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Daily Express Daily Herald Daily Mail Daily Telegraph The Economist Manchester Guardian News Chronicle The New Statesman and Nation The Observer The Spectator The Sunday Times The Times Tribune The following publications were also consulted: Christian Science Monitor, Daily Mirror, Daily Worker, Evening Standard, New York Times, Washington Post, Yorkshire Post. (Numerous other newspapers and periodicals were examined for 1946: Daily Dis- patch, Daily Sketch, Evening News, Financial Times, Intelligence Digest Labour Monthly, News of the World, The People, The Star, Sunday Dispatch, Sunday Express, Sunday Graphic. The reference to Greek events in these publications was limited and it was decided to focus research on the main thirteen papers first mentioned).

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 325 G. Koutsopanagou, The British Press and the Greek Crisis, 1943–1949, Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55155-9 326 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Chapters

Bailey, Michael. Editor’s Introduction. In Narrating Media History,editedby Michael Bailey, xxi. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009. Bingham, Adrian. Media Products as Historical Artefacts. In The Routledge Com- panion to British Media History, edited by Martin Conboy and John Steel. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014. Campell, J. The Greek Civil War. In The International Regulations of Civil War, edited by E. Luard, 37–64. London: Thames & Hudson, 1972. Curran, James. Rethinking the Media as a Public Sphere. In Communication and Citizenship, edited by Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks, 27. Abingdon: Routledge, 1991. Curran, James. Communication and History. In Explorations in Communication and History, edited by Barbie Zelizer, 47. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008. Depkat, Volker. Cultural Approaches to International Relations. A Challenge? In Culture and International History, edited by Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht and Frank Schumacher, 175–197. New York: Berghahn Books, 2003. Gitlin, T. Counter Insurgency: Myth and Reality in Greece. In Containment and Revolution, edited by D. Harowitz, 140–181. Boston: Beacon Books, 1967. Katz, Elihu. Foreword. In Narrating Media History, edited by M. Bailey, xviii. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009. Kent, John. British Policy and the Origins of the Cold War (Chap. 8). In Origins of the Cold War: An International History, edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter, 155–166. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994. Reprint 2005, 2006, 2007. Koutsopanagou, Gioula. The Parameter of ‘Culture’ as an Interpretative Tool in Historical Analysis: Introductory Note to the Translation into Greek of Frank Ninkovich’s Book. In Diplomacy of Ideas. U.S. Foreign Policy and Cul- tural Relations 1938–1950, 11–38. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981 (Greek series: Cultural Diplomacy–Cold War, no. 1, Athens: Papazisis Publishers, 2013). Larres, Klaus. Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1990 (Chap. 9). In The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War, edited by Richard H. Immerman and Petra Goedde, 141–157. Oxford University Press, 2013. Luckhurst, Tim. Online and On Death Row: Historicizing Newspapers in Crisis. In The Routledge Companion to British Media History, edited by M. Conboy and J. Steel. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. McNeil, William Hardy. The View from Greece. In Witnesses to the Origins of the Cold War, edited by T.T. Hammond, 452–467. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982. Painter, David S. and Leffler, Melvyn P. The International System and the Origins of the Cold War. Introduction in Origins of the Cold War. An International BIBLIOGRAPHY 347

History, edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter, 1–12. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994, 2005. Reprint, 2006, 2007. Peters, John Durham. History as a Communication Problem. In Explorations in Communication and History, edited by Barbie Zelizer, 19. Abingdon: Rout- ledge, 2008. Pollard, S. The Foundation of the Co-operative Party. In Essays in Labour His- tory, 1886–1923, edited by A. Briggs and J. Saville, 85–210. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1971. Reynolds, David. Culture, Discourse, and Policy: Reflections on the New Inter- national History (Chap. 18). In From World War to Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Reprint, 2010. Starr, Paul. Democratic Theory and the History of Communications, cited by Lauer, Josh. Introduction. Communication and History. In Explorations in Communication and History, edited by Barbie Zelizer, 16. Abingdon: Rout- ledge, 2008. Stubbs, John. Appearance and Reality: A Case Study of the Observer and J.L. Garvin, 1914–1942 (Chap. 18). In Newspaper History from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day, edited by George Boyce, James Curran and Pauline Wingate, 320–338. London: Constable, 1978. Voglis, Polimeris and Bournazos, Stratis. τρατo´πεδo Mακρoνη´σoυ, 1947–1950. Bι´ακαι πρoπαγαν´ δα [Camp Makronissos 1947–1950. Violence and Propa- ganda]. In Iστoρια´ της Eλλαδας´ τoυ 20o´ αιωνα´ [History of 20th Cen- tury Greece], edited by Christos Xatziiosif, Vol. 2, 51–81. Athens: Bibliorama, 2009. Williams, Kevin. Doing Media History: The Mass Media, Historical Analysis and the 1930s. In The Routledge Companion to British Media History,editedby M. Conboy and J. Steel, 29. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. Index

A Allied Mission for Observing the Acheson, Dean, 287 Greek Elections (AMFOGE), Acland, Sir Richard, 52 210, 211, 215 Advertising Service Guild, 73 ambassadors American, 163, 186, 239, 301 Aegean Islands, 125, 175, 219 British, 18, 62, 94, 102, 104, 131, aid, 203, 230, 233, 235, 236, 240, 132, 165, 186, 211, 214, 236, 242, 273, 278, 285, 289, 293, 250, 264, 265, 270, 291, 306, 301 309, 311, 322 Aitken, Max (Lord Beaverbrook), Greek, 104, 106, 171, 188, 268, 76, 77. See also newspapers: 271, 291 Daily Express; Evening Standard; Soviet, 100, 187 Sunday Press Yugoslav, 192 Albania, 48, 225, 227, 240, 252, 294 American aid, 251 Alexander, General, 136 American Mission for Aid to Greece Alexandroupolis, 71 (AMAG), 239, 265 Algiers, 107 American Service Missions in Greece, Allen, Denis, 43 269 Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ), amnesty, 127, 203, 240, 250, 260, Mediterranean Theater, Caserta, 291, 294, 295 133 anarchy, 203, 235 Allied Information Services (AIS), Angelopoulos, Alkeos, 68, 174, 185, 131, 171. See also information 198, 207, 216, 229, 248, 265. services See also newspapers: Times, The

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 349 G. Koutsopanagou, The British Press and the Greek Crisis, 1943–1949, Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55155-9 350 INDEX

Anglo-American alliance, 50, 81, 163, Army Public Relations (PR3), 103 235, 248 arrests, 141, 183, 221, 240, 251–254, Anglo-American Press Association, 259, 260, 263, 269 192 assassination, 275 Anglo-American-Greek discussion, Associated Newspapers Group, 79 299 Associated Press, 75, 121, 126, 134, Anglo-French alliance, 236 162, 193 Anglo-Greek Cultural Convention, Association of Greek industries, 143 190 Astor, John J., 185. See also Anglo-Greek Information Service newspapers: Times, The (AGIS), 197 Astor, Lord David, 53, 80–82, Anglo-Greek relations, 110, 181 128, 221, 235, 249. See also Anglo-Soviet relations, 4, 45, newspapers: Observer, The 200–202, 305 Astor, Waldor (Viscount), 80 anti-British, 99 Athens anti-communist consensus, 3, 4, 16, battle of, 101 23–28 Athens conference, 136 construction by IRD and press, Atlantic Pact. See North Atlantic 32–41 Treaty Organisation (NATO) anti-democratic regimes, 213 Attlee Government, 241 anti-fascism, 48 Attlee, Clement, Prime Minister of anti-Nazi forces, 155 Britain, 40, 122, 218 anti-Soviet, 25, 37, 41, 55, 76, 88, Australian’s proposals, 279 202 Axioupolis, 228 Arcadia, 284 Axis Powers, 252 Archbishop of Canterbury, 182, 302 Azerbaijan, 226 archives American, 46 British, 4, 46 B Greek, 4 Badoglio, Marshal, 123 release of classified, 14, 16 Balfour, Sir John, 258, 267, 322 Soviet, 3 Balkans, 35, 70, 100, 102, 176, 179, armed forces, 95, 96, 101, 105, 120, 181, 186, 223, 228, 249, 279, 146 300 armies. See also Democratic Army of bandits, 120, 137, 222, 223, 228, Greece 256, 258, 284, 285, 287, 303 British, 18, 103, 113, 264, 307 Barber, Stephen, 75, 160, 176, 193, Greek National, 185, 223, 250, 194, 216, 229, 249, 300. See 253, 278, 280, 289, 295, 302 also Cawadias, Mary; newspapers: Soviet, 53 News Chronicle Yugoslav, 223 Barker, Dudley, 76, 206. See also armistice, 140, 294 newspapers: Daily Herald INDEX 351

