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1 Cartography Spectrum, and Maps Have the Function to Present These 1.2.1 Thematic Maps Fact in a Feasible Manner 1 Cartography spectrum, and maps have the function to present these 1.2.1 Thematic Maps fact in a feasible manner. Maps have different scales, The weather map is the most common thematic map. Bengt Rystedt, Sweden functions and contents and can be grouped as follows: Weather maps are presented every day on the TV for showing the present weather and for prediction of the 1.1 Introduction 1. Topographic maps showing spatial relations weather. Weather maps can also be used for showing Cartography is the science, technique and art of making between different geographical phenomena the movement of hurricanes and snowstorms, and in risk and using maps. A good cartographer can not only have such as buildings, roads, boundaries and management for showing risks in flooding, draught and a good knowledge in science and technique but must waters. Official topographic maps are landslides. Weather maps are becoming more and more also develop the skill in art when choosing types of lines, produced by the National Mapping useful in showing the effects of the Climate Change, e.g. colour and text. Organization (NMO). Most cities are also the melting of the polar ice. A lot more information can producing city plans. Topographic maps are be found on the Internet. All maps are intended to be used for either navigation by also produced for special use in biking and foot, vehicles, or for describing spatial planning or for canoeing. Many car navigation systems and Geological maps are thematic maps and very valid for finding information in an atlas. Maps are very useful and services on Internet also provide topographic finding minerals and oil, and the conditions of soil. They never before have so many maps been distributed in maps. Topographic maps are also used as include rather complicated information and several many different information systems. The map is an background maps in property mapping and in geological map sheets are included in the result of efficient interface between a producer and a user, and maps for presenting the geographical aspects doctoral studies in geology. by using GPS many things can be located on a map. in spatial planning. 2. Special maps e.g. Sea Charts and maps for Atlases, however, have many types of thematic maps. For a long time paper has been the most common flying. These maps are for professional use and The most common one is the choropleth map (choro for material for maps. Nowadays, most maps are produced standardized by the UN. There are also specific place and pleth for value) for showing the geographical by using cartographic software and are distributed via sea charts for private use and special maps for distribution of a statistical variable in a given set of Internet, but the cartographic rules are the same for all orienteering, standardized by the International areas. As an example the population density per types of distribution. In this book we will describe how Orienteering Association (See Chapter 12). The municipality can be shown in a choropleth map (See maps are produced and used, and how they are Metro Map of London is also a special map. Chapter 7, Figures 7.11 -12). Start with making a table distributed, and how to get the needed data. 3. Thematic maps contain descriptions of the with the columns: municipality area identifier, the area, geographical phenomena such as in geology the size of the population, and perhaps also columns for 1.2 Different Types of Maps (esp. soil and bedrock), and in land use and in the population divided in different sex and age groups. The map deals with two fundamental elements: position vegetation. Statistical maps are also thematic Open then a mapping or a geographic information and its attributes. Attributes may be occurrence, activity, maps. They show the geographical distribution system (GIS) software, where the boundaries for the incident, amount and changes over time. From the of a statistical variable. See Chapter 7 Atlases municipalities should be given. The population density position and its attribute many relations may be for more information on statistical maps. must also be given in different classes. It is important to described such as distance, dissemination, direction and have almost the same amount of objects in each class. variation, and combinations of different qualities such as Colour should be chosen to get a low intensity for low income per person and level of education in different population density and darker intensity for a higher places. Different types of maps gives parts of this density. For a detailed information on colour choice see 1 Brewer (2005). It is also possible to use Google Earth for represents their reality objects by showing their the construction of choropleth maps. The divisions into geometric and geographic attributes; a road is shown by age groups can be used for construction of diagram lines and a lake by a polygon and so on. It is also possible maps and maps with pie charts (See Figure 1.1). to give more information. By giving the symbols different colours and different patterns it is possible to let area symbols represent different types of forest and let line symbols represent roads of different class (See Figure 13.1). Also more abstract symbols, e.g. figurative symbols or icons, may be used as point symbols. These symbols are very useful in city plans and tourist maps (Figure 1.3). Figure 1.1 shows a thematic map with diagram and pie Figure 1.2. The design process starts with Map order. charts. © Diercke International Atlas (p. 48). When the manuscript satisfies the demands it is time to go to production. 1.3 Cartographic Principles 1.3.2 Symbolization 1.3.1 Map Design Symbolising means to use correct symbols in form and Maps like all other products must be designed before colour for the objects that will be represented. A map production. The design process is an iterative process has different symbols and text. The symbols are used for and starts with a demand process telling the theme of describing some part of the reality, while the text is used the map and how it shall be used. The cartographer for a more detailed description of the object that are takes over and make a proposal that is tested on the depicted in the map. criteria that have been given. When the demands are satisfied the map can be produced. The map design Figure 1.3 shows different icons for drug store, bathing Seen in a geometrical concept there are three types of process is described in Figure 1.2. See also Chapter 4 and place, camping site, road for biking, golf course, track for symbols: point symbols, line symbols and area symbols Anson and Ormeling (2002). jogging with light, remarkable site, historical site and a (Examples of point, line and area symbols are given in geological site. the legends of e.g. topographic maps. In Figure 13.1, © Lantmäteriet Dnr R50160927_130001. houses are shown as points, road as lines and land use as areas). The symbols may also vary in abstraction. The For more information on graphics and symbolization, it is simplest symbols are the pure geometric ones. They possible to have a detailed study of Bertin´s Semiology of 2 Graphics (Bertin, 2011). The book is rather complex, but theme of the map is in the foreground and the it is provides a good opportunity for someone who topography is in the background mostly for orientation. wants a full description of the graphic issues that cartography deals with. The best way to handle visual hierarchy is to use colour. More intense colours are used for the foreground that is 1.3.3 Text the theme of the map, and less intense colours for the The text is an important part of the map and makes it background. In a map for car navigation the roads would easier for the user to understand the map. Typographical be depicted with stronger colour. Also icons may be used guidelines must be followed in order to achieve an to strengthen the foreground. City plans for visitors have understandable map. The typography includes dealing icons to make things such as hotels and restaurants with fonts, size, colour and placement. more obvious. There are many fonts that can be used, but on the map 1.4.2 Communication Figure 1.4 shows a model of the communication process their number should be limited to a few. The size should and that there are a different view of the reality between never be less than six points in order to be legible. In many communication processes maps as well as text, the user and the cartographer. Colour may be used to distinguish between different diagrams and images are important tools for giving a types of object, e.g. black for place names, blue for user important information about geographical aspects 1.5 Scale and Projection waters and green for nature objects. For a river the text of the realty. There are, however, many realities. A 1.5.1 Scale should follow the line of the river. The name of an ocean topographic map represents the physical landscape, a geological map represents the geological landscape, and may be curved to indicate that the area of the ocean is A map may be seen as a description of the real world a demographic map the demographic landscape. The big. The placement should also indicate where the object into a symbolical form but also in a geometrical form. map is a model of the reality as the cartographer is located. The name of a city should be placed upon The chosen scale of the map is a compromise between understand it.
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