27.4

Macropygia Brown Cuckoo‐Dove 3.6 4.5 6.7 0.1 5 10.9 28.2 |

Page amboinensis Malacorhynchus Pink‐eared Duck 8.1 10.2 14.5 0.3 12.3 24.8 26.7

membranaceus Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy‐wren 5.1 6.2 8.7 0.2 5.4 13.2 26.9 Manorina Noisy Miner 6.3 7.6 10.6 0.2 7.4 16.7 27 melanocephala Manorina melanophrys Bell Miner 3.5 4.2 5.9 0.2 4.7 9.9 26.3 Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird 8.2 10.2 14.7 0.3 10.1 23 31.5 Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird 9.2 11.3 16.1 0.1 8.4 23 26.2 Meliphaga lewinii Lewin's Honeyeater 4.3 5.2 7.4 0.2 5 11.6 26.2 Melithreptus albogularis White‐throated Honeyeater 50 50 50 0 0 50 50 Melithreptus brevirostris Brown‐headed Honeyeater 6.3 7.7 10.7 0.2 6.8 16.3 27.9 Melithreptus gularis Black‐chinned Honeyeater 6.3 7.3 9.9 0.3 7.4 15.9 26.3 gularis (eastern subspecies) Melithreptus lunatus White‐naped Honeyeater 4.1 5 7.1 0.2 5 11.3 26.4 Menura Superb Lyrebird 1.8 2.2 3.1 0.1 3.1 5.9 24.9 novaehollandiae Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee‐eater TRUE 5.7 6.9 9.5 0.2 7.7 15.9 23.9 Microcarbo Little Pied Cormorant 7.4 9.1 12.8 0.2 8.6 20 27.3 melanoleucos Microeca fascinans Jacky Winter 5.6 6.8 9.6 0.2 7.2 15.6 28 Milvus migrans Black Kite 8.6 10.5 14.6 0.2 8.8 21.7 26.6 Monarcha melanopsis Black‐faced Monarch 3.7 4.4 6.5 0.1 4.6 10.4 25.8 Morus serrator Australasian Gannet 13.2 14.5 20.1 0 1.3 21.1 15.9 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail TRUE 33.3 33.3 66.7 0 0 66.7 0 Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail 0 0 20 0 0 20 0 Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher 6 7.3 10.3 0.2 7.1 16.2 26.2 Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher 5.9 7.1 10 0.2 8.4 17.2 25.7 Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher 5 6 8.6 0.2 5.7 13.3 26.1 Myzomela Scarlet Honeyeater 5 6.1 8.6 0.2 5.8 13.4 26.8 sanguinolenta Neochmia modesta Plum‐headed Finch 6.6 8 11.1 0.3 10.6 20.1 23.9 Neochmia temporalis Red‐browed Finch 5.1 6.1 8.6 0.2 5.9 13.5 26.1

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nettapus Cotton Pygmy‐Goose 0 100 100 0 100 100 0 coromandelianus Ninox connivens Barking Owl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook 3.8 4.5 6.4 0.2 4.3 10 26.1 Ninox strenua Powerful Owl 6.9 8.3 12 0.1 5.3 16.2 28.8 Numenius Eastern Curlew TRUE 9.2 11 14.4 0 2.4 16.3 15.3 madagascariensis Numenius minutus Little Curlew TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel TRUE 9.4 10.9 14.2 0 2 15.8 13.6 Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron 7.7 9.4 13.3 0.2 7.9 19.9 28.1 Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon 7.3 8.9 12.4 0.2 8.2 19.2 27.7 Origma solitaria Rockwarbler 2.2 2.7 3.6 0.1 3.5 6.5 25.6 Oriolus sagittatus Olive‐backed Oriole 5.1 6.1 8.6 0.2 5.9 13.6 26.2 Orthonyx temminckii Logrunner 3.5 4.3 6.3 0.1 4.4 10.2 28.8 Oxyura australis Blue‐billed Duck 10 12.3 17.2 0.3 11.3 26.2 26.3 Pandion cristatus Eastern Osprey 11 12.8 17.5 0.1 4 20.7 26.3 Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote 6.3 7.6 10.7 0.2 7.9 17.3 25.4 Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican 8.8 10.6 14.9 0.2 8.5 21.8 27.7 Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin 8 9.7 13.7 0.2 9.2 21.3 26.5 Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin 6.9 8.4 11.8 0.2 8.6 19 25.1 Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin 5.3 6.4 9.1 0.2 6.4 14.4 26.9 Petroica goodenovii Red‐capped Robin 6.7 8.1 10.5 0.4 11 19.4 20.8 Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin 3.5 4.3 6.1 0.2 6.8 12.1 19.1 Petroica rosea Rose Robin 4.4 5.4 7.6 0.2 5.5 12.3 26.6 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant 8.8 10.7 15.1 0.2 9 22.5 26 Phalacrocorax Little Black Cormorant 8 9.8 13.8 0.2 8.9 21.3 26.3 sulcirostris Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant 10.3 12.3 16.8 0.2 7.1 22.6 26.8 Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing 5.5 6.6 9.2 0.2 7 14.9 25.3 Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing 6.9 8.3 11.5 0.2 5.6 16 27.6

104 Philemon citreogularis Little Friarbird 6.7 8.1 11.3 0.2 6.8 16.7 26.4 Philomachus pugnax Ruff TRUE 0 0 33.3 0 0 33.3 0

Page Phylidonyris niger White‐cheeked Honeyeater 6.8 8.2 11.4 0.2 4.9 15.4 30.6

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

105 Phylidonyris New Holland Honeyeater 6.2 7.4 10.1 0.1 3.4 12.9 29.2

novaehollandiae |

Page Pitta versicolor Noisy Pitta 3.8 4.6 6.5 0.1 4.8 10.7 26 Platalea flavipes Yellow‐billed Spoonbill 7.3 9.1 13.4 0.3 11.5 23 31.1

Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill 8.6 10.6 15.1 0.3 10.6 24 28.3 Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella 3.6 4.5 6.3 0.2 5.7 11.2 24.7 Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella 6.2 7.6 10.6 0.2 7.3 16.6 26.8 Plectorhyncha Striped Honeyeater 8.6 10.3 14 0.2 8.7 21.2 22.5 lanceolata Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis TRUE 8.9 11 15.6 0.2 9.6 23.5 32.9 Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover TRUE 9.4 10.6 13.2 0 1.7 14.6 11.4 Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover TRUE 11.7 13.2 16.8 0 2.8 19.1 17.4 Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth 5.2 6.3 8.8 0.2 5.7 13.5 26.3 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe 9.8 11.5 15 0.3 11.7 24.6 14.9 Poliocephalus Hoary‐headed Grebe 9.3 11.4 15.8 0.3 12.3 26 23.4 poliocephalus Pomatostomus White‐browed Babbler 7.5 8.9 10.7 0.4 10.5 19.2 20.7 superciliosus Pomatostomus Grey‐crowned Babbler 7.5 9.3 13 0.4 12.8 23.5 24.3 temporalis temporalis (eastern subspecies) Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen 7 8.6 12.4 0.2 9.2 20.1 28.3 Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake 9.2 11.4 16.5 0.2 10 24.7 25.6 Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake 9.8 12.1 17.2 0.2 10.5 25.9 28.4 Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake 8.9 10.8 15.4 0.2 8.4 22.2 30.8 Psephotus Red‐rumped Parrot 8 9.9 13.8 0.3 11 22.9 24.7 haematonotus Psophodes cristatus Chirruping Wedgebill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird 4.6 5.6 7.9 0.2 4.9 12 26.5 Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit‐Dove 3.3 4.1 6.1 0.1 5.8 11.2 20.9 Ptilinopus regina Rose‐crowned Fruit‐Dove 10.1 12.1 16.3 0.1 5 20.3 31.7 Ptilinopus superbus Superb Fruit‐Dove 10.1 11.9 15.8 0.1 3.7 18.8 33.1 Ptilonorhynchus Satin Bowerbird 4.1 5 7.3 0.2 5.5 11.9 26.3 violaceus Pycnoptilus floccosus Pilotbird 1.6 1.8 2.5 0.2 2.2 4.4 22.7

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Recurvirostra Red‐necked Avocet 10.5 12.6 16.5 0.2 8 23.2 20.7 novaehollandiae Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail 6.1 7.4 10.4 0.2 7.6 16.8 26.3 Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail 4.4 5.3 7.6 0.1 4.9 11.8 26.1 Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scythrops Channel‐billed Cuckoo 5.7 6.9 9.7 0.2 6.3 14.9 26.9 novaehollandiae Sericornis citreogularis Yellow‐throated Scrubwren 2.1 2.6 3.7 0.1 3.9 7.3 23.5 Sericornis frontalis White‐browed Scrubwren 4.7 5.7 8.1 0.2 5.3 12.5 25.9 Sericornis magnirostra Large‐billed Scrubwren 2.3 2.8 4.2 0.1 4.1 7.8 24.1 Sericulus chrysocephalus Regent Bowerbird 6.7 8.1 11.5 0.1 6.2 16.9 26.2 Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill 5.5 6.6 9.1 0.3 7.8 15.5 24 Sphecotheres vieilloti Australasian Figbird 9.7 11.7 16.3 0.2 8 22.9 27.5 Stagonopleura bella Beautiful Firetail 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail 7.6 9.1 12 0.3 11.2 21.1 22.6 Sterna hirundo Common Tern TRUE 12.1 13.8 17.9 0 2 19.5 18.6 Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sterna striata White‐fronted Tern 12.1 13.9 18.1 0 2.5 20.1 17.9 Sternula albifrons Little Tern TRUE 11.5 12.9 17.1 0 1.4 18.2 17.1 Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck 10 12.4 16.6 0.1 9.1 24.2 21.9 Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 Stipiturus malachurus Southern Emu‐wren 8.8 10.5 14.5 0.1 4.3 17.9 34.6 Strepera versicolor Grey Currawong 5.3 6.5 9.6 0.2 6.9 15.5 26.3 Sugomel niger Black Honeyeater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Symposiachrus Spectacled Monarch 4.8 5.8 8.3 0.1 5.5 13.1 25 trivirgatus Tachybaptus Australasian Grebe 6.5 8 11.4 0.3 8.6 18.5 27.6 novaehollandiae Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck 8.4 10.2 14 0.2 8.1 20.9 22.8 Taeniopygia bichenovii Double‐barred Finch 6.3 7.6 10.5 0.3 9 18 24.7 Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch 6 7.3 10.2 0.3 11.2 19.6 22.1

106 Thalasseus bergii Crested Tern 11 12.8 16.8 0 1.9 18.4 18.9 Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis 8.7 10.6 15 0.2 8 21.7 29.5

Page Threskiornis spinicollis Straw‐necked Ibis 7.1 8.7 12.5 0.2 8.8 19.8 27.4 Todiramphus macleayii Forest Kingfisher 7.9 9.4 13.8 0.2 8.1 20.3 31.3

Birds Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

107 Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher 6.1 7.4 10.4 0.2 6.5 15.8 27.7

Tribonyx ventralis Black‐tailed Native‐hen 5 6.3 9.5 0.2 9 17.1 29.5 |

Page Trichoglossus Scaly‐breasted Lorikeet 10 12 16.9 0.1 6.4 22.1 32.5 chlorolepidotus

Trichoglossus Rainbow Lorikeet 7.8 9.5 13.3 0.2 6.8 18.9 32.4 haematodus Tringa brevipes Grey‐tailed Tattler TRUE 9.7 11 14.2 0 1 15 14.3 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper TRUE 9.1 9.1 9.1 0 0 9.1 0 Tringa incana Wandering Tattler TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank TRUE 10.1 11.9 15.9 0.1 5.7 20.7 16.4 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper TRUE 10.6 12.5 16.5 0.1 5.5 21.1 21.5 Tryngites subruficollis Buff‐breasted Sandpiper TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Turnix maculosus Red‐backed Button‐quail 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 Turnix varius Painted Button‐quail 5.2 6.3 9 0.2 6.3 14.2 27.8 Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl 5.7 6.9 9.4 0.2 5.4 13.9 25.1 Tyto longimembris Eastern Grass Owl 9.7 11.8 16.2 0.1 5.6 20.9 18 Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl 5.7 6.9 10 0.1 5.1 14.3 28.7 Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl 1.1 1.4 1.9 0 2.5 4.2 27.5 Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing 6.6 8 11.2 0.2 7.9 17.8 27.6 Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing 7.8 9.3 12.9 0.2 7.2 18.8 27.5 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper TRUE 9.8 11.3 14.3 0 2.2 16.1 12.2 Zoothera heinei Russet‐tailed Thrush 2.7 3.5 5 0.1 8.2 12.6 21.1 Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush 2.1 2.7 3.7 0.1 4.3 7.6 24.6

Table 21. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 64 mammal species predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios. The scenarios are described in Chapter 5, with the impacts listed under the Urban scenario cumulative across its components.