Barker, Elizabeth, 217. See also Bigio, Robert, 118, 121, 134, 198, Reuters 308. See also Reuters Barrington-Ward, Robert M., 65, 67, Big Three, 189, 191 68, 81, 119, 132, 144, 147, 154, Blake, Robert, 227. See also 155, 157, 175, 256, 257, 260, newspapers: Manchester Guardian 312. See also newspapers: Times, Board of Trade, Britain, 29 The Bolsheviks, 88, 276 Barry, Gerald, 52, 73, 88, 145, 150, books, 38, 190 151, 153, 158, 309. See also The Greek Sedition, 70 newspapers: News Chronicle The Crooked Line. From Cultural Bartlett, Vernon, 74, 104, 110, 124, History to the History of Society. 150, 204, 230, 294, 306. See also See Eley, Geoff newspapers: News Chronicle Mein Kampf , 79 Bateman, C.H., 285 Simiomata, 125 Beaverbrook. See Aitken, Max translations of, 37 Beirut, 108, 175 Bouchier, J.D., 154 Belgrade, 174, 185, 192, 198, 226, bourgeoisie, 61 249 Bracken, Brendan, 83, 132, 158–160. Berlin, 315 See also newspapers: Economist, Berry Brothers, the, 63, 82. See The also Berry, Gomer (Viscount Brailsford, H.N., 91, 92. See also Kemsley); Berry, Sir William newspapers: New Statesman and (Lord Camrose) Nation, The Berry, Gomer (Viscount Kemsley), 82 Brandon, D.H., 201. See also Berry, Sir William (Lord Camrose), newspapers: Sunday Times 63, 71, 82. See also newspapers: Bretton Woods agreement, 90 Daily Telegraph British Broadcasting Corporation Bevan, Aneurin, 87. See also (BBC), 13, 29, 30, 35, 37, 39, newspapers: Tribune 40, 42, 57, 60, 94, 97, 110, 200, Beveridge, 83 270, 284, 309 Beveridge Report, 54 Balkan Intelligence Section, 100 Beveridge, Sir William, 54, 83. See also Dominion Service, 137 newspapers: Economist, The European Service, 61, 133, 194 Bevin, Ernest, 24, 26, 27, 34, 40, 44, General Advisory Council, 37 45, 50, 69, 75, 76, 90, 91, 122, Governors, 37 151, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, Greek Section, 38, 40, 61, 94, 95, 193, 195, 201–207, 213, 214, 97, 102, 103, 105, 106, 113, 218, 230–232, 234, 241, 243, 137, 158, 159, 161, 173, 174, 246, 257, 262–266, 270, 287, 198 293, 296, 315, 316 Home Service, 39, 113, 137, 159, Bigio, Eric (Grey), 118, 127, 319. See 194 also newspapers: Daily Express News Division, 186 352 INDEX

Overseas Service, 38, 39, 61, 194 Butler, Keith, 249. See also newspapers: performance on Greek crisis, 159 Sunday Times Question Time, 162, 214, 266 Southern Department, 97, 105, C 133, 134, 153, 183, 194, 196, Caccia, Harold, 177, 188, 189, 193, 204, 211, 220, 227, 251, 255, 196, 197 257, 276, 281, 285, 299, 316 Cadbury Trust, the, 63, 72 Talks Department, 53 Cadbury, Laurence, 73. See also and War Office, 153 newspapers: News Chronicle World Service, 295 Cadogan, A., 110 British Chiefs of Staff Committee, 262 Cairo, 18, 94, 95, 100, 102, 105, British Consul, 141, 209, 223, 285 106, 110 British Council, 29, 190, 197 Cairo Conference, 100 British Economic Mission, 184, 255 Calvocoressi, Peter, 255 British Empire, 77, 179, 241, 242, Cameron, John Sir, 97, 210 245 Canellopoulos, P., 253 British Military Mission, 264, 265 Capell, Richard, 72, 118, 125, British Police Mission, 222, 264, 265, 126, 131, 141, 148, 171, 177, 284 199. See also newspapers: Daily British Service Missions in Greece, Telegraph 269 capitalism, 57, 228, 231, 244, 322 broadcasts, 37, 38, 97, 99, 102, 110, capitalists, 123 137 Carmichael, J., 266 Voice of America (VOA), 42 Carr, E.H., 52, 53, 67, 81, 119, 120, Brown, Ivor, 80. See also newspapers: 132, 138, 140, 145, 147, 234. Observer, The See also newspapers: Times, The Brussels, 45, 241, 246, 315 Caserta Agreement, 48, 101, 307 Brussels Treaty, 27, 38, 44, 241, 244, Casey, William, 68, 287. See also 245, 313, 315 newspapers: Times, The Buber, Margarete, 58 Castle, Ted, 53. See also newspapers: Bucharest, 174 Daily Mirror Buckley, 208, 212, 249, 273. See also Cawadias, Mary, 229. See also Barber, newspapers: Daily Telegraph Stephen; magazines: Time-Life Buckley, Christopher, 35, 39, 72, 207, censorship, 18, 19, 64, 95, 96, 100, 223. See also newspapers: Daily 103, 106, 107, 113, 116, 119, Telegraph; Time and Tide 136, 147, 161, 162, 166, 188, Bulgaria, 187, 189, 190, 193, 224, 192, 307, 308 225, 227, 294, 300, 301 American Military Press Censorship, Bulgarians, 126, 154 108 bulletins, 38, 60, 102 general stops, 103 Burchett, Peter, 209, 210, 310, 319. Stops Committee, 103, 107 See also newspapers: Daily Express wartime, 93–113 INDEX 353

Chamberlain, Nevill, 71, 73 Britain’s role in, 29 Chancellor, C.J.H., 135. See also growth of media influence, 1, 4 Reuters Cold War tensions, 5, 18, 45, 90, children, 119, 122, 127, 277, 287, 241, 303, 311 296, 302 Cole, G.D.H., 72, 92. See also Christiansen, Arthur, 76. See also newspapers: News Chronicle; New newspapers: Daily Express Statesman and Nation, The Churchill, Major Randolph, 157, 158 colonialism, 61, 296 Churchill, Winston, 23, 48, 64, Colonial Office, Britain, 38 67, 69, 71, 78, 93, 96, 100, Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 106, 108, 109, 115, 116, 118, 283, 284 120–123, 141, 146, 147, 196, Colville, J.R.. See also British Broad- 205, 213, 232, 242, 263, 276, casting Corporation (BBC): 288. See also newspapers: Daily Southern Department Telegraph, Times, The Cominform, 268, 270, 273, 274, 278, in Athens, 135, 136 300, 302, 311 attack on British press, 138, 156 commentaries, 32, 39, 50, 61 and feud with The Times, 132 Commission for European Economic and Greek policy, 130, 136 Cooperation, 33 memoirs, 166 ‘1941 Committee’, 52, 80 press criticism of Greek policy, 176 Committees of Public Security, 215. and sending MPs to Greece, 154 See also dictatorships: Metaxas and TUC, 143 Commonwealth, 38, 52, 60, 86, 90, circulars, 34, 41, 43, 60, 62, 322 274 Citrine Commission, 143, 146 Common Wealth Party, 52 Citrine, Sir Walter, 76, 143–146, 158, Commonwealth Relations Office, 262 161. See also trade unions Commonwealth Relations Office, civilians, 140, 141, 151, 264 Britain, 38 civil war. See Greek crisis Communications technology, 8 Clapham, J.H., 58 communism, 2, 28, 33, 58, 104, 277, Clifford, Alexander, 79, 193, 194, 297 208, 247, 249, 301. See also as danger in Greece, 236 newspapers: Daily Mail fascist, 57 Cloake, J.C., 35, 60. See also Foreign international, 18, 268. See also Office, Britain: Information Cominform Research Department (IRD) Marxist, 56 Coalition, 124, 129, 268, 281 Soviet, 18, 195, 231, 244 Coalition Government, 181 threats of, 24, 44, 104, 218, 220, Cockburn, Claud, 160 241, 253, 272, 278 Cohen, Yoel, 319 Communist influence, 213 Cold War Communist Party, 90, 111, 142, 163, approach to history of, 14 180, 203, 240, 300 354 INDEX

