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North American Monarch Conservation Plan Plan De América Del Norte Para La Conservación De La Mariposa Monarca Plan Nord-Américain De Conservation Du Monarque 

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North American Monarch Conservation Plan Plan De América Del Norte Para La Conservación De La Mariposa Monarca Plan Nord-Américain De Conservation Du Monarque  Danaus plexippus NORTH AMERICAN MONARCH CONSERVATION PLAN PLAN DE AMÉRICA DEL NORTE PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA MARIPOSA MONARCA PLAN NORD-AMÉRICAIN DE CONSERVATION DU MONARQUE This publication was prepared by the Secretariat La presente publicación fue elaborada por el La présente publication a été préparée of the Commission for Environmental Secretariado de la Comisión para la Cooperación par le Secrétariat de la CCE et ne reflète pas Cooperation (CEC) and does not necessarily Ambiental y no necesariamente refleja las nécessairement les vues des gouvernements reflect the views of the governments of Canada, opiniones de los gobiernos de Canadá, Estados du Canada, du Mexique ou des États-Unis. Mexico or the United States of America. Unidos o México. Cette publication peut être reproduite en tout Reproduction of this document in whole Se permite la reproducción total o parcial de ou en partie sous n’importe quelle forme, sans or in part and in any form for educational este documento, en cualquier forma o medio, le consentement préalable du Secrétariat or non-profit purposes may be made without con propósitos educativos y sin fines de lucro, de la CCE, mais à condition que ce soit à des fins special permission from the CEC Secretariat, sin que sea necesario obtener autorización éducatives et non lucratives et que la source soit provided acknowledgement of the source is expresa por parte del Secretariado de la CCA, mentionnée. La CCE apprécierait recevoir un made. The CEC would appreciate receiving a siempre y cuando se cite debidamente la fuente. exemplaire de toute publication ou de tout écrit copy of any publication or material that uses La CCA apreciará se le envíe una copia de inspiré du présent document. this document as a source. toda publicación o material que utilice este documento como fuente. Publié par la section des communications Published by the Communications Department du Secrétariat de la CCE. of the CEC Secretariat. Edición al cuidado del Departamento de Comunicación y Difusión Pública del Secretariado de la CCA. Publication details Particularidades de la publicación: Renseignements sur la publication Type: Project report Tipo: informe de proyecto Type de publication : rapport de projet Date: June 2008 Fecha: junio de 2008 Date de parution : juin 2008 Original language: English Idioma original: inglés Langue d’origine : anglais Review and Quality Assurance Procedures Procedimientos de revisión y aseguramiento Procédures d’examen et d’assurance • Peer review: February 2008 de calidad: de la qualité : • Review by the Parties: March–April 2008 • Revisión de especialistas: febrero de 2008 • Examen par les pairs : février 2008 For more information please consult the • Revisión de las Partes: marzo – abril de 2008. • Examen par les Parties : de mars 2008 Acknowledgements. Para información adicional, consúltense los à avril 2008 agradecimientos. Pour de plus amples renseignements, prière de consulter la section « Remerciements ». Commission for Environmental Cooperation Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental Commission de coopération environnementale 393, rue St-Jacques Ouest, bureau 200 393, rue St-Jacques Ouest, bureau 200 393, rue St-Jacques Ouest, bureau 200 Montreal (Quebec) Canada H2Y 1N9 Montreal (Quebec) Canadá H2Y 1N9 Montréal (Québec) Canada H2Y 1N9 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] http://www.cec.org http://www.cec.org http://www.cec.org © Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 2008 © Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental, 2008 © Commission de coopération environnementale, 2008 ISBN 2-923358-54-6 ISBN 2-923358-54-6 ISBN 2-923358-54-6 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 du Québec, 2008 du Québec, 2008 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, 2008 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, 2008 Dépôt légal – Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, 2008 Printed in Canada Impreso en Canadá Imprimé au Canada North American MONARCH Conservation Plan Plan de América del Norte para la conservación de la MARIPOSA MONARCA Plan nord-américain de conservation du MONARQUE Commission for Environmental Cooperation Comisión para la Cooperación Ambiental Commission de coopération environnementale North American Monarch Conservation Plan MONARCH BUTTERFLY Danaus plexippus TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 2 BACKGROUND 10 2 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES 11 3.1 Adults 11 3.2 Eggs 12 3.3 Larvae 12 3.4 Pupae 13 4 HOST PLANTS: MILKWEED 13 5 THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY’S ANNUAL LIFE CYCLE 15 