1. Urban 3. 2. 4. Zoned + Important 5. Mammals Common Name MNES Zoned + Hunter Cumulative Zoned URA1&2 + Planned Agricultural Mining URA1&2 Expressway development development Lands Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider 5.3 6.4 9.2 0.2 5.8 14 27.6 Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous Bettong 2.2 2.6 4.1 0.1 5.2 8.8 22.1 Antechinus agilis Agile Antechinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Antechinus flavipes Yellow‐footed 7.1 8.5 11.7 0.2 7.5 17.8 25.2 Antechinus Antechinus stuartii Brown Antechinus 6.5 7.8 11 0.1 5.1 15.1 29.8 Antechinus swainsonii Dusky Antechinus 6.4 7.5 10.3 0.1 3.5 13.3 30 Cercartetus nanus Eastern Pygmy‐possum 4.2 5.1 6.8 0.1 3.1 9.4 30.9 Chalinolobus dwyeri Large‐eared Pied Bat TRUE 4.3 5.2 7.4 0.2 6.4 12.6 26.1 Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat 6.3 7.7 10.7 0.2 6.8 16.2 27.2 Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat 5.7 6.9 9.6 0.2 6 14.5 26.2 Dasyurus maculatus Spotted‐tailed Quoll TRUE 5.5 6.7 9.5 0.2 6.9 15.3 26 Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern False Pipistrelle 5.9 7.1 9.8 0.2 6.2 15 26.8 Hydromys chrysogaster Water‐rat 6.7 8.1 11.3 0.2 7.4 17.6 24.9 Isoodon macrourus Northern Brown 7.4 8.9 12.6 0.1 4.9 16.6 32 Bandicoot Kerivoula papuensis Golden‐tipped Bat 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.1 3.8 4.3 26.4 Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo 7.3 8.8 12.2 0.3 8.8 19.4 27.2 Macropus parma Parma Wallaby 0.5 0.6 0.9 0 2.2 2.9 19.4 Macropus robustus Common Wallaroo 2.4 2.9 4.1 0.2 5.5 8.7 23.7 Macropus rufogriseus Red‐necked Wallaby 5.5 6.6 9.5 0.2 6.6 14.9 27.2 Melomys cervinipes Fawn‐footed Melomys 3.5 4.3 6.1 0 3.1 8.7 31.5 Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing‐bat 8.2 10 14.2 0.2 8.1 20.8 32.9 Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing‐bat 6.9 8.4 11.6 0.2 7.3 17.6 28 108 oceanensis

| Mormopterus norfolkensis Eastern Freetail‐bat 7.4 9 12.6 0.2 8.2 19.3 28.1

Page Mormopterus planiceps Little Mastiff‐bat 8.1 9.7 12.9 0.2 7.8 19.2 24.8 Myotis macropus Southern Myotis 8.2 10 13.9 0.2 9 21.3 30

Mammals Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

109 Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long‐eared Bat 6.1 7.4 10.3 0.2 6.8 15.9 26.3

Nyctophilus gouldi Gould's Long‐eared Bat 4.7 5.6 8 0.1 4.9 12.1 27.2 |

Page Ornithorhynchus anatinus Platypus 5.3 6.6 9.4 0.2 9.4 17.5 25.3 Perameles nasuta Long‐nosed Bandicoot 5.2 6.3 9.2 0.1 4.6 13 28

Petauroides volans Greater Glider 1.6 1.8 2.6 0.1 1.8 4.1 22.9 Petaurus australis Yellow‐bellied Glider 3.1 3.7 5.1 0.1 3.7 8.3 28.2 Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider 4.8 5.8 8.3 0.2 5.1 12.5 28.6 Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider 8.1 9.8 13.7 0.2 7.9 20.1 28.9 Petrogale penicillata Brush‐tailed Rock‐ TRUE 0.5 0.6 1 0.1 2.5 3.2 18.3 wallaby Phascogale tapoatafa Brush‐tailed Phascogale 7.8 9.8 14.6 0.2 10.4 22.9 24.6 Phascolarctos cinereus Koala TRUE 5.7 7 9.9 0.2 6.2 15.1 26.2 Planigale maculata Common Planigale 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Potorous tridactylus Long‐nosed Potoroo TRUE 5.2 6.5 8.5 0.1 4 12 23.9 Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail 6.2 7.5 10.4 0.2 5.4 14.9 29.2 Possum Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse TRUE 6.7 8 11 0.2 5.3 15.4 26 Pteropus alecto Black Flying‐fox 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pteropus poliocephalus Grey‐headed Flying‐fox TRUE 6.7 8.1 11.4 0.2 6.8 17 28.8 Pteropus scapulatus Little Red Flying‐fox 9.4 11.3 15.8 0.2 7.6 21.9 28.7 Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat 6.2 7.4 10.3 0.1 4.4 13.9 30 Rattus lutreolus Swamp Rat 8.3 9.9 13.7 0.1 4.7 17.6 31.9 Rhinolophus megaphyllus Eastern Horseshoe‐bat 3.8 4.6 6.6 0.2 5 10.8 28.5 Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow‐bellied 7.6 9.2 13 0.2 8.6 19.9 26.7 Sheathtail‐bat Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad‐nosed Bat 6.6 8 11.2 0.2 7 17.1 28.4 Scotorepens balstoni Inland Broad‐nosed Bat 8.5 10.4 12.9 0.4 12.4 23.2 22.1 Scotorepens orion Eastern Broad‐nosed Bat 6.1 7.4 10.4 0.2 6.4 15.6 28.3 Scotorepens sp 1 Central‐eastern Broad‐ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 nosed Bat Sminthopsis murina Common Dunnart 6.1 7.4 10.4 0.2 7 16.2 26.9 Tadarida australis White‐striped Freetail‐ 5.4 6.6 9.2 0.2 6.2 14.3 26.2 bat Thylogale stigmatica Red‐legged Pademelon 1.3 1.5 2.1 0 1.9 3.9 19.6 Thylogale thetis Red‐necked Pademelon 1.8 2.2 3.4 0 3.4 6.4 24.8

Mammals Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Trichosurus caninus Short‐eared Possum 3 3.6 5 0.1 3.1 7.7 23.7 Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail 5.3 6.4 9 0.2 5.9 13.8 26.2 Possum Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat 5.1 6.1 8.6 0.2 5 12.7 26.2 Vespadelus pumilus Eastern Forest Bat 5.9 7.2 10.1 0.2 5.8 14.9 30.1 Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat 6.4 7.7 10.6 0.2 7.2 16.5 24.7 Vespadelus troughtoni Eastern Cave Bat 7.6 9.1 12.4 0.3 8.3 19.1 27.8 Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat 5.5 6.7 9.4 0.2 6 14.3 26.8 Vombatus ursinus Common Wombat 4.2 5.1 7.4 0.2 6.5 12.8 26.6 Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby 4.7 5.7 8.1 0.2 5 12.2 27.3

110

Page

Table 22. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 212 plant species predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios. 111 The scenarios are described in Chapter 5, with the impacts listed under the Urban scenario cumulative across its components.