Communist Party of Greece. See Crankshaw, Edward, 39. See also Kommounistiko Komma Ellados newspapers: John Bull (KKE) Crete, 175 communist plot, 252 Cripps, Sir Stafford, 87. See also communists, 61, 217, 256, 260. See newspapers: Tribune also Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Crossman, Richard H.S., 36, 90–92, Metopo (EAM) 241. See also newspapers: New anti, in Greece, 252 Statesman and Nation, The as danger in Greece, 19, 239–241, Crowther, Geoffrey, 53, 83, 84. See 316 also newspapers: Economist, The; defeat of, in Greece, 18 periodicals: Economist, The denunciation of, 258 Crozier, W.P., 69. See also newspapers: ex-, 58 Manchester Guaridan executions of, 275 Cruikshank, Margaret, 84. See also in France, 44, 252 newspapers: Economist, The in Germany, 252 Cruikshank, Robin, 74, 84. See in Greece, 220, 259, 294 also Cruikshank, Margaret; in Italy, 252 newspapers: Economist, The; News non-, 223 Chronicle non-Slavonic, 228 Cudlipp, Percival, 75. See also Slavo, 303 newspapers: Daily Herald in Spain, 252 culture, 4, 10 communist sympathisers, 4, 254, 269 Cummings, A.J., 54, 74, 124, 134, Communo-Fascism, 61 135, 147, 157, 158. See also concentration camp, 297 newspapers: News Chronicle constitutional crisis, 216 Curran, James, 14 Czechoslovakia, 28, 259, 315 Cooke, Alistair, 70, 234. See also newspapers: Daily Herald; Manchester Guaridan; Times, The D Cordrington, W.M., 154 Damascus, 175 Corinth, 226 Damaskinos, Archbishop, 99, 136, correspondent 181, 182, 184, 250, 302 Middle East, 121 Davidson, Basil, 68, 92, 185, 257, special, 121 270, 298. See also newspapers: Council of Europe, 45 Daily Herald; New Statesman coups, 28, 58, 127, 129, 151, 173, and Nation, The; Times, The 175, 183, 301 Davidson, B.R., 257, 258, 261, 272, courtiers, 123 287 Coventry East, 91 Davies, Rhys, 36 Cowel, Judy, 249. See also newspapers: Dawson, Geoffrey, 66. See also Daily Mail newspapers: Times, The Cranborne, Lord, 156, 157 Deakin, Ralph, 155, 173, 174, 287 INDEX 355

Deane, Philip, 82. See also newspapers: E Observer, The EAMbulgars, 303 Defence Notice Committee, 64 EAMoslavs, 303 Defty, Andrew, 3 Eastern bloc, 293 Delmer, Sefton, 249. See also Eastern Europe, 190, 195, 296 newspwers: Daily Express East-West confrontation, 318 democracy, 5, 48, 57, 123, 128, 139, Economic Mission, 186 176, 177, 184, 223, 248, 260, economy, 181, 184, 219 262, 281, 293, 294 Edelman, Maurice, 90. See also Greek, 46 newspapers: New Statesman and representative, 123 Nation, The social, 27, 40, 56 Eden, Anthony, 71, 99, 100, 104, in trade unions, 236 108–110, 133, 135, 136, Democratic Army of Greece, 203, 159–161, 172, 179 222, 229, 240, 273, 286, 293 editorials, 20, 64, 71–76, 83, 84, 86, demonstrations, 113, 115, 119, 138, 87, 89, 92, 96, 104, 110, 112, 159, 235, 298 120, 122, 130, 140, 148, 150, Depression, the, 53 161, 166, 176, 180, 182, 184, Deutscher, Isaac, 53, 80, 84, 87, 128. 204–206, 212, 225, 231, 234, See also newspapers: Economist, 250, 252–255, 262, 263, 266, The; Observer, The; Tribune 270–272, 274, 276–278, 280, Devaris, Denis, 123, 124 281, 290–292, 307, 319 dictatorships, 62, 99, 112, 171, 254, editors, 13, 20, 52, 64, 72, 75, 79, 306 92, 96, 103, 113, 150, 165, 193, in Balkans, 179 199, 299, 303, 306, 318 communist, 149 Edman, George, 43 King George, 127 Egypt, 103, 106, 125 left-wing, 179 Eklogi. See periodicals: Echo Metaxas, 50, 93, 151, 181, 213, elections, 19, 28, 35, 41, 78, 86, 215 87, 130, 144, 169, 170, 173, military, 303 175–177, 181, 182, 184, 197, Papandreou, 122 198, 203–213, 215–221, 231, right-wing, 184, 206 232, 236, 250, 259, 267, 272, disarmament, 54, 150, 151 273, 281, 291, 292, 294, 295, Dixon, Pierson, 265 309, 310, 323 D-Notice Committee, 64 Eley, Geoff, 11 dollar diplomacy, 61, 236 Elias, J.S. (Viscount Southwood), 75. Donelly, J.B., 164 See also newspapers: Daily Herald Driberg, Tom, 162 Elvin, Lionel, 36 Drosopigi, 229 embassies Dugdale, John, 162 American, 165 Durkheim, Jean, 227 in Camberra, 279 356 INDEX

in Rome, 42 Ethnikos Demokratikos Ellinikos British, 19, 34, 116, 161, 164, 166, Syndesmos (EDES), 94, 96–98, 308 141 in Athens, 19, 20, 41, 97, 128, Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos 134, 146, 150, 151, 153, Stratos (ELAS), 18, 48, 94, 158, 159, 164, 165, 183, 96–99, 101, 106, 112, 115, 236, 267, 268, 275, 309, 119, 121, 125, 129, 133, 136, 311 139–141, 143–146, 149–152, in Belgrade, 192 158, 161–164, 170, 171, 176, in Cairo, 18, 98, 307 193, 196, 219, 228, 250, 286, 306–308, 311. See also Ethniko in Greece, 107, 303 Apeleftherotiko Metopo (EAM) in Moscow, 142, 165, 189, Europe 192 South East, 190, 191 in Prague, 58 Evatt, Herbert, 279, 281 in Washington, 142, 163, 164, Evert, A., 250. See also police 195, 207 Ewer, W.E.. See also newspapers: Daily Press Department, 197. See also Herald Anglo-Greek Information Ewer, W.N., 76, 103, 111, 112, 122, Service (AGIS) 145, 172, 176, 206, 292, 307. Greek See also newspapers: Daily Herald; in London, 102, 103 Observer, The reports, 139 executions, 144, 259, 263, 275–277 ‘Emergency Law 509’, 240 Express group, 76, 77, 78. See also emphylios (inter-racial struggle), 302 Aitken, Max (Lord Beaverbrook) Enosi Laikis Dimokratias (ELD), 141, extremists, 133, 142, 153, 173, 219, 142, 177, 204 221, 295 Ensor, Robert, 83. See also newspa- pers: Daily Chronicle; Daily News; F Sunday Times Fabians, 89 Ethniki kai Kinoniki Apeleftherosis Falls, C., 119. See also newspapers: (EKKA), 96 Times, The Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo Far East, 33 (EAM), 18, 19, 48, 94, 95, 98, fascism, 5, 53, 56, 61, 87, 89, 176, 99, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110– 180, 232 113, 115, 119, 120, 124–127, fascist, 61, 191 129, 136, 139–143, 145, 146, film, 20 149–152, 161, 170, 173, 181, industry, 13, 15 195, 205, 206, 213, 227, 228, Sovfilm company, 190 250, 253, 255, 257, 261, 269, First World War. See World War I 306–308, 314 Fisher, John, 230, 249. See also delegates, 162 newspapers: Daily Mail INDEX 357

Five Power Treaty of Brussels, 33 220–222, 228, 236, 255, 267, Fleet Street, 2, 4, 5, 16, 17, 30, 72, 269, 271, 276, 291, 295, 307, 119, 135, 313 309, 311, 316, 319, 320. See Fodor, Marcel, 127, 164 also Foreign Office, Britain: Foot, Michael, 52, 76, 80, 87, 122, Press Bureau 123, 140, 201, 235, 241. See also and North Atlantic Treaty newspapers: Evening Standard; Organisation (NATO), 44 Daily Herald; Observer, The; political departments, 30 Tribune Political Intelligence Department Forbes, Alastair, 80, 152, 160. See also (PID), 25, 29, 30, 97, 110 newspapers: Observer, The Press Bureau. See also News Force 133, 102, 103 Department Forced Labour Codex, 24 Press Division, 159 foreigners, 126 ‘Projection of Britain’ (paper Foreign Office, Britain OP[46]26), 27 Censorship Division, 159 Propaganda Department, 99 Central Office of Information public impressions of, 34 (COI), 31, 33–35, 37, 40, Russia Committee, 25, 50, 296 60, 61. See also Great Britain: Southern Department, 188 Ministry of Information (MOI) France, 44, 145, 182, 252, 268 Cultural Relations Department, 29, Franco, General, 123 190 Frankfurter, Felix, 55 Foreign Publicity Department, 30. Frazer, Colonel, 222. See also British See also Great Britain: Ministry Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) of Information (MOI) Fredenburgh, Ronald, 53, 80, 97. See Information Policy Department also newspapers: Observer, The (IPD), Britain, 31 Frederica, queen of Greece, 268, 276. Information Research Department See also Paul,kingofGreece (IRD), 3, 20, 24, 26, 28, freedom 31–41, 43, 44, 50, 56, 58, 59, concept of, 57 61, 62, 295, 296, 299, 316, of information, 6 320 political, 123, 254 Intelligence Branch of Department of press, 74, 86, 119, 135 (Ministry) of Information. See and trades unions, 236 Foreign Office, Britain: Political Freedom of Information, 285 Intelligence Department (PID) Friedenberg, Ronald. See also Minisitry of Information (MOI), 30 newspapers: Observer, The News Department, 18, 19, 30, 39, 40, 97, 98, 104, 105, 112, 113, 116, 128, 131, 132, 134, G 137, 154, 159, 165, 177, 180, Gallup polls, 6 188, 193, 209, 210, 212, Gammans, L.D., 248 358 INDEX

