International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 193-201. Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_021 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL FOR STORM -WATER MODELING FOR DELTAIC REGIONS OF SUBURBS OF SOUTHERN

Sivasamandy. R Assistant Professor, Centre for Environmental Engineering, PRIST (Deemed to be University), Thanjavur

Jose Ravindra Raj. B Assistant Professor, Department for Civil Engineering, PRIST (Deemed to be University), Thanjavur.

Aravind. S, Nithin. S, Niraj prabhu. R, Sivabalan. S, Sakthi dharmadurai. S Department of Civil Engineering, PRIST (Deemed to be University), Thanjavur.

Ashutosh Das Director, Centre for Environmental Engineering, PRIST (Deemed to be University), Thanjavur.

ABSTRACT The frequent monsoon fluctuation in the coastal region of Thanjavur city of , which is known to be the rice bowl of southern India, has been imparting increasing insecurity in the yield of the crops, but even the very living conditions of the population, who are mostly dependent on agriculture. Road-expansion (NH-67) of the recent years involving mass-removal of thousands of trees located at the roadside have led to micro-climatic variation over the years. Since most of the agricultural land of the area depends on the irrigation as well as water from canals of Cauvery river, the precipitation (with respect to quantity, duration, and periodicity) has been the lifeline of progress and sustenance of this zone. To track the baseline morphological and lithological regimes of Thanjavur city of Tamil Nadu (India) precisely, which forms the heart of storm-water modeling, the present study was carried out. The digital elevation modeling (DEM) was developed, using the topsheet and satellite imageries so as to evaluate the basis for hydro-geological modeling. Keywords: Population, DEM, Agriculture

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 193 [email protected] Development of Digital Elevation Model for Storm -Water Modeling for Deltaic Regions of Thanjavur Suburbs of Southern India

Cite this Article: Sivasamandy. R, Jose Ravindra Raj. B, Aravind. S, Nithin. S, Niraj prabhu. R, Sivabalan. S, Sakthi dharmadurai. S and Ashutosh Das, Development of Digital Elevation Model for Storm -Water Modeling for Deltaic Regions of Thanjavur Suburbs of Southern India, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(4), 2019, pp. 193-201. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=4

1. INTRODUCTION Mapping of land use and land cover (often derived from remote sensing images taken over various temporal windows for the same region), carried out with due standardization, form a strong foundation for monitoring, modeling and even forecasting various socio-economical, hydro-geological and litho-climatic regimes of an area. (Jensen et al, 1983; Rajesh et.al, 2010; Anderson et al., 1976; Shepard, 1964; Sumathi et al., 2011). Several works have been carried out using the digital elevation model (DEM) in similar regions in south India for various purposes. Characterization of topography and drainage in and Manimuthar watersheds of Western Ghats (Magesh et al, 2011), River Thamirabarani sub-basin in Kanyakumari District(Kaliraj et al, 2015) and Tirunelveli district (Magesh and Chandrasekar, 2014), Carbon sequestration in Eastern ghat (Ramachandran et al,2007), to estimate soil erosion in the semi-arid Andipatti Watershed (Balasubramani et al, 2015), Selvam, S., Magesh, N.S., Chidambaram, S. et al. (2015) delineation of groundwater recharge potential zones in Tuticorin district (Selvam et al,2015), Kovilpatti Municipality (Selvam et al, 2016) and Theni district (Magesh et al, 2012), sea-level rise impact prediction at Vellar–Coleroon estuarine region (Saleem Khana, 2012) and at Kanyakumari (Natesan and Parthasarathy, 2010), Landslide vulnerability mapping in Bodi-Bodimettu Ghat section of Theni district (Kannan et al,2013) and so forth. Of late, there have been development drainage network from grid-based in DEM addressing need of ruggedness of terrain to avoid flow in parallel lines along preferred directions and noise induced by presence artificial pits. (Fairfield and Leymarie, 1991),The pioneer in quantitative methods for drainage networks has been American hydraulic engineer and hydrologist Robert E. Horton (Horton, 1945; Eze and Abua, 2002 and Thorne, 2006)., which was followed by further studies on morphometric evolution of the drainage basins, based on interactions among the flows of matter and energy and the resistance of the topographical surface, which involves use of information from maps, aerial photography and/or satellite imageries and field-survey and estimation of areas, perimeters, lengths, slope gradients, drainage density and land cover can be calculated directly or through of the application of formulas and indexes (Zǎvoianu, 1985; Tucci, 1997; Zǎvoianu, 1985; Zǎvoianu, 1985; Pidwirny, 2000). The aim of this study is to explore the present land use and land cover in the city of Thanjavur (covering a total area of 38.33 sq.km), located on the east coast of Tamil Nadu.To identify the study area's DEM analysis, land use and land cover, satellite imagery was used, enhanced with ERDAS and GIS software (using supervised village level classification, focusing on four primary blocks, namely Karantattankudi, Medical College (manojipatti), Yagappanagar, and Thanjavur City. In fact, the study area includes total major land use and land coverage categories of agricultural land, built up land, water bodies, mixed plantation, scrub land, without scrubland, river sand, mangroves, aquaculture.