Page 1. Urban 3. 2. 4. Zoned + URA1&2 Important 5. Plants Common Name MNES Zoned+ Hunter Cumulative Zoned + Planned Agricultural Mining URA1&2 Expressway development development Lands Acacia bynoeana Bynoe's Wattle TRUE 11.3 13.7 18.5 0.3 7.7 24.4 40.8 Acianthella amplexicaulis 50 100 100 0 0 100 0 Acianthus caudatus Mayfly Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acianthus exsertus Mosquito Orchid 40 40 40 0 0 40 0 Acianthus fornicatus Pixie Caps 5.5 6.7 9.6 0.2 5.2 13.8 26.3 Acianthus pusillus Gnat Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Actinotus helianthi Flannel Flower 4.7 5.5 7.8 0.1 2.1 9.4 22.5 Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair 4.5 5.4 7.8 0.2 5.5 12.4 26.4 Adiantum atroviride 0.8 1 1.6 0.1 1.9 3.2 13 Adiantum diaphanum Filmy Maidenhair 0.8 1 1.5 0.1 2.8 4 21.8 Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair 1.9 2.4 3.6 0.1 3.9 7 22.1 Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair 2.9 3.5 5.2 0.1 4.5 9.1 23.5 Adiantum silvaticum 1.2 1.5 2.1 0.2 3 4.8 18 Angophora inopina Charmhaven Apple TRUE 11.4 13.8 18.2 0.1 4.1 21.5 37.1 Archontophoenix Bangalow Palm 4.6 5.3 7.4 0 2.6 9.7 26.5 cunninghamiana Arthrochilus prolixus 10 12.1 16.6 0.1 5.9 21.3 42.1 Arthropteris palisotii Lesser Creeping Fern 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Asperula asthenes Trailing Woodruff TRUE 7.3 9.2 13.4 0.1 8.9 20.9 37.2 Asplenium australasicum Bird's Nest Fern 2.3 2.8 4 0.1 3.1 6.6 20.5 Banksia spinulosa Hairpin Banksia 6.1 7.4 10.5 0.2 5.5 15 28.7 Blandfordia grandiflora Christmas Bells 8.9 10.5 14.1 0.1 2.7 16.3 32.2 Boronia anemonifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Boronia falcifolia Wallum Boronia 5.9 6.7 10.6 0 1.6 11.9 11.2 Boronia floribunda Pale‐pink Boronia 1.9 2.1 2.8 0 0.8 3.4 17.3 Boronia ledifolia Sydney Boronia 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.1 1.2 1.8 17.2 Boronia parviflora Swamp Boronia 7.9 9.4 13.8 0.1 4.3 17.1 32.9 Boronia pinnata 4.8 5.7 7.8 0.1 2.4 9.9 15.4

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Boronia polygalifolia Dwarf Boronia 8.3 10.1 14.2 0.2 6.9 19.9 36.5 Bulbophyllum exiguum 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 1.8 2 14.1 Bulbophyllum shepherdii Wheat‐leaved Orchid 1.3 1.6 2.2 0.1 1.8 3.7 19.7 Caladenia carnea Pink Fingers 7.3 8.8 11.8 0.2 5.6 16.4 27.1 Caladenia catenata White Caladenia 8.1 9.8 13.3 0.2 7 19.1 27.6 Caladenia fuscata Dusky Fingers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caladenia gracilis Musky Caladenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Caladenia hillmanii 28.6 28.6 28.6 0 0 28.6 0 Caladenia picta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caladenia platichila 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caladenia quadrifaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Caladenia testacea Honey Caladenia 40 80 80 0 0 80 0 Caleana major Large Duck Orchid 7.1 8.5 11.8 0.2 5.2 16 25 Callistemon linearifolius Netted Bottle Brush 9 10.9 15.5 0.2 7 21.1 25.8 Callitris endlicheri Black Cypress Pine, 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 Woronora Plateau population Calochilus campestris Copper Beard Orchid 40 40 40 0 0 40 0 Calochilus gracillimus Slender Beard Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calochilus paludosus Red Beard Orchid 6.6 8.1 11.3 0.1 5.3 15.6 30.4 Calochilus robertsonii Purplish Beard Orchid 10.2 12.3 16.2 0.2 8.4 23.3 31.2 Cassinia aureonitens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Casuarina cunninghamiana River Oak 5 6.2 8.6 0.2 12.9 20.4 18.7 subsp. cunninghamiana Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig 3 3.4 4.8 0.1 1.7 6.2 15 Caustis pentandra Thick Twist Rush 7.2 8.2 11.1 0 1.9 12.7 21.8 Caustis recurvata 5.8 6.6 9.5 0.1 1.8 11 12.7 Ceratopetalum gummiferum Christmas Bush 5.9 6.9 9.5 0.1 2.8 11.7 27.2 Cestichis reflexa 0.7 0.9 1.3 0.1 1.4 2.5 20.8 Chamaesyce psammogeton Sand Spurge 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 Chiloglottis diphylla 2.7 3.4 4.9 0.1 6.1 10.3 19

112 Chiloglottis formicifera Ant Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chiloglottis reflexa 33.3 33.3 33.3 0 0 33.3 33.3

Page Chiloglottis seminuda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chiloglottis sylvestris 6.7 8 10.6 0.1 5.2 15.2 31.3

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

113 Chiloglottis trapeziformis Thick‐lip Bird Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chiloglottis trilabra 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 2.1 2.5 13.3 |