Garvin, J.L., 65, 80, 178. See also 139, 141, 156, 158, 172, 178, newspapers: Observer, The; Times, 179, 184, 195, 199, 230, 241, The 243, 246, 265, 276, 277, 287, Gedye, G.E.R., 160 301 gendarmerie, 219, 222, 230, 264, 285 Labour, 3, 5, 17, 23, 34, 41, 49, gendarmes, 227, 281. See also police 51, 52, 54, 60, 74–76, 87, gender, 11, 47 89–91, 121, 123, 176, 179, George II, king of Greece, 123, 127, 230–232, 245, 295, 314, 316 177, 216–218 Labour Party, Independent (ILP), German mediation, 171 90 Germans, 112, 127, 129, 140, 144, Liberals, 69, 75, 245 161, 306 Members of Parliament (MPs), 19, Germany, 66, 71, 76, 118, 138, 170, 24, 36, 38, 52, 70, 74, 86, 87, 198, 231, 252 90, 91, 116, 124, 153, 154, Gibson, Archibald, 83, 207. See also 162, 211, 214, 225, 231, 241, newspapers: Sunday Times 248, 266, 295, 309 Gigantes, Gerassimos. See Deane, Ministerial Information Committee, Philip 27 girls, 126 Ministry of Information (MOI), Gousev, F., 100 29–31, 57, 64, 85, 87, 103, Government of National Unity, 101 132, 137, 142, 158, 160, 192, Grady, H.F., 301 197, 198. See also Foreign Grammos campaign, 278, 279 Office, Britain: Central Office Grammos mountains, 240, 278 of Information (COI) Grand Alliance, 84, 121, 307 Parliament, 19, 162, 163, 236, 286, Grande Bretagne Hotel, 119, 161 314 Graves, P.P., 119. See also newspapers: Parliamentary Questions, 39, 265, Times, The 311 Great Britain political feelings in, 139 anti-communist cooperation with Political Intelligence Board (PWB), United States. See 41-43 109, 197 autonomy from United States, 41 Political Warfare Executive (PWE), Conservatives, 23, 54, 56, 71, 73, 26, 31, 95, 97, 100, 102, 103, 78, 81, 176 137, 166, 171, 174, 197 cooperation with Soviet Union, 54, pro-Soviets, 55 241 Special Operations Executive (SOE), Council of Foreign Ministers, 292, 31, 97 315 as superpower, 17, 23, 31, 289 Counsul-General, 141, 209, 267 Tories, 54, 73, 77, 156, 245 government and public relations, 29 War Cabinet, 99, 109 House of Commons, 39, 116, War Office, 134, 142, 153, 197, 120–124, 128, 129, 135, 138, 266 INDEX 359

Public Relations Department, 278, 280, 303, 305, 308, 309, 185 311 Great Powers, 66, 123, 200, 235, Greek frontier, 257 243, 248, 274, 308 Greek Information Office, 102, 255 Greece, 103, 232 Greek language, 211 as American responsibility, 203. See Greek Left, 128, 143, 271 also Truman Doctrine Greek National Liberation Front. See battle for, 119 Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo Britain, influence in, 49 (EAM) Central, 152, 220, 263 Greek opposition, 255 Chamber of Commerce, 143 Greek patriots, 230 Department of Information in Greek people, 48, 62, 94, 101, 109, London, 297 131, 143, 144, 173, 210, 218, German occupation of, 151, 171, 231, 254, 259, 270, 274, 291, 181 293 Government of National Unity, 48, Greek question, 200 102 Greek reactionaries, 204 historiography of, 45, 47 Greek-Soviet League, 189 Information Bureau, 94 Grey, Eric, 79, 141, 249. See also king, 48, 80, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, newspapers, Daily Express 100, 103–105, 110–112, 127, Grisworld, Dwight, 239 136, 147, 152, 170, 172, 173, guerrillas, 96, 99, 102, 106, 144, 224, 176, 181, 208, 213–218, 306, 225, 227, 230, 240, 252, 263, 314 266, 270, 278–281, 287, 293, liberation of, 7, 48, 166 296 Ministry of Press, 193 National government, 101, 307 H National Guard, 196 Hadjimichalis, General, 152 Northern, 126, 191, 209, 220, Hadley, W.W., 82. See also newspapers: 224, 252, 301 Sunday Times north-west Greece, 240 Haffner, Sebastian, 53, 80, 128. See Parliament, 215, 310 also newspapers: Observer, The politicians, 151, 203, 310 Halifax, Lord, 165, 196 power elites, 48 Harington, Major J.T., 284 Soviet Union interest in, 49 Harmsworth, Esmond (2nd Viscount United States, influence in, 49 Rothermere), 79. See also Greek Air Minister, 253 newspapers: Daily Mail Greek authorities, 144, 222, 224, Harrison, Joseph, 123 275, 276, 284, 285 Harris, Wilson, 85. See also newspa- Greek crisis, 1, 4, 5, 16, 20, 32, 45, pers: Spectator, The 46, 50, 68, 92, 124, 130, 131, Hartshorn, R.J., 87. See also 152, 170, 237, 252, 254, 258, newspapers: Tribue 360 INDEX

Hayter, 189, 194, 221. See also British I Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): idealism, 3, 51, 129, 184 Southern Department identity, 11 Hayter, W.G., 26, 220, 316 Idionymon Law, 269 Hebblethwaite, Sydney H., 41, 299 impartiality, 59, 176 history imperialism, 11, 61, 62, 301 cultural, 11, 12 information chain, 33, 35, 40. See also diplomatic, 9, 11 information officers Information Departments. See also international relations, 9 Foreign Office, Britain: Infor- social, 11 mation Research Department Hitler, Adolf, 79, 245 (IRD) Hoare, Geoffrey, 68, 118, 119, 121, American, 31 125, 132, 133, 140, 144, 154, British, 27 155, 170, 174, 181, 198, 207, Eastern, 31 308, 319. See also newspapers: Far East, 31 Manchester Guardian; Times, The Middle East, 31 Hobsbawn, Eric, 11 Western Europe, 31 Hobson, Oscar, 36 information management, 7, 17, 23, Hodgson, Colonel, 279 26, 29 Hodgson, Lt. Gen William Roy, 279 information officers, 33–35, 37, 41, Hodson, H.V., 83. See also newspapers: 295, 315, 316, 320 Sunday Times American, 42, 43 Hollingworth, Claire, 35, 83, British, 43, 284 118, 154, 155, 249. See also information policy newspapers: Sunday Times British post-war, 28–32 Hollis, General L.C., 109 Information Policy Department Hopkinson, Tom, 52, 53, 55, 56, 74. (IPD), 295 See also magazines: Picture Post Information Policy Department Horniblow, S.F., 79. See also (IPD), Britain, 35, 37, 40, 269 newspapers: Daily Mail Information Research Department (IRD), 323 hostages, 136, 139–141, 219 information services. See also Allied Howard, D.F., 105, 153, 186 Information Services (AIS) Howard, Peter, 247 Allied, 177 Howard, Roy, 77 Britain, 31 Hulton, Edward, 52, 55, 56. See also British, 29, 185, 197, 198 magazines: Picture Post Europe, 31 humanities. See history: cultural Far East, 31 Humphreys, Alan, 249. See also Greek, 131 newspapers: Daily Mail Middle East, 31 Hunt, Lynn, 12 United States, 31 INDEX 361

‘International Brigade’, 252 Millennium, 2 International News Service, 174 Junta, 270 International Red Cross, 296 international relations, 9, 66, 314 Inverchapel, Lord, 267, 268 K Ionian coast, 219 Kafandaris, 177 Iran, 200 Kalamata, 219 Iranian complaint, 200 ‘Keep Left’ Group, 90, 91, 241 irredentism, 299 Istanbul, 217 Kemsley Press, 83, 118, 207. See also Italians, 215 Hollingworth, Claire Italy, 28, 122, 145, 171, 194, 197, Kerr, Clark, 104, 186, 188–190 211, 217, 252, 268, 323 Kimche, Jon, 53, 80, 87. See also elections, 35, 41 newspapers: Observer, The; Tribue King-Hall, Stephen, 80, 97. See also newspapers: Observer, The J Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 102, 105 Jacob, Major-General Sir Ian, 61, Knight, W.L.C., 268 65. See also British Broadcasting Kommounistiko Komma Ellados Corporation (BBC); newspapers: (KKE), 47–49, 110, 141, 151, Times, The 174, 177, 180, 183, 188, 189, ‘Janus’. See Harris, Wilson 203, 223, 240, 261, 269, 300. Japan, 138 See also newspapers: Rizospastis Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, 45 headquarters, 194 Jenks, John, 3, 319 Provisional Democratic Gov- Johnstone, Colonel Kenneth, 197. ernment, 49, 240, 267, See also Anglo-Greek Information 311 Service (AGIS) Konitsa, 240, 252 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), Kremlin Columns, 61 25 Joint US Military Advisory and Plan- ning Group, Greece (JUSMAPG), 239 L Jones, Derek Starforth, 281 Labour Conference, 130 Jordan, Philip, 52, 75, 111. See also Ladas, Christos, 275 newspapers: Christian Science Lady Rothermere. See Harmsworth, Monitor; News Chronicle Esmond (2nd Viscount Rother- journalists, 6, 18–20, 33, 37, 52, 53, mere) 74, 80, 98, 111–113, 116, 121, Lamia, 152 133, 150, 165–167, 192, 220, Lancaster, Osbert, 19, 132, 150, 154, 227, 230, 282, 284, 295, 297, 159, 161, 165, 166, 178, 185, 303, 307, 316, 318, 319 193, 194, 207, 309 journals, 37, 308 Larissa, 152 362 INDEX