5.1 Migration 15 5.2 Overwintering 16 6 WORLD-WIDE DISTRIBUTION 19 7 DISCOVERY OF THE OVERWINTERING SITES 19 8 CURRENT STATUS AND CONDITION 20 8.1 Eastern Populations 20 8.2 Western Populations 23 9 CURRENT FACTORS CAUSING LOSS OR DECLINE 23 9.1 Breeding Habitat Loss and Degradation 23 9.2 Wintering Habitat Loss and Degradation 24 9.3 Disease and Parasites 26 9.4 Climate Change 27 9.5 Pesticide Use 27 10 LEGAL STATUS, MANAGEMENT AND ACTION 28 10.1 International 28 10.2 Canada 31 10.3 United States 31 10.4 Mexico 32 11 PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDES 35 12 TRINATIONAL CONSERVATION: GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND TARGET ACTIONS 36 12.1 Specifi c Objectives of the Monarch Conservation Plan 36 12.2 Table of Specifi c Actions 38 13 REFERENCES 43 14 APPENDIX: LIST OF ACRONYMS 51 MONARCH FACT SHEET p Common name: Monarch Butterfl y p Scientifi c name: Danaus plexippus p Status: Not an endangered species – IUCN recognizes the monarch migration as an endangered phenomenon. p Description: • Large nymphalid butterfl y (wingspan of 9–10 cm) • Warning coloration: orange and black • Toxic to most vertebrates with cardiac glycosides obtained from milkweed (Asclepias spp.) • Sexually dimorphic. Black veins are thicker on the female’s wings and the male has small pouches on its hind wings where it stores pheromones. • Large populations spend the summer in temperate regions and migrate south to Mexico to spend the winter. There are small resident populations in Mexico. • The monarch butterfl y is a species with tropical origins. p Habitat: • Temperate to tropical regions • Anywhere milkweed grows • Fir, pine, oak and cedar forests during hibernation • Secondary vegetation • Disturbed habitats like roadsides and the surroundings of agricultural fi elds p Range: • In America: southern Canada to Central and South America • In North America: at least three populations (Eastern, Western, and Mexican residents) • Western population from British Columbia to California • Eastern population from southern Canada and eastern United States (east of the Rockies) to central Mexico (Michoacán and the State of México). Some butterfl ies continue migration through Florida to the Caribbean • Mexican resident population (scattered throughout Mexico) • Through introductions in the 19th century, monarchs colonized sites in Australia, Indonesia, the Canary Islands and Spain p Migration: Western population: Monarchs migrate in the fall from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and other western states to roosting sites on the coast of California. Eastern population: Monarchs migrate south during the fall from southeastern Canada and the eastern United States to their wintering sites in central Mexico, and re-colonize their breeding range in Texas in the spring. During hibernation they concentrate in very small areas. p Life stages: Egg – Larva, caterpillar – Pupa, chrysalis – Adult, imago p Diet: Larvae feed only on leaves of milkweed (Asclepias spp). In this, they are strict specialists. Adults are generalists that feed on a wide variety of fl owers, fl ower nectar and water. p Life span: Adult life span varies from less than a month to nine months. Adults from spring and summer cohorts live about four weeks. However, the migratory generation can live up to nine months (Methuselah generation) and carry out the two-way trip. The boreal limits of the monarch distribution are reached by the second or third generation. p Impacts and Threats: • Habitat destruction and fragmentation throughout the fl yway, especially in overwintering and breeding sites • Habitat loss through urbanization • Use of toxic agrochemicals • Reduction of milkweed populations • Genetically modifi ed organisms (GMOs), like soybeans, that tolerate herbicides (Asclepias does not) • Parasites (viruses, bacteria and protozoa) • Climate change • Lack of information/lack of environmental education 4 PREFACE The 1994 North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, establishing the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), expresses the commitment of Canada, Mexico and the United states to increase cooperation to better conserve, protect and enhance the environment, including wild fl ora and fauna. The CEC’s 2003 Strategic Plan for North American Cooperation in the Conservation of Biodiversity strengthens this commitment with an integrated perspective for conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. This North American Monarch Conservation Plan (NAMCP) is part of the effort to support and complement existing initiatives to maintain healthy monarch populations and habitats throughout the migration fl yway. The monarch butterfl y: An opportunity for continental success Following Dr. Fred Urquhart’s identifi cation of the wintering location of the monarch butterfl y in the volcanic mountains of south-central Mexico more than 30 years ago, the phenomenon of their astonishing migratory journey became well known. This fragile, amazing creature, known to every child,
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