Page Cordyline stricta Narrow‐leaved Palm 2.4 2.8 4.4 0.1 3.2 7.1 32.1 Lily

Corybas fimbriatus Fringed Helmet Orchid 3.3 4 5.4 0.1 1.8 6.8 23 Corybas pruinosus Toothed Helmet 75 75 75 0 0 75 25 Orchid Crowea exalata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cryptostylis erecta Tartan Tongue Orchid 9.3 10.9 15.1 0.1 3.5 18 35.1 Cryptostylis leptochila Small Tongue Orchid 50 50 50 0 0 50 0 Cryptostylis subulata Large Tongue Orchid 9.6 11.3 15.2 0.1 3.7 18.1 38.8 Cyanicula caerulea Blue Caladenia 8 9.5 12.2 0.3 7.9 18.5 27.2 Cyathea australis Rough Treefern 3.5 4.1 5.6 0.1 1.5 6.9 25 Cyathea leichhardtiana Prickly Treefern 2.2 2.6 3.5 0 1.3 4.7 22.3 Cymbidium suave Snake Orchid 3.8 4.5 6.6 0.1 2.7 8.7 28.1 Cynanchum elegans White‐flowered Wax TRUE 2.9 3.7 4.7 0.1 4.9 9 21.1 Plant Cyrtostylis reniformis Gnat Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Darwinia peduncularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark Orchid 4.1 4.8 6.7 0.1 3.2 9.4 28.9 Dendrobium gracilicaule 1.4 1.8 2.7 0.1 2.9 5.1 15.3 Dendrobium linguiforme Tongue Orchid 3.4 4.3 6.5 0.2 5.8 11.4 25.5 Dendrobium pugioniforme Dagger Orchid 0.2 0.2 0.4 0 0.7 1 14.5 Dendrobium schoeninum Pencil Orchid 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.1 2.5 3.6 13.4 Dendrobium striolatum Streaked Rock Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dendrobium teretifolium Rat's Tail Orchid 3.9 4.7 6.8 0.1 4.2 10.5 22.8 Dendrobium tetragonum Tree Spider Orchid 0.7 0.8 1.2 0 2.7 3.7 21.7 Dillwynia tenuifolia Dillwynia tenuifolia, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kemps Creek Dipodium punctatum 6.1 7.4 10.2 0.1 5.2 14.6 30.9 Diuris chryseopsis Small Snake Orchid 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 Diuris dendrobioides 100 100 100 0 66.7 100 0 Diuris maculata Spotted Doubletail 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diuris platichila 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diuris punctata Purple Donkey Orchid 33.3 33.3 33.3 0 0 33.3 100

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Diuris sulphurea Tiger Orchid 27.3 27.3 27.3 0 0 27.3 18.2 Doryanthes excelsa Gymea Lily 6.5 7.9 10.8 0.2 4 14.1 38.3 Epacris purpurascens var. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 purpurascens Eriostemon australasius 7.6 8.8 12.3 0 1.5 13.5 15.7 Erythrorchis cassythoides Climbing Orchid 50 50 50 0 0 50 0 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus 7.7 9.5 13.3 0.3 26.3 35.8 8.4 camaldulensis population in the Hunter catchment Eucalyptus camfieldii Camfield's Stringybark TRUE 13.8 15.5 22.1 0.1 2.6 24.2 35.6 Eucalyptus castrensis Singleton Mallee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eucalyptus fracta Broken Back Ironbark 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0.1 0.4 19.6 Eucalyptus glaucina Slaty Red Gum TRUE 9.6 11.5 14.8 0.6 22.3 33 9.1 Eucalyptus nicholii Narrow‐leaved Black TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Peppermint Eucalyptus parramattensis TRUE 8.9 10.6 13.7 0.3 6.5 19.4 16 subsp. decadens Eucalyptus parramattensis Eucalyptus 11.2 13.2 17.6 0.2 4.2 21.1 48.7 subsp. parramattensis parramattensis C. Hall. subsp. parramattensis in Wyong and Lake Macquarie local government areas Eucalyptus pumila Pokolbin Mallee TRUE 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 Gahnia sieberiana Red‐fruit Saw‐sedge 7.6 9 12.4 0.1 3.6 15.3 29.9 Genoplesium acuminatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Genoplesium fimbriatum Fringed Midge Orchid 25 25 25 0 0 25 25 Genoplesium rufum Red Midge Orchid 12.5 12.5 12.5 0 0 12.5 0 Genoplesium ruppii 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Glossodia major Waxlip Orchid 7.1 8.7 12 0.2 6.3 17.1 31.5

114 Glossodia minor Small Waxlip Orchid 10.1 12.2 17.3 0.2 7.7 23.4 40.2 Grevillea parviflora subsp. Small‐flower Grevillea TRUE 8.9 11.1 15.8 0.3 8.3 22.4 44.9

Page parviflora Grevillea shiressii TRUE 100 100 100 0 0 100 0

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

115 Isopogon anemonifolius Broad‐leaf Drumsticks 7.3 8.9 12.1 0.2 5.3 16.5 26.6

Isopogon anethifolius Narrow‐leaf 14.2 16.5 21.2 0.1 2.2 22.8 41.8 |

Page Drumsticks Isopogon dawsonii Nepean Conebush 100 100 100 0 0 100 100

Kunzea ambigua Tick Bush 11.7 13.6 17.8 0.1 3.3 20.5 47 Kunzea capitata 10.4 11.7 16.1 0 1.8 17.5 34.5 Leionema lamprophyllum Leionema 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 subsp. obovatum lamprophyllum subsp. obovatum population in the Hunter Catchment Livistona australis Cabbage Palm 7.6 9 12.4 0.1 3.6 15.4 29.9 Lomatia silaifolia Crinkle Bush 4.7 5.6 7.9 0.1 2.8 10.1 24.5 Lyperanthus suaveolens Brown Beaks 9.3 11.3 15.4 0.2 7.7 21.9 30.2 Macrozamia communis Burrawang 7.4 8.8 12.1 0.1 4.2 15.4 27.4 Macrozamia flexuosa 9 11 15.4 0.3 9.2 22.6 31.1 Macrozamia montana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Macrozamia reducta 3.5 4.2 6.3 0.2 3.8 9.2 31.3 Maundia triglochinoides 8.7 10.9 16.6 0.1 10.8 25.9 47.1 Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark TRUE 11.3 13.1 17.9 0.1 6.4 23.3 71 Melaleuca groveana Grove's Paperbark 1 1.1 1.6 0.1 1.5 2.9 22.2 Microtis parviflora Slender Onion Orchid 9.7 11.7 15.9 0.2 8.7 23.1 27.6 Microtis unifolia Common Onion Orchid 8.9 10.7 14.8 0.3 11.1 23.7 28.3 Muehlenbeckia costata Scrambling Lignum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Neoastelia spectabilis Silver Sword Lily TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olearia cordata TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Orthoceras strictum Bird's‐mouth Orchid 33.3 66.7 66.7 0 0 66.7 66.7 Papillilabium beckleri 1 1.2 2 0.3 7 8.4 23.4 Persicaria elatior Tall Knotweed TRUE 20 20 20 0 0 20 20 Persoonia hirsuta Hairy Geebung TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Persoonia lanceolata Lance Leaf Geebung 8.9 10.3 14.1 0.1 2.2 15.9 23.1 Persoonia laurina Laurel Geebung 10.1 12 16.1 0.1 3.9 19.1 32.2 Persoonia levis Broad‐leaved Geebung 6.1 7.3 10.2 0.1 3.5 13 27.3 Persoonia linearis Narrow‐leaved 4 4.9 6.8 0.2 4.5 10.5 24.8 Geebung