Laskey, D.S., 105, 110, 112, 160, European, 8 164, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, Greek, 6, 16 186, 188–190, 199, 209–211 scholarly, 13 Laski, Harold, 36, 55, 91, 180. See Lloyd, C.W., 189 also newspapers: New Statesman Lockhart, Sir Robert Bruce, 37, 110, and Nation, The 197. See also British Broadcasting Latin America, 33 Corporation (BBC) Lawrence, John, 165 London Layton, Sir Walter, 72, 73, 83. See also as capital of global news, 31 newspapers: Economist, The; News London Conference, 243, 308 Chronicle ‘London Diary’, 92 League of Nations, 76, 89 London Press Service (LPS), 34–36, League of Red Cross Societies, 296 38 Lebanon, 101 London School of Economics, 1, 88 Lebanon Agreement, 48, 109, 152 Lord Beaverbrook, 63 Lebanon Conference, 19, 105, Lord Camrose. See Berry, Sir William 109–111, 113, 307 1st Lord Rothermere. See lectures, 67, 189, 298 Harmsworth, Esmond (2nd Lee, Jennie, 87. See also Bevan, Viscount Rothermere) Aneurin Lord Rothermere, 63 Leeper, Sir Reginald, 18, 37, 94, Lovett-Edwards, 249 96, 98–102, 105, 107–109, Low, David, 88. See also newspapers: 111–113, 116, 120, 131, 133, New Statesman and Nation, The 134, 136, 141–143, 151, 153, Lucas, Walter, 249. See also newspwers: 155, 158, 160, 164, 174, 180, Daily Express 185, 196, 197, 219, 250, 291, Luker, Norman, 53. See also British 306, 307, 309. See also British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Lumby, C.D.R., 144, 170, 173, Left Book Club, 91 174, 185, 217, 309. See also Lehrman, Harold, 195, 196. See also newspapers: Times, The newspapers: New York Post; New York Times M Leros, 298 Macaskie, Frank, 68, 249, 250, letters, 39, 136, 146, 147, 164, 199, 253, 256, 258, 260, 264, 271, 257, 291 275, 276, 297, 301. See also Levadia, 152 newspapers: Times, The liberalism, 58 Macaskie, Lt-Col. F.G., 249. See also liberals, 73, 222, 229, 245, 255 newspapers: Times, The Lie, Trygve, 224. See also United Macedonia, 191–193, 196, 222–224, Nations 226–230, 259, 289, 290, literature 299–302 American, 8 Macedonia campaign, 302 INDEX 363

Macedonian Federation, 301 British Broadcasting Corporation Mackay, R.W.G., 52 (BBC) MacLaren, Colin, 35. See also Foreign Mavrocordatos, M., 297 Office, Britain: Information Maximos, D., 222 Research Department (IRD) Mayhew, C.P., 32, 37, 40, 44, 45, Macmillan, Harold, 133, 136, 153, 265, 266, 296. See also Foreign 165, 301 Office, Britain: Information MacVeagh, Lincoln, 163, 186 Research Department (IRD) magazines McCarthy, 251, 252, 258. See also Picture Post, 52, 55. See also British Broadcasting Corporation Hopkinson, Tom (BBC) Time-Life, 229 McCarthyism, 3, 91, 321 Magdalene College, 88 McCormick, John, 299 Makins, Roger, 292 McDonald, Iverach, 68, 119, 140, Makronisi, 298 154, 185, 186, 201, 205, 271, Makronisos, 297, 298 272, 287–290, 310. See also Mandakas, General, 152 newspapers: Times, The Manganas, Vangelis, 219, 221, 222. McLachlan, Donald, 84. See also See also X Organisation newspapers: Daily Telegraph; Mangeot, Sylvain, 134, 157, 308 Economist, The; Sunday Times Markos, General, 270, 286 McNeil, Hector, 185, 276, 291 Markos Government, 267, 268, 270, McVeagh, 251 271, 273, 274 media, 20, 316 Marshall Aid, 40, 91, 92 audiovisual, 28 Marshall, George, 77, 233, 267, 296 commercial, 315 Marshall Plan, 52, 54, 55, 77, 81, 85, global, 23, 29 90, 91, 234, 235, 237, 242, 245, as historical source, 7–14, 15 246, 274, 311, 317 history, 8, 9, 13, 14 Martin, Basil Kingsley, 88. See also in the history of Cold War, 14–16 newspapers: New Statesman and influence of, 1, 13, 14, 16, 17, 30 Nation, The mass, 7, 11, 15, 316 Martin, Kingsley, 56, 91, 111 printed, 13, 315 Massingham, Hugh, 82, 207, 208, scepticism of, 9 211, 214, 221, 310, 319. See also visual, 263, 315 newspapers: New Statesman and Mediterranean, 16, 48–50, 93, 152, Nation,The;Observer,The 218, 228, 241, 248, 293, 314 mass observation surveys, 6, 59, 117 Megara, 226 National Panel of Observers, 117 Melas, Leon, 267, 269, 270, 291 Matapan, 219 Mellor, William, 87. See also Matthews, Kenneth, 159, 185, 186, newspapers: Tribue 198, 200, 222, 224, 283, 284, memoirs, 4, 6, 16, 20, 70, 91, 121, 308, 310, 312, 319. See also 165, 166, 280, 286 364 INDEX men, 44, 67, 72, 81, 127, 209, 227, Moscow, 25, 70, 186, 188, 233 256, 275, 285, 297 Mount Vitsi, 240 Merton College, Oxford, 281 movements Metaxas, 62, 303 class, 26 Metaxists, 169 global Communist, 311 MI5, 100 Labour, 127, 130, 141, 213 MI6, 31, 102 political, 26 MI9 (Military Intelligence), 250 popular, 145, 213, 306 Middle East, 31, 33, 49, 50, 66, 70, rebel, 223, 230, 255, 274, 294, 82, 94, 100, 101, 103, 111, 140, 302. See also Kommounistiko 141, 175, 233, 241, 248 Komma Ellados (KKE) Mikardo, Ian, 91, 241 resistance, 5, 48, 89, 92, 94, 96, military authorities 104, 120, 121, 130, 138, 145, British, 163, 180, 194 148 Greek, 265 Mowrer, Richard, 195. See also military offensive, in Greece, 278–295 newspapers: New York Post military operations, 159, 170, 241, Moyne, Lord, 95, 102, 106–108 290 Munich, 73, 132, 246, 259, 261 Ministry for Press murder, 219, 275 Public Relations Office, 299 Murphy, Robert D., 107 Ministry of Civil Aviation, 218 Murray, Ralph, 24, 27, 36, 39, 40, 43, minorities, 26, 47, 191 56, 58, 59, 61, 316. See also For- Modiano, Sam, 198. See also Bigio, eign Office, Britain: Information Robert; Reuters Research Department (IRD) Mussolini, Signor, 123, 215 Molotov, 235 mutiny, 101, 103, 140 monarch, 256 monarchist campaign, 172 monarchists, 172, 175, 208, 309 N monarchy, 19, 98, 124, 169, 172, Nash, N.E., 137, 186 177, 181, 195, 203, 208, 212, National and Social Liberation. See 214, 216, 218, 310 Ethniki kai Kinoniki Apelefthero- Montagu, Ivor, 160 sis (EKKA) Montgomery, E.P., 112, 307. See also National Army, 293 newspapers: News Chronicle National Bands, 94, 95, 176 Moorehead, Alan, 82, 217, 221, 249. National Democratic Greek League. See also newspapers: Observer, The See Ethnikos Demokratikos Moore, Martin, 3, 72, 228, 229, Ellinikos Syndesmos (EDES) 318. See also newspapers: Daily National Government, 86, 101, Telegraph 108–110, 122 Morphopoulos, P., 164. See also National Guerrilla Bands of Greece, newspapers: News Weekly 94, 95. See also guerrillas Morrison, Herbert, 122 nationalism, 11, 24, 209, 290, 299 INDEX 365 nationalist fundamentalism, 46 125, 126, 138, 139, 141, 143, nationalists, 256 146–149, 206–208, 217–219, National Liberation Front. See Ethniko 221, 232, 234, 244, 253, 273, Apeleftherotiko Metopo (EAM) 277, 278, 282, 287, 294, 300, National Popular Liberation Army. 307, 308, 314. See also Steed, See Ethniko Apeleftherotiko R.H.C. Metopo (EAM); Ethnikos Laikos Daily Worker, 64, 104, 160, 209, Apeleftherotikos Stratos (ELAS) 211, 222, 263 Nazism, 2, 5, 28, 56, 89 Economist, The, 39, 67, 83–85, 106, Nazi-Soviet Pact, 24, 39 107, 130, 201, 202, 207, 212, Near East, 279 215, 219, 235, 245, 254, 255, neo-revisionism, 3 274, 278, 282, 292, 294, 311, newspapers 312. See also Tyerman, Donald Borba, 191 Eleftheria, 174 Ce Soir, 227 Embros, 199 Chicago Daily News, 164 Evening Standard, 76, 79, 87, 104. Chicago Sun, 127, 164 See also Foot, Michael Christian Science Monitor, 75, 123 Express, 64 Conservative, 78, 85, 86, 127, 178, Izvestia, 166 308 John Bull, 39 Daily Dispatch, 209 liberal, 54, 72, 123 Daily Chronicle, 72 Manchester Guardian, 19, 39, 64, Daily Express, 72, 74, 76–79, 125, 68–71, 89, 92, 96, 97, 103, 127, 141, 143, 149, 209, 245, 110, 121, 137, 138, 140, 142, 249, 266, 308, 310 145, 147, 148, 163, 171, 176, Daily Herald, 39, 52, 68, 70, 180, 183, 184, 206, 207, 212, 72, 87, 97, 103, 111, 112, 217–219, 225–227, 228, 231, 121–123, 127, 133, 138, 140, 234, 243, 248, 251–253, 258, 145, 146, 150, 153, 160, 163, 262, 264, 273, 277, 278, 281, 170, 172, 176, 184, 190, 194, 292, 294, 298, 300, 307. See 199, 201, 206, 217, 219, 235, also Blake, Robert 249, 253, 278, 292, 294, 307, Miner, 53. See also Strachey, John 319. See also Williams, Francis Morning Post, 71 Daily Mail, 72, 79–80, 104, 125, New Leader, 53. See also Strachey, 127, 128, 137–139, 141, 143, John 146, 149, 152, 160, 178, 212, News Chronicle, 52, 54, 69, 72–75, 218, 221, 245, 247, 249, 308 104, 110–112, 123, 137, 139, Daily Mirror, 39, 64, 209, 142, 143, 145, 147, 150, 153, 263–266. See also Castle, Ted 158, 160, 163, 171, 172, 175, Daily News, 72, 74 176, 178, 182, 184, 194, 204, Daily Telegraph, 19, 35, 36, 39, 69, 206, 212, 216, 218, 219, 221, 71–72, 104, 107, 116, 119, 244, 248, 249, 264, 273, 275, 366 INDEX