1.1. Study area Thanjavur City (10o 45'00 '' N to 10o 49 ' 30 ' '' N north latitude and 79o 6' 00 '' E to 79o 10 ' 30 '' E east longitude), stretched over an area of 38.33 sq.kms, is bordered by Thittai village, Palliagraharam village, Punnainallur village, Surakottai and Gandharvakkottai village. Its

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 194 [email protected] Sivasamandy. R, Jose Ravindra Raj. B, Aravind. S, Nithin. S, Niraj prabhu. R, Sivabalan. S, Sakthi dharmadurai. S and Ashutosh Das predominant deltaic region is irrigated by the Cauvery and its wide network of branches in northern and eastern zone, whereas southern and western regions are mostly non-deltaic, being irrigated by the help of the Grand Anaicut Canal's water resources. The location of the study area is presented in Fig. 1.

1.2. Geology Thanjavur primarily consists very thick laterite cap, which consists of impure calcareous and sandstone varieties of silt, clay - calcareous and argillaceous soil belonging to Cretaceous, Tertiary and Alluvial formations, with predominantly Alluvial and Tertiary deposits, with a small Cretaceous patch at west and southwest of alluvial deposits of Cauvery in the east, with tributaries overlying Tertiary sandstone (30 m to 400 m thick) (Fig.3)

1.3. Roads and Railways Thanjavur is well-connected by road networks with a total road length of 2014 km (including concrete, black topped metal and non metal roads), the main roads being Tiruchirapalli via Thanjavur to Nagapattinam road, Thanjavur to and Thanjavur to Pudukkottai. Besides, the city is connected to all taluk headquarters by well-maintained major district roads. The district is also well connected by railway network (of Southern Railways) as well, served by both meter and wide gage railways, with a total length of 151 km possessing 27 railway stations with one junction (at Thanjavur). (Fig.2)

Figure 1 Location map of the Study area Thanjavur City

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 195 [email protected] Development of Digital Elevation Model for Storm -Water Modeling for Deltaic Regions of Thanjavur Suburbs of Southern India

Figure 2 Roads and railway networks of the Thanjavur City

Figure 3 Geology map of the Study Area

1.4. Rainfall – Distribution Based on distribution pattern of rainfall in the various taluks of the district of Thanjavur over a period of 70 years (1927 – 2009) (Srimathi, 2012) Orathanadu receives maximum rainfall (and the minimum at Thanjavur). In all the taluks, precipitation through North-East monsoon is almost double compared to that through South-West monsoon. During summer and winter, the precipitation is rather scanty (Fig.4).

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 196 [email protected] Sivasamandy. R, Jose Ravindra Raj. B, Aravind. S, Nithin. S, Niraj prabhu. R, Sivabalan. S, Sakthi dharmadurai. S and Ashutosh Das

Figure 4 Rainfall Distribution of the .