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Persoonia pauciflora North Rothbury TRUE 18.3 21.7 24.5 1.5 26.4 42.3 9 Persoonia Persoonia pinifolia Pine‐leaved Geebung 4.9 5.8 7.9 0.2 2.9 10.3 29.4 Petrophile canescens Conesticks 100 100 100 0 0 100 100 Petrophile pulchella Conesticks 7.2 8.5 11.3 0.1 2 12.9 26 Petrophile sessilis 100 100 100 0 0 100 100 Phebalium squamulosum Scaly Phebalium 4.9 5.9 8.6 0.2 6 13.4 28.4 Philotheca hispidula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Philotheca myoporoides Long‐leaf Wax Flower 4 4.5 6.7 0 1.1 7.6 8.7 Philotheca salsolifolia 9.2 10.8 15 0.1 2.4 16.7 23.8 Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn Fern 4 4.9 6.8 0.1 4 10.3 21.4 Plectorrhiza tridentata Tangle Orchid 1.3 1.6 2.6 0.1 3.5 5.7 20.6 Prasophyllum brevilabre Short‐lipped Leek 6.9 8.2 11.8 0.1 4.6 15.6 36.2 Orchid Prasophyllum elatum Tall Leek Orchid 57.1 57.1 57.1 0 0 57.1 28.6 Prostanthera cineolifera Singleton Mint Bush TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prostanthera densa Villous Mint‐bush TRUE 27.3 27.3 36.4 0 0 36.4 0 Pterostylis acuminata Pointed Greenhood 5.5 6.7 9.5 0.2 5.8 14.2 28.2 Pterostylis alveata Coastal Greenhood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pterostylis baptistii King Greenhood 10.1 12.3 17.2 0.1 6.3 22.2 39.5 Pterostylis chaetophora 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 Pterostylis concinna Trim Greenhood 5.7 6.9 9.4 0.2 5.4 14 21.5 Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood 4.2 4.9 6.8 0.1 3.5 9.7 25.4 Pterostylis grandiflora Cobra Greenhood 28.6 28.6 28.6 0 0 28.6 28.6 Pterostylis hispidula Small Nodding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenhood Pterostylis longifolia Tall Greenhood 4 4.7 6.8 0.1 3.3 9.5 23.3 Pterostylis longipetala 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pterostylis nutans Nodding Greenhood 4.8 5.8 8.1 0.1 5 12.3 25.4 Pterostylis obtusa Blue‐tongue 50 50 50 0 0 50 0 Greenhood

116 Pterostylis ophioglossa Snake Tongue 12.5 12.5 12.5 0 0 12.5 0 Greenhood

Page Pterostylis parviflora Tiny Greenhood 5.7 6.9 9.4 0.2 5.8 13.9 23.3 Pterostylis pedunculata Maroonhood 4.9 6 8.8 0.1 5.4 13.3 35.4

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

117 Pterostylis reflexa Small Autumn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Greenhood |

Page Pterostylis revoluta 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 Pterostylis rufa Rusty Hood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pterostylis x furcillata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pultenaea maritima Coast Headland Pea 33.3 33.3 33.3 0 0 33.3 0 Pyrorchis nigricans 33.3 33.3 33.3 0 0 33.3 33.3 Rulingia prostrata Dwarf Kerrawang TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rutidosis heterogama Heath Wrinklewort TRUE 8.9 11.1 16 0.4 9.2 23.3 47.3 Sarcochilus falcatus Orange Blossom 0.8 1.1 1.9 0.1 4.6 6.1 11.9 Orchid Sarcochilus hillii 1.2 1.5 2.5 0.2 3.5 5.5 17.7 Sarcochilus olivaceus Green Tree Orchid 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.1 2.8 3.4 19.5 Sarcochilus spathulatus Small Butterfly Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Senna acclinis Rainforest Cassia 0.3 0.4 0.6 0 1.7 2.2 15.2 Spiranthes australis Ladies' Tresses 8.3 9.7 13.1 0.2 4.9 17.2 20.9 Sprengelia incarnata Pink Swamp Heath 9.1 10.5 14.1 0 1.9 15.6 29.2 Sticherus flabellatus var. Umbrella Fern 3.1 3.7 4.9 0.1 2.4 7 23.8 flabellatus Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly TRUE 7.7 9 12.6 0.1 6.4 18.2 27.4 Telopea speciosissima Waratah 2.9 3.2 4.8 0 1 5.6 17.4 Tetratheca juncea Black‐eyed Susan TRUE 8.8 10.6 15 0.1 5.2 19 43.2 Thelymitra carnea Tiny Sun Orchid 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 Thelymitra fragrans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thelymitra media var. media Tall Sun Orchid 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 Thelymitra nuda Plain Sun Orchid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thelymitra peniculata 0 0 33.3 0 0 33.3 66.7 Todea barbara King Fern 2.9 3.4 4.5 0.1 2 6.2 20.9 Velleia perfoliata TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xanthorrhoea arborea 6.5 7.7 10.3 0.1 2.6 12.4 32.2 Xanthorrhoea concava 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xanthorrhoea fulva 8.6 10.4 14.4 0.1 4.6 18.2 28.9 Xanthorrhoea glauca 7.5 9.1 12.1 0.3 8.2 18.9 19.4 Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Johnson's Grass Tree 3.9 4.8 6.5 0.1 4.3 10.1 27.7 Xanthorrhoea latifolia 8.7 10.5 14.6 0.1 4.7 18.3 30.8

Plants Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Xanthorrhoea macronema 9.4 11.3 15.5 0.1 5 19.5 32.6 Xanthorrhoea malacophylla 1.5 2 3 0.1 2.9 5.5 31.1 Xanthorrhoea media 2.7 3.2 4.4 0.1 2 6 22.8 Xanthorrhoea resinosa 6.9 7.9 10.7 0.1 2.4 12.6 34.4 Xylomelum pyriforme Woody Pear 4.3 5.1 7.2 0.1 2.5 9.1 21.6 Zannichellia palustris 12.6 14.1 16.8 0 6.8 22.8 15.4 Zieria smithii Low growing form of Z. 6.3 7.6 10.7 0.2 5.9 15.6 27 smithii, Diggers Head

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Table 23. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 62 reptile species predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios. 119 The scenarios are described in Chapter 5, with the impacts listed under the Urban scenario cumulative across its components.