306, 307, 309, 319. See also Times, The, 5, 17, 18, 39, 44, 52, Barry, Gerald; Cummings, A.J. 54, 57, 64, 65–68, 67–71, New Statesman and Nation, The, 81, 93, 95, 103, 107, 110, 56, 68, 88–92, 106, 107, 109, 119, 121, 126, 132, 137–140, 111, 130, 179, 184, 195, 196, 142, 144, 153–155, 159, 163, 202, 208, 211, 215, 230, 232, 167, 170, 173–175, 182, 185, 236, 246, 254, 264, 274, 277, 200, 202, 204–207, 212, 215, 279, 282, 293, 294, 320. See 217–223, 225, 231, 233, 242, also Barry, Gerald; Martin, 243, 248–250, 252–259, 261, Kingsley 265, 270–273, 277, 279, 280, News Weekly, 164 287, 288, 290, 291, 294, 302, New York Post, 195 303, 306–309, 311, 312, 319. New York Times, 133, 162, 195, See also Carr, E.H. 197 Tribune, 53, 76, 87–88, 90, 95, Observer, The, 5, 17, 18, 35, 39, 54, 100, 104, 107, 109, 111, 130, 65, 67, 87, 93, 96, 103, 106, 150, 179, 184, 195, 201, 202, 111, 128, 137, 142, 170, 171, 213, 218, 230, 232, 235, 236, 206, 211–214, 216, 217, 221, 246, 254, 264, 275, 277, 282, 234, 235, 245, 249, 274, 306, 293, 312. See also Deutscher, 307, 309, 310. See also Astor, Isaac; Kimche, Jon; Orwell, Lord David; Fredenburgh, George; Strachey, John Ronald; Haffner, Sebastian; Washington Post, 195 Hopkinson, Tom; Massingham, Week End Review, 88. See also Hugh Barry, Gerald The People, 75 Week, The, 64 Pravda, 100, 166 Yorkshire Post, 146, 174 reorganisation of post-war staff, 198 New York, 86, 133, 214 Reynolds, 227 Nicolson, Harold, 86, 129, 231, 293. Rizospastis, 180, 256. See also See also newspapers: Evening Kommounistiko Komma Standard; Spectator, The Ellados Nixon, John, 118, 137, 158, 161, Socialist Review, 53. See also 308 Strachey, John Noel-Baker, P.J., 214, 230 Spectator, The, 85–87, 129, 212, Noel-Paton, D.E., 173. See also British 231, 234, 245, 248, 252, 255, Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): 274, 275, 282, 293 Greek Section Sunday Press, 214 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Sunday Times, 82–83, 201, 208, (NATO), 40, 41, 43–45, 59, 81, 221, 245, 249, 300 86, 235, 241, 242, 244–246, Sydney Morning Sun, 123 287, 290, 291, 300, 303, 312, Time and Tide, 21, 39 313, 315, 317, 318 INDEX 367

Norton, Clifford, 210, 214, 217, 221, Partsalidis, Mitsos, 124. See also 236, 251, 265, 267, 269, 271, Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo 276, 299, 301, 311 (EAM) Nuremberg trials, 186, 199 Patmore, Derek, 128 Patras, 226 patriotism, 224, 297 O Paul, king of Greece, 268. See also Odhams Press Ltd, 63, 75 Frederica, queen of Greece O’Donovan, Patrick, 82, 249. See also peace, 89, 135, 289, 315 newspapers: Observer, The agreement, 85, 148, 167, 243, 292 O’Neill, Sir Con, 57, 233. See also campaign, 292 British Broadcasting Corporation dangers to, 202, 208 (BBC); Foreign Office, Britain; in Greece, 138, 153, 170, 171, newspapers: Times, The 174, 229, 285, 289, 293, 294 Orwell, George, 51, 53, 55, 80, 87. offensive, 28, 43, 91, 243–245, See also newspapers: Observer, The; 247, 293 Tribune post-war, 23, 303, 308, 313 Ottley, Roi, 195. See also newspapers: proposals, 291 New York Post; New York Times settlement, 66 Overseas News Agency, 164 talks, 246, 292 Owen, Frank, 79. See also newspapers: terms, 52 Daily Mail world, 5, 54, 92, 200, 244 peacetime, 26, 28, 30, 31, 64, 144 Pearson, Drew, 195. See also P newspapers: New York Post pacifisim, 246 Peck, Edward, 223, 268, 286. See also paidomazoma, 296 British Consul Paikon, 223 Palestine, 90 Pella, 228 Pallis, A., 255, 256. See also Greek Peloponnese, 221, 226, 284–286 Information Office periodicals pamphlets, 38, 59 Echo, 34, 36 Paniguian, John, 197 liberal, 68 Papandreou, George, 101, 105, Peristeri, 144 108–112, 125, 152 Plastiras, General, 150, 171, 172 interview, 126 Plastiras Government, 170 Papandreou Government, 122, 136, Platts-Mills, J., 266, 286 152 plebiscite, 19, 96, 112, 136, 169, 172, Paris, 134, 279, 280, 285, 292, 293 173, 176, 177, 181, 182, 184, Parrott, Cecil, 58. See also Foreign 197, 203, 208, 211, 214–219, Office, Britain: Information 221, 223, 231, 306, 309, 310 Research Department (IRD) Poland, 122, 129, 225 368 INDEX police, 115, 122, 127, 132, 164, 183, American, 163, 165, 195, 207, 291, 209, 215, 232, 253, 263, 295. 323 See also British Police Mission; Britain, World War I, 63 Evert, A.; gendarmes British and early Cold War, 63–92 police state, 61, 62 British and Greek crisis, 93–113 policies British and relationship with American, 82, 235, 236, 254 government, 30 Anglo-American, 195 British, and reporting, 169 Balkan, 195 British and Royal Commission, 65 British, 5, 6, 17, 18, 24, 25, 27, British approach to Greek civil war, 230–233. See also Projection of 19 Britain British attitudes during Cold War, Cold War, 40, 316, 317 17 foreign, 9 British, approach to Greek civil war, Soviet, 2, 189, 201, 228, 236, 246, 5, 16 274, 311, 316, 318 British, approach to Soviet Union, undemocratic policy, 152 20 Political Committee of National British, approach towards Soviet Liberation. See Politiki Epitropi Union, 5 Ethnikis Antistasis (PEEA) British, attitudes during Cold War, Politiki Epitropi Ethnikis Antistasis 5 (PEEA), 101, 102, 110 British, attitudes in, 6 Polk, George, 283. See also Columbia British, attitudes towards Grecce, 1, Broadcasting System (CBS) 18 Popov, Lt-Col. Grigori, 187 British, early post-war, 5 Popular Front, 76, 89, 91, 152 British, influence of, 29, 59 popular will, 57, 184 British, opinions of, 17 populism, 183, 212, 220, 222 British, reconsideration of Greek post-war Allied cooperation, 303 intervention, 153 post-war anti-communism British, relationship with govern- vocabulary, 51–56 ment, 6, 16, 17 Post-War Bureau, 52, 80 British, role in Cold War, 2 Potsdam Conference, 71, 170, 191, British, sympathy towards policy in 308, 313 Greece, 147 Poulos, C., 164 Centre, 320 Powell, Dilys, 97, 174. See also Cold War consensus, 305–312 Foreign Office, Britain: Political Conservative, 78, 97, 104, 125, Intelligence Department (PID) 148, 206, 212, 234, 244, 306, power blocs, 246 320 Prague, 58, 277 Greek, 253, 256, 292, 320 press international, 166 INDEX 369

