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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gedik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri

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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gedik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ GEDİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ SUALTI ÇALIŞMALARINDA İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ SORUMLULUKLARI KENAN MALAY YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI DANIŞMAN PROF. DR. BELMA ÖZBEK 2015-İSTANBUL BEYAN Bu tez çalışmasının kendi çalışmam olduğunu, tezin planlanmasından yazımına kadar bütün safhalarda etik dışı davranışımın olmadığını, bu tezdeki bütün bilgileri akademik ve etik kurallar içinde elde ettiğimi, bu tezde çalışmayla elde edilmeyen bütün bilgi ve yorumlara kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynakları da kaynaklar listesine aldığımı, yine bu tezin çalışılması ve yazımı sırasında patent ve telif haklarını ihlal edici bir davranışımın olmadığını beyan ederim. Kenan MALAY İmza ÖNSÖZ Work Health Organization (WHO) ve (International Labour Organization) ILO başta olmak üzere birçok kuruluşun öncülüğünde 20. yüzyıl başlarından günümüze sürekli artan bir ivme ile iş sağlığı ve güvenliği önem kazanmaktadır. İş kazalarından kaynaklanan kayıpları önlemenin ödemekten daha az maliyetli ve insani olduğu düşüncesi, gelişen bilim ve teknolojinin de katkısıyla hızla yayılmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak, proaktif iş sağlığı güvenliği yönetim sistemlerinin uygulama alanı hızla artmıştır. Bu tezde; Yüksek risk altında çalışan sualtı çalışanlarının, çalışmanın sualtında gerçekleşmesi sebebi ile maruz kaldıkları riskler, İngiltere, Avustralya, Amerika ve Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti gibi ülkelerin sualtı iş kazalarından kaynaklanan kayıplar sebebiyle sualtı çalışmalarında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği üzerine hazırladıkları yasal düzenlemeler ve kılavuzlar, Avrupa Birliği standartlarına uyum süreci yaşayan ülkemizde sualtı iş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda yürürlülükte olan mevcut yasal düzenlemeler ile belirtilen ülkelerin yasal düzenlemeleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan karşılaştırma sonucunda, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devletinin sualtı çalışmalarında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından yasal düzenlemelerindeki eksiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Haziran, 2015 Kenan MALAY ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .........................................................................................................................ii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ iii SİMGE LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................... vii KISALTMA LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ viii ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ........................................................................................................... xi ÖZET............................................................................................................................ 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 2 BÖLÜM 1 .................................................................................................................... 3 GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 3 1 GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Amaç ve Kapsam ................................................................................... 4 BÖLÜM 2 .................................................................................................................... 5 SUALTI RİSKLERİ .................................................................................................... 5 2 SUALTI RİSKLERİ..................................................................................... 5 2.1 Biyolojik Risk Etmenleri ....................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Doğal Yaşam ............................................................................. 5 2.1.1.1 Saldırganlar ............................................................................... 5 2.1.1.1.1 Köpek Balığı ...................................................................... 6 2.1.1.1.2 Müren Balığı ...................................................................... 7 2.1.1.1.3 Yunus ................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.1.4 Balina ................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.1.5 Timsah ................................................................................ 9 2.1.1.1.6 Pirana .................................................................................. 9 2.1.1.2 Toksin İçerenler ......................................................................... 9 2.1.1.2.1 Trakonya ............................................................................. 9 2.1.1.2.2 İskorpit ............................................................................. 10 2.1.1.2.3 Vatoz ................................................................................ 10 2.1.1.2.4 Elektrik Balığı .................................................................. 10 2.1.1.2.5 Deniz Anası ...................................................................... 11 2.1.1.2.6 Deniz Şakayığı ................................................................. 11 2.1.1.2.7 Deniz Çıyanı ..................................................................... 11 2.1.1.3 Mikroorganizmalar .................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Dalış Öncesi Sağlık Durumu .................................................. 12 iii 2.2 Fiziksel Risk Etmenleri ........................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Suüstü Trafiği ......................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Akıntı ...................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Hava Durumu .......................................................................... 15 2.2.4 Tuzluluk ve Mineraller ........................................................... 15 2.2.4.1 Korozyon ................................................................................. 17 2.2.4.2 İletkenlik .................................................................................. 17 2.2.5 Görüş Mesafesi ....................................................................... 17 2.2.6 Sıcaklık ................................................................................... 18 2.2.6.1 Hipotermi ................................................................................ 20 2.2.6.2 Kalorik Vertigo ....................................................................... 20 2.2.6.3 Hipertermi ............................................................................... 20 2.2.7 Gürültü .................................................................................... 21 2.2.8 Basınç ...................................................................................... 21 2.2.8.1 Aşırı Şişmeye/Genleşmeye Dayalı Dalış Rahatsızlıkları ........ 21 2.2.8.1.1 Arteryal Gaz Embolisi (AGE) .......................................... 23 2.2.8.1.2 Punömotraks ..................................................................... 23 2.2.8.1.3 Mediastinal Amfizem ....................................................... 24 2.2.8.1.4 Subkutanus Amfizem ....................................................... 24 2.2.8.2 Basınçtaki Değişime Bağlı Dalış Rahatsızlıkları .................... 24 2.2.8.2.1 Tip I Dalış Rahatsızlığı .................................................... 25 2.2.8.2.2 Tip II Dalış Rahatsızlığı ................................................... 26 2.2.8.2.2.1 Nörolojik Tip II Rahatsızlığı ..................................... 26 2.2.8.2.2.2 Tip II Akciğer Dekompresyon Rahatsızlığı .............. 27 2.2.8.2.3 Alternobarik Vertigo ........................................................ 27 2.2.8.2.4 Barotravma ....................................................................... 29 2.2.9 İş Ekipmanları ......................................................................... 29 2.2.10 Haberleşme ............................................................................. 30 2.2.11 İrtifada Yapılan Sualtı Çalışmaları ......................................... 30 2.3 Kimyasal Risk Etmenleri ..................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Çalışma Ortamında Bulunan Kimyasallar .............................. 31 2.3.2 Solunan Gazın Cinsi ............................................................... 31 2.3.2.1 CO Zehirlenmesi ..................................................................... 31 2.3.2.2 CO₂ Zehirlenmesi (Hypercapnia)............................................ 33 2.3.2.3 O₂ Zehirlenmesi ..................................................................... 33 2.3.2.3.1 Merkezi Sinir Sistemi Oksijen Zehirlenmesi ................... 34 2.3.2.3.2 Akciğer Oksijen Zehirlenmesi ......................................... 34 2.3.2.4 N₂ Narkozu .............................................................................. 34 2.3.2.5 Oksijen Yetmezliği (Hipoksi) ................................................. 35 2.3.2.6 Sığ Su Bayılması ..................................................................... 35 BÖLÜM 3 .................................................................................................................... 37 SUALTI ÇALIŞMALARI ......................................................................................... 37 3 Sualtı Çalışmaları ......................................................................................
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