Page 1. Urban 3. 2. 4. Zoned + Important 5. Reptiles Common Name MNES Zoned + Hunter Cumulative Zoned URA1&2 + Planned Agricultural Mining URA1&2 Expressway development development Lands Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder 5.3 6.3 9.2 0.1 4.9 13.2 30.4 Acritoscincus platynota Red‐throated Skink 2.2 2.7 4.2 0.1 4.2 7.7 24.6 Amphibolurus muricatus Jacky Lizard 6 7.3 10.3 0.2 6.1 15.3 27.2 Anomalopus swansoni Punctate Worm‐skink 4 4.8 6.9 0.2 4.7 10.8 23.2 Bellatorias major Land Mullet 7.3 8.8 12.1 0.1 4 15.5 25.2 Boiga irregularis Brown Tree Snake 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Cacophis krefftii Southern Dwarf Crowned 5.1 6 8.1 0.1 4.8 12.3 28.3 Snake Cacophis squamulosus Golden‐crowned Snake 5.4 6.5 9 0.1 4.1 12.5 26.5 Carlia tetradactyla Southern Rainbow‐skink 6.6 8.2 11.6 0.3 9.6 19.3 22.9 Chelodina longicollis Eastern Snake‐necked 7.1 8.7 12.1 0.2 8.8 19.4 25.9 Turtle Cryptoblepharus virgatus Cream‐striped Shinning‐ 5.6 6.8 9.4 0.2 6 14.3 26.4 skink Cryptophis nigrescens Eastern Small‐eyed Snake 4.5 5.4 7.6 0.1 4.2 11.2 30.4 Ctenotus robustus Robust Ctenotus 7.5 9 12.5 0.2 7.4 18.5 25.3 Ctenotus taeniolatus Copper‐tailed Skink 5.1 6.1 8.6 0.2 4.8 12.5 25.9 Cyclodomorphus gerrardii Pink‐tongued Lizard 2.4 3 4.8 0.1 5 9.2 28.7 Cyclodomorphus michaeli Mainland She‐oak Skink 6.2 7.5 10.4 0.1 4.7 14.4 26.2 Delma plebeia Leaden Delma 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Demansia psammophis Yellow‐faced Whip Snake 5.7 6.9 9.7 0.2 6 14.6 27.8 Dendrelaphis punctulatus Common Tree Snake 7 8.5 12.1 0.2 7.7 18.5 31.2 Diplodactylus vittatus Wood Gecko 4 4.9 6.8 0.2 6.7 12.3 22.9 Egernia cunninghami Cunningham's Skink 2.5 3.1 4.1 0.1 3.3 7 23.9 Egernia mcpheei Eastern Crevice Skink 1.5 2 3.4 0.1 4.9 7.7 24.1 Egernia saxatilis Black Rock Skink 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Egernia striolata Tree Skink 6.1 7.4 9.8 0.3 9.7 17.8 21.9 Egernia whitii White's Skink 2.4 3.1 4.4 0.1 3.8 7.6 21.1

Reptiles Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5. Eulamprus heatwolei Yellow‐bellied Water‐ 1.4 1.7 2.4 0.1 2.7 4.8 18.5 skink Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water‐skink 5.6 6.8 9.5 0.2 6.5 14.9 26.5 Eulamprus tenuis Barred‐sided Skink 4.9 5.9 8.4 0.2 5.5 13 25.8 Furina diadema Red‐naped Snake 5.3 6.7 9.7 0.3 10 18 24.1 Hemiaspis signata Black‐bellied Swamp 7.7 9.4 13 0.1 6 18 25.9 Snake Hemiergis decresiensis Three‐toed Earless Skink 3.7 4.6 6.3 0.2 5.5 11 27.1 Hoplocephalus stephensii Stephens' Banded Snake 3.5 4.2 5.9 0.1 3.9 9.3 26 Hypsilurus spinipes Southern Angle‐headed 2.2 2.6 3.3 0 2.4 5.5 23.9 Dragon Lampropholis amicula Friendly Sunskink 7 8.3 11.8 0.1 4.5 15.4 31.8 Lampropholis delicata Dark‐flecked Garden 6.2 7.5 10.5 0.2 6.2 15.7 27.3 Sunskink Lampropholis guichenoti Pale‐flecked Garden 6.5 7.9 11.1 0.2 5.5 15.6 27.7 Sunskink Lialis burtonis Burton's Snake‐lizard 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.3 Lygisaurus foliorum Tree‐base Litter‐skink 3 3.8 5.3 0.2 5.7 10.1 22.5 Morelia spilota Carpet & Diamond 4.7 5.8 8.5 0.1 6 13.5 27.7 Pythons Morethia boulengeri South‐eastern Morethia 9.8 11.6 14 0.4 11.6 23.2 20.5 Skink Notechis scutatus Tiger Snake 3.8 4.7 6.9 0.2 5.2 11.2 25.9 Oedura lesueurii Lesueur's Velvet Gecko 2.3 2.8 3.9 0.1 3.3 6.8 22.8 Oedura robusta Robust Velvet Gecko 5.5 6.8 9.4 0.3 8.6 16.6 24.4 Phyllurus platurus Broad‐tailed Gecko 1.3 1.6 2.2 0.1 2.8 4.7 23.6 Physignathus lesueurii Eastern Water Dragon 5.2 6.3 9.1 0.2 6.9 14.9 26.8 Pogona barbata Bearded Dragon 6 7.4 10.4 0.2 8 17 25.8 Pseudechis porphyriacus Red‐bellied Black Snake 5.8 7 9.9 0.2 6.6 15.4 26.4 Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake 6.2 7.6 10.7 0.2 7.1 16.6 25.8 Pygopus lepidopodus Common Scaly‐foot 5.5 6.6 9.4 0.2 5.8 14.2 28.3

120 Ramphotyphlops nigrescens Blackish Blind Snake 5.2 6.3 9 0.2 5 13.1 27.2 Ramphotyphlops proximus Proximus Blind Snake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Page Ramphotyphlops wiedii Brown‐snouted Blind 0 100 100 0 0 100 0 Snake