Kommounistiko Komma Ellados, Anglo-American, 32, 40 188 anti-British, 141 Labour, 17–19, 93, 97, 104, 163, anti-EAM/ELAS, 136, 143, 162, 167, 172, 179, 184, 195, 230, 250, 308 235, 237, 263, 272, 274, 306, anti-Soviet, 34, 81 307, 309, 311, 320 Cold War, 200 Left wing, 177, 277, 293, 320 Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo Leftist, 196 (EAM), 98 liberal, 17, 18, 93, 97, 163, 167, German, 97, 100 172, 178, 306, 307, 309, 320 Greek, 32, 296, 299 monarchist, 199 for Greek king, 196 popular, 247, 263 pro-Soviet, 205 populist, 209 pro-Tito, 192 Right-wing, 320 as response to communism, 2 Salonika, 210 as response to Soviet Union, 2 Soviet, 19, 165, 169, 186, Soviet, 25, 39, 41, 56, 57, 189, 188–190, 209 192 estrangement of, 186–197 ‘Work and Victory Week’, 301 press attachés, 131, 132, 165, 166. World War I, 64 See also information officers Yugoslav, 192 press conference, 137, 154, 182 protests, 107, 116, 146, 149, 156, Price, Phillips, 36, 70, 225. See also 162–164, 188, 189, 191, 297 newspapers: Manchester Guardian Protopappas, Chronis, 75, 127, Priestley, J.B., 52, 88. See also 249. See also newspapers: News newspapers: New Statesman and Chronicle Nation, The public diplomacy, 317 Prime Minister, 33, 40, 56, 60, 118, publicists, 33, 38 122, 126, 143, 156, 174, 264, publicity. See also Allied Information 297 Serives (AIS); Information Pringle, J.D., 68, 280, 287, 288. See Research Department (IRD); also newspapers: Times, The propaganda Pringle, J.P., 70. See also newspapers: American, 41, 42, 302, 323 Manchester Guardian anti-communist, 41, 45, 198, 269, prisoners, 140, 141, 144, 151, 183, 270, 322 276 anti–Soviet, 322 pro-British, 164, 205 British, 17, 24, 27, 59, 323 Projection of Britain, 27, 29, 41, 50, foreign, 30–32 315 and North Atlantic Treaty propaganda. See also Foreign Office, Organisation (NATO), 44 Britain: Information Research post-war propaganda, 295–303 Department (IRD); Third Force services, 32 American, 32, 37, 196, 301 wartime, 31 370 INDEX public opinion, 274, 316, 321 267, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277, American, 116, 136, 251 278, 281–285, 287–290, 292, British, 3, 5, 17, 19, 41, 116, 136, 293, 295, 300, 302, 312 276, 303, 323 reconstruction, 52 Conservative, 5, 17 reforms creation of, 7 economic, 88, 212 domestic, 25, 44, 317 and Greek government, 236 general, 2, 6 political, 46 Greek, 17, 109, 131, 250 of Radio Athens, 198 international, 5, 19, 25 social, 88 liberal, 5 regent, 99, 136, 143, 182, 250 media influences on, 30 Reign of Terror, 209, 219, 219–230 and North Atlantic Treaty Reilly, Patrick, 256 Organisation (NATO), 43–45 religion, 11, 247, 303 relationship with government and Rendis, C., 265 press, 17 reporters. See journalists towards Soviets, 59 republic, 87, 216, 217, 256 Western European, 44 Public Relations Office, 128 republicans, 94, 172, 177–179, 217, public relations officers, 33 255, 309 Public Relations Section, 132 resistance, 4, 5, 48, 50, 89, 92, 94, public statements, 49, 60, 269, 270 96, 97, 105, 106, 110, 118, 120, Pylarinos, Savvas, 190 121, 123, 124, 130, 137, 140, 145, 261, 270, 305, 306 ‘Resolution III’, 215 R Reuters, 70, 121, 133, 134, 137, 157, race, 11 171, 198, 199, 217, 219, 275, arms, 247 294 radicalism, 5, 12, 17, 51–53, 68, 122, ‘Globe’ service, 207 130 revolution, 54, 89, 121, 177 radio, 13, 15, 20, 185, 209, 267, 293 revolutionary, 47, 80, 127, 288 Athens Radio, 299, 302 Ridsdale, W., 104, 128, 135, 150, Radio Athens, 198 154, 161, 177, 207, 271, 272. Radio ‘Free Greece’, 241 See also Foreign Office, Britain: Rapp, T., 141 News Department Rawlings, Major General Stewart, 265 right-wing terror, 49, 309 rebel forces, 222 Roberts, Frank, 25, 192, 214 rebel government, 270, 272, 273 Rodionov, Admiral Konstantin, 187 rebellion, 115, 258, 261, 267, 282, Rome, 42, 128, 144, 181, 185, 194, 300 207, 226 rebels, 137, 149, 203, 222–224, 229, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 23, 96 250, 252–254, 259–262, 265, Roper, J.C.A., 284 INDEX 371

Rose, E.M., 97. See also British Scobie, Lt-General Ronald, 101, 115, Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): 127, 128, 132, 143, 144, 162, Southern Department 307 Rouse, A.G.R., 43, 284, 320 Scott, C.P, 68. See also newspapers: Royal Air Force (RAF), 109 Manchester Guaridan Royal Commission, 65 ‘Scrutator’, 234. See also Ensor, Royal Institute for International Robert Affairs, 226 Second Central Committee Plenum, royalists, 127, 130, 158, 173, 176, 49 177, 181–183, 196, 208, 213, ‘Second Front’, 89 232, 233, 281 security forces, 62, 152, 203 Royal Signals Unit, 146 Security Intelligence Service, British. Rumania, 102, 186, 187, 189, 190 See MI6 Rumbold, Sir H.A.C., 291 Sedgwick, A.C., 162, 193, 197. See Runciman, Steven, 298 also newspapers: New York Times Rusk, Dean, 291 Selby, R.W., 204, 211, 214 Ruskin College, 36 Senate House, London, 30 Russia. See Soviet Union ‘Shanghai Club’, 52, 80 Russo-Polish relations, 108 Sharp, Clifford, 88. See also newspa- Ruthven-Murray, B., 286 pers: New Statesman and Nation, Ryan, A.P., 159, 186. See also British The Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Shaw, George Bernard, 88. See also newspapers: New Statesman and Nation, The S Shaw, Tony, 2, 313 Salonika, 71, 141, 179, 180, 194, Siantos, George, 152 209, 223, 224, 226–228, 263, Sideris, G., 144 267, 277 Skoplje, 223 Salusbury, F., 127, 133, 146, 152, Slavo-Macedonians, 191, 195 160, 193, 194, 199, 217, 249, Slavs, 62, 191, 193, 218, 228, 229, 278. See also newspapers: Daily 259, 273, 300, 301 Herald Smith, C., 266 Salusbury, F.G., 76, 111. See also Smith, Lyn, 2 newspapers: Daily Herald Social Democracy, 315 Salusbury, F.H., 118, 122, 309 socialism, 52, 54, 57, 61, 77, 81, 88, Salusbury, F.M., 253 90, 92, 123, 213, 241, 322 San Francisco conference, 170 Socialist Bookcentre, 80 Sarafis, Colonel, 96. See also guerrillas Socialist Party of Greece. See Sargent, Sir Orme, 99, 105, 109–111, Socialistiko Komma Ellados 133, 183, 186–188, 204, 217, (SKE) 263, 269 Socialistiko Komma Ellados (SKE), Scarlet, P.W., 99 141, 177, 204 372 INDEX social justice, 5 Starr, Corporal S.H., 263, 264 Sofianopoulos, 177, 267, 292 Steed, R.H.C., 36. See also newspapers: Sofoulis Government, 203 Daily Telegraph Sofoulis, Themistoklis, Prime Minister Stephens, Robert, 82. See also of Greece, 184, 214, 240, 277 newspapers: Observer, The soldiers, 136, 145, 147, 151, 183, Stettinius, E.R., 116 263 Stevenson, 192 Southwell-Keely, T., 123 Strachey, John, 53. See also newspa- Soviet-Turkish frontier, 226 pers: Miner; New Leader; Socialist Soviet Union. See also peace: offensive Review; Tribune aggression, 2, 245 Strachey, John St. Loe, 86. See also Allied sympathy for, 24 newspapers: Spectator, The attitudes towards, 237 Stratos, George, Greek Minister of Communist Party, 302 War, 297 cooperation with Britain, 54, 241 Strauss, George, 87. See also forced labour, 36, 39 newspapers: Tribune government, 57, 109, 186–189, stringer, 68, 75, 82, 174, 249 200, 236 Strong, Kenneth, 25 influence of, 20, 190, 295 Sudetenland, 259 interest in Greece, 49 superpowers. See Soviet Union; United Military Mission, 187 States and North Atlantic Treaty Svolos, 267, 269 Organisation (NATO), 43 Swingler, Stephen, 90. See also political strategies, 25 newspapers: New Statesman and proposals, 291, 292 Nation, The Syntagma Square, 115, 119, 183 public attitudes towards, 3 and satellite countries, 33, 35, 38, 60, 61, 248, 254, 269, 270, T 281 Talbot, M.J.R., 56 as superpower, 1, 17, 289 TASS, 100, 186–188, 191, 209, 291 and Third Force, 17, 27, 50 Taylor, A.J.P., 36 threats of, 3, 16, 66, 242, 315 Teheran, 129 Western fears of expansion, 49 Conference, 100 Spain, 87, 230, 252, 274 telegrams, 34, 102, 132, 136, 137, speeches, 32, 37, 38, 56, 60, 136, 141, 142, 151, 158, 174, 178, 158, 298, 316 189, 221, 262, 266, 272 Sprigge, Sylvia, 179–181, 193, television, 13, 15 194, 207, 208, 215, 217, 223, terminology, 28, 57 226–228 terrorism, 127, 136, 210, 215, 308 Stalingrad, battle of, 53 terrorist groups Stalin, Josef, 49, 166, 243, 288, 301 Katsareas, 277 Stannard, H., 257 Manganas, 277 INDEX 373

Sourlas, 277 Tsaldaris, 214, 223, 225, 251, 265, terrorists, 277 269 Tetlow, Edwin, 80, 128. See also Tsaldaris Government, 214, 222 newspapers: Daily Mail Tsirimokos, Elias, 142 Thessaly, 196, 222, 227 Tsouderos, E., 94, 98, 100–102, 104, Third Brigade, 101 110, 269 Third Force, 17, 27, 28, 32, 50, 90, Turkey, 33, 188, 190, 225, 235, 261 91, 236, 241, 242, 246, 315, Twelfth Plenum, 49 316 Twentieth Century Fund, 281 Third Plenum, 49 Tyerman, Donald, 53, 67, 80, 84, Thomas, G., 266 119, 137, 140, 157, 260, Thrace, 196, 229 261, 287. See also newspapers: Time and Life, Inc., 286 Economist, The; Observer, The; Times, The Tito-Kremlin split, 241 tyranny, 62 Tito, Marshal, 191, 257, 290, 301 totalitarianism, 28, 45, 56 trade unions, 19, 37, 75, 76, 136, U 143, 144, 153, 309. See also Trade Unions Congress (TUC) Umberto, prince, 123 Union for Democratic Control, 92, Trade Unions Congress (TUC), 75, 286 136, 143, 145, 150, 153. See also Union of Popular Democracy. See trade unions Enosi Laikis Dimokratias (ELD) translations, 39 United Nations, 28, 88, 126, 224, travellers, 6, 60, 62, 273 225, 235, 269, 272–274, 279, Treasury, 197, 233 282, 291, 294–296 Trevelyan, G.M., 58 British delegations to, 38 Trieste, 217, 226 Economic and Social Council, 39 Trikala, 152, 263 General Assembly, 285 Tripoli, 284 Mediation Commission, 286 troops Political Committee, 279 American, 262, 268, 289 Relief and Rehabilitation Adminis- British, 5, 117, 120, 127, 129, 134, tration (UNRRA), 126 144, 146, 180, 194, 212, 220, Security Council, 181, 195, 225, 228, 230, 233, 248, 263, 266, 275 276, 289 and Greece, 200–202 Greek, 140, 222, 264 Special Committee on the Balkans Soviet, 289 (UNSCOB), 249, 279 Truman Administration, 23, 239 trusteeship, 279 Truman Doctrine, 203, 233–237, United Press, 70, 134, 284 247, 264, 281 United States, 55 Truman, Harry, 196, 301 agreements with Greece, 239 374 INDEX

and anti-communism, 4, 23, 42, Voulgaris Government, 197 50, 81, 321 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 181 anti-communist cooperation with Britain, 41–43 and communism, 41 W Congress, 301 Wadsworth, A.P., 69, 70, 121, 178, government, 41, 109, 251 234, 243. See also newspapers: State Department, 38, 42, 43, 107, Manchester Guardian; New 108, 126, 162–164, 179, 196, Statesman and Nation, The 203, 211, 233, 270, 279, 291, Wakeford, Geoffrey, 301. See also 301, 323 newspapers: Daily Mail Political Division, 43 Wallinger, 257, 267, 269, 270, 279, as superpower, 1, 17, 29, 84, 289 284. See also British Broadcasting and Third Force, 17, 27, 32, 50 Corporation (BBC): Southern University College of Wales, Department Aberystwyth, 67 Walter, John, 65. See also newspapers: USSR. See Soviet Union Times, The Utley, T.E., 119. See also newspapers: Warbey, W.N., 214 Times, The Ward, Barbara, 53, 84, 85. See also newspapers: Economist, The warfare. See also Great Britain: Political V Warfare Executive (PWE) Vafiadis, Markos, 222, 267, 277 political, 25–27, 98, 272, 316 van Fleet, General James, 240, 278 psychological, 1, 16, 24, 296, 299. Varkiza, 286 See also media: influence of Varkiza Agreement, 49, 147–149, Warner, C.F.A., 25, 26, 39, 41–43, 152, 169–171, 173, 174, 187, 45, 265, 269, 285, 322 198, 260, 286, 309 war of words, 4, 28 Velitchansky, Leonid, 187, 188, 190 terminology, 56–62. See also Venezia Giulia, 192 terminology; words and phrases Venizelist party, 105 Watson, Adam, 40. See also Foreign Venizelos, 269 Office, Britain: Information Vermion, 223 Research Department (IRD) Versailles Treaty, 66 Watson, Arthur E., 72. See also Vichy, 171 newspapers: Daily Telegraph Vidalis, Kostas, 277 Watson, Sir J. Angus, 85. See also violence, 19, 47, 148, 169, 203, 219, newspapers: Spectator, The 260, 310 Watt, Donald Cameron, 1 Vitsi, 229 Webb, Beatrice, 88. See also newspa- Voigt, F.A., 69, 298. See also pers: New Statesman and Nation, newspapers: Manchester Guaridan The Voulgaris, Admiral, 172, 174, 182, Webb, Sidney, 88. See also newspapers: 197 New Statesman and Nation, The INDEX 375

Welfare State, 54, 90 Wrench, Sir John Evelyn, 85. See also Weller, G., 164. See also newspapers: newspapers: Spectator, The Chicago Sun Wyatt, Woodrow, 36, 90. See also Werth, Alexander, 70, 292. See newspapers: New Statesman and also newspapers: Manchester Nation, The Guardian; New Statesman and Nation, The Western Europe, 33, 149, 243, 245 X Western Union, 27, 33, 34, 40, 77, X Organisation, 49, 152, 219, 221, 241, 242, 246, 315 232. See also Manganas, Vangelis White Paper, 141, 145, 146, 150 White Terror, 49, 169, 203 Wicksteed, Bernard, 249. See also Y newspwers: Daily Express Yalta conference, 166, 170, 313 Wilkinson, Ellen, 52, 72, 87. See Yannina, 258 also newspapers: News Chronicle; Tribune Yannitsa, 228 Williams, Francis, 52, 75, 159, 161. Yugoslavia, 35, 103, 145, 191–193, See also newspapers: Daily Herald 195, 223–227, 230, 252, 293, women, 126, 127 300, 302 Woodford, David, 72, 249. See also newspapers: Daily Telegraph Woodhouse, C.M., 297. See also Z newspapers: Spectator, The Zachariadis, Nikos, 49, 179, 180, 194, Woodman, Dorothy, 92. See also 203. See also Kommounistiko newspapers: New Statesman and Komma Ellados (KKE) Nation, The Zervas, General, 97, 99, 100, 104, words and phrases, 60–62 253 World War I, 30, 63, 65 Zevgos, 277 World War II, 17, 29, 47, 51, 53, 63, Zionism, 108 65, 319 zones of influence, 66, 129, 261, 303