1.5. Temperature The atmospheric temperature data recorded over a 70-year period (1927 - 2009) (Srimathi, 2012) and is presented in fig.5. As indicated from the graph, the hottest period is April- June (maximum 350 to 360C) and the coldest period is November-January (minimum 230 to 240C).

Figure 5 Average Temperature in the Thanjavur District

1.6. Crop Area In Thanjavur, paddy (involving three crop-types: Kuruvai, Thaladi and Samba), pulses, groundnut and sugarcane form the major crops followed by maize, soya bean, red gram, and gingelly. In fact, in the rice fallows, pulses (namely, black gram and green gram) and cash- crops (namely, cotton and gingelly) are grown.Two basic types of cropping pattern observed in the deltaic region of study area comprises of old-delta (i.e., network of River Cauvery and Vennar canals and channels) and new-delta (i.e., irrigated by Grand Anaicut Canal). Groundnut is the main crop in the new delta area, although sugarcane is grown in both delta-areas. In near Side River (padugai), bananas are primarily grown. Under irrigated regions are used for summer crops (namely, pulses, cotton, gingelly, soya bean and groundnut). Of late, cash-crops like oil palm and soya bean cultivation are being attempted at places with sufficient and secure water supply and drainage facilities.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 197 [email protected] Development of Digital Elevation Model for Storm -Water Modeling for Deltaic Regions of Thanjavur Suburbs of Southern India

1.7. Industries Thanjavur being an agricultural region, rice mills are the predominant (totaling, 50 modern rice mills and 250 traditional rice mills). Besides, there are six gas - based industries in operations, subject to the availability of natural gas (viz. four chemical industries, one ceramic and one power-generation). There are 7 coir - based industries (with 2 in the cooperative sectors) and 8 seed farms states working under the control of the District's Agricultural Department (with annual seed production of 1350 M.T).

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Selection of data The study was used for different primary and secondary data, namely, toposheets and satellite imagery. A base map was prepared using Survey of India toposheets (58 N/1 and 58 N/ 2; 1:50,000-scale. This study is based primarily on a visual satellite imagery interpretation using SRTM - WRS-2 GLCF (acquired in 2000, path 142 and row 53), geo-referenced to UTM map rejection (Zone 43, North) and WGS84 ellipsoid and used for image analysis. ERDAS imagine 9.1 is used to prepare the DEM model.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

3.1. Relief and Physiography (Digital Elevation Model map) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) the simplest form of digital representation of topography, representing the digital representation of the land surface elevation, with respect to any reference datum. As given in Fig 6, based on the DEM, there is a definite and gradual increase of the elevation of the study area from NE to SW, lowest being 0-15m (at Karantattangudi) and highest being 60-75m (at Yagappanagar). The lowest elevated regions show high variability as observed in increasing texture, whereas the highest elevation show more or less uniform relief (as observed by homogeneity in texture and, hence, lack of structural control). This indicate the drainage pattern spreading from SW to NE, with more dendrite towards the north-east flow- direction. The width of the intermediate elevated regions (i.e., 15 to 30, 30 to 45 and 45 to 60) are of relatively lower width compared to highest and lowest elevated zones, thereby representing some-what plateau-like geomorphology.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 198 [email protected] Sivasamandy. R, Jose Ravindra Raj. B, Aravind. S, Nithin. S, Niraj prabhu. R, Sivabalan. S, Sakthi dharmadurai. S and Ashutosh Das

4. CONCLUSION Digital Elevation model (DEM) of an area indicate the terrain attributes such as elevation at any point, slope and aspect and hence plays a very important role in evaluating the terrain features like (namely, drainage basins and channel networks). This is widely employed in various hydro-geologic analyses (namely, groundwater modeling, reservoirs-capacity estimation), , hazard-risk monitoring (namely, landslide probability study, flood prone zone mapping), natural resources exploration, agricultural management (namely, river basin evaluation, watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation), strategic planning (namely, drainage pattern demarcations for basin area planning and management) and so forth. As indicated by the analysis, the natural topological slope is distinct in the study area, from SW to NE, indicating the definitive flow-direction, which forms the basis for storm-water modeling and management approach.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors acknowledge Dept. of Science and Technology (DST): SUTRAM FOR EASY WATER (DST/TM/WTI/WIC/2K17/82(G)) for financial support for carrying out this research.

REFERENCES

[1] Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Reach, J.T. and Witmer, R.E. 1976. A Land use and Land cover classification system for use with Remote sensor data, US Geological Survey Professional paper 964. U.S. Department of interior, U.S.government printing office, Washington, D.C., 28pp. [2] Balasubramani, K., Veena, M., Kumaraswamy, K. et al (2015). Estimation of soil erosion in a semi-arid watershed of Tamil Nadu (India) using revised universal soil loss equation (rusle) model through GIS Model, Earth Syst. Environ. 1: 10. [3] Chaitanya S.Agarwal, Pradeep K. Garg, 2000. Remote sensing in Natural Resources monitoring and management. Pp.114-116. [4] Civco, D., Hurd, J., Wilson, E., Song, M and Zhang, Y. A comparison of land use and land cover change detection methods, 2002. [5] Congalton, R. G., and Green, K., Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices (Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC/Lewis Press),1996. [6] Fairfield J, Leymarie P (1991) Drainage networks from grid digital elevation models. Water Resour Res 30(6):1681–1692 [7] Gautham N.C. and Narayan L.R.A. 1982. Suggested national land use/land cover classification system for India using remote sensing techniques’, Mathura: Pink Publishing House. [8] Jenson.R., Expert system house detection in high spatial Resoulation Imagery using size, shape, and context, Geocarto International, 2003,18 (1):5 -15. [9] Jensen, J. R., and Toll, D. L., 1983, Detecting residential land use development at the urban fringe. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 48, 629–643. [10] Kaliraj, S., Chandrasekar, N. & Magesh, N.S. (2015) Morphometric analysis of the River Thamirabarani sub-basin in Kanyakumari District, South west coast of Tamil Nadu, India, using remote sensing and GIS, Environ Earth Sci 73: 7375 [11] Kannan, M., Saranathan, E. & Anabalagan, R. (2013) Landslide vulnerability mapping using frequency ratio model: a geospatial approach in Bodi-Bodimettu Ghat section, Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India, Arab J Geosci 6: 2901.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 199 [email protected] Development of Digital Elevation Model for Storm -Water Modeling for Deltaic Regions of Thanjavur Suburbs of Southern India

[12] Magesh, N.S. & Chandrasekar, N. GIS model-based morphometric evaluation of Tamiraparani subbasin, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India, Arab J Geosci (2014) 7: 131. [13] Magesh, N. S.; Chandrasekar, N.; Soundranayagam, John Prince (2011) Morphometric evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds, parts of Western Ghats, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India: a GIS approach, Environmental Earth Sciences, 64 (2) 373 [14] Magesh, N.S.; Chandrasekar N., Soundranayagam, John Prince (2012) Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS and MIF techniques, Geoscience Frontiers, 3(2) 189-196 [15] Naik, M. and Jha, R. (2013). “Urban Sprawl of Bhubaneswar city using GIS applications and entropy.” [16] Natesan, U. & Parthasarathy, A. (2010) The potential impacts of sea level rise along the coastal zone of Kanyakumari District in Tamilnadu, India, J Coast Conserv 14: 207 [17] Prabhu Prasad Das and Hrushikesh Sahoo (2014):” A Geospatial Evaluation of SRTM DEM for Representative Groundwater Sampling of Rajnagar Block, Odisha, India” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Volume 4, Issue 11. [18] Rajesh,Y. , Divya, P. and Chandrashekara, S. 2010. Land use Land cover change detection of Hemavathi watershed in Cauvery Basin in Karnataka state using Remote sensing and GIS. Proceeding of the National seminar on trends in Geospatial Data analysis for Resources