Reptiles Common Name MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

121 Rankinia diemensis Mountain Dragon 2.1 2.6 3.7 0.1 2.5 5.8 23

Saiphos equalis Three‐toed Skink 4.7 5.7 8 0.1 4.6 11.9 27.2 |

Page Saltuarius swaini Southern Leaf‐tailed 1.7 2.1 3.3 0.1 4.7 7.6 30.9 Gecko

Saproscincus mustelinus Weasel Skink 4.4 5.3 7.5 0.1 4.2 11 26.6 Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Blue‐tongue 7.5 9.2 12.7 0.2 7.2 18.6 28.3 Underwoodisaurus milii Thick‐tailed Gecko 0.8 1.1 1.6 0.1 2.6 3.8 18.1 Varanus gouldii Gould's Goanna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Varanus rosenbergi Rosenberg's Goanna 2.7 3.5 4.8 0.1 2.7 7.1 23.5 Varanus varius Lace Monitor 5.3 6.4 9 0.2 6 13.9 26.5 Vermicella annulata Bandy‐bandy 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.4

Table 24. The proportion of the LHSA distributions of 24 EECs & 3 habitat features predicted to be lost under each of the development scenarios. The scenarios are described in Chapter 5, with the impacts listed under the Urban scenario cumulative across its components.

1. Urban 3. 2. 4. Zoned + Important 5. EECs & other biodiversity features MNES Zoned + Hunter Cumulative Zoned URA1&2 + Planned Agricultural Mining URA1&2 Expressway development development Lands central hunter grey box ironbark woodland in the nsw north 6.1 7 8.8 0.3 11.8 18.1 21.5 coast and sydney basin bioregion central hunter ironbark spotted gum grey box forest in the 8.4 9.9 13.3 0.6 17.9 27 23.4 nsw north coast and sydney basin bioregion coastal saltmarsh in the nsw north coast sydney basin and 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 south east corner bioregion freshwater wetlands on coastal floodplains of the nsw north 8.4 10.1 14.7 0.1 5.9 19.6 17.3 coast sydney basin and south east corner bioregion hunter lowland redgum forest in the sydney basin and nsw 5.1 6.1 7.9 0.3 9.8 15.9 21.1 north coast bioregion kurri sand swamp woodland in the sydney basin bioregion 8.1 10.2 11.3 0.9 6.7 18.1 9.5 littoral rainforest in the nsw north coast sydney basin and 5.9 6.2 9.4 0 1.9 11 2.2 south east corner bioregion lower hunter spotted gum ironbark forest in the sydney basin 7 8.9 13.6 0.3 9.8 20.8 43.8 bioregion lower hunter valley dry rainforest in the sydney basin and 0.7 0.8 1.4 0 2 3.2 23.6 nsw north coast bioregion lowland rainforest in nsw north coast and sydney basin 0.6 0.8 1 0 1.8 2.8 15 bioregion Nominated EC Hinterland TRUE 8.2 11.4 12.5 1.3 3.6 16.4 5.8 Nominated EC Littoral TRUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nominated EC Lowland TRUE 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 17.9 Nominated EC Remnant TRUE 6.2 7.4 11.7 0.3 11.7 20.8 20.9 Nominated EC Saltmarsh TRUE 5.6 5.6 6.7 0 0 6.7 6.9 122 pittwater and wagstaffe spotted gum forest in the sydney 15 16.3 19.3 0.1 2.9 21.5 47.4

| basin bioregion

Page quorrobolong scribbly gum woodland in the sydney basin 0 0 0 0 16.7 16.7 83.3 bioregion

EECs & other biodiversity features MNES 1. Urban 2. 3. 4. 5.

123 river flat eucalypt forest on coastal floodplains of the nsw 7.9 8.7 14.4 0.1 2.4 16.3 10.4

north coast sydney basin and south east corner bioregion |

Page subtropical coastal floodplain forest of the nsw north coast 5.8 6.7 8.2 0 3.9 12.1 3.3 bioregion

swamp oak floodplain forest of the nsw north coast sydney TRUE 10.7 12.2 16.7 0.1 10.4 25.5 20.4 basin and south east corner bioregion swamp sclerophyll forest on coastal floodplains of the nsw 9.1 10.7 15.2 0 3.1 17.8 27.2 north coast sydney basin and south east corner bioregion urtica incisa adiantum aethiopicum dichondra repens doodia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 aspera adiantum formosum nyssanthes diffusa white box yellow box blakely.s red gum woodland 0 0 0 0 77.8 77.8 0 white gum moist forest in the nsw north coast bioregion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GHFF foraging (grey‐headed flying fox foraging habitat) 4.8 5.9 8.3 0.2 5 12.4 26.9 GHFF roosting (grey‐headed flying fox roosting habitat) 1.7 1.7 1.7 0 0 1.7 21.5 Koala rawhabval2 (important habitats for koala) 3.6 4.3 6.1 0.2 3.8 9.2 24.6

Appendix 8. Overlap of proposed future development plans and conservation priority areas within the LHSA region. Figure 2. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Urban Development scenario. The top priority conservation areas (coloured red to cyan) represent sites of high conservation value where development should be avoided if possible. Areas in dark grey have lower conservation value across the pool of biodiversity features included in this assessment, while grey areas are already cleared. 124

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Figure 3. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Hunter Expressway scenario. 125 The top priority conservation areas (coloured red to cyan) represent sites of high conservation value where development should be avoided if possible.

Page Areas in dark grey have lower conservation value across the pool of biodiversity features included in this assessment, while grey areas are already cleared.

Figure 4. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Important Agricultural Lands scenario. The top priority conservation areas (coloured red to cyan) represent sites of high conservation value where development should be avoided if possible. Areas in dark grey have lower conservation value across the pool of biodiversity features included in this assessment, while grey areas are already cleared. 126

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Figure 5. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Cumulative development scenario. 127 The top priority conservation areas (coloured red to cyan) represent sites of high conservation value where development should be avoided if possible.

Page Areas in dark grey have lower conservation value across the pool of biodiversity features included in this assessment, while grey areas are already cleared.

Figure 6. The priority ranking of the areas likely to be developed under the Mining scenario. The top priority conservation areas (coloured red to cyan) represent sites of high conservation value where development should be avoided if possible. Areas in dark grey have lower conservation value across the pool of biodiversity features included in this assessment, while grey areas are already cleared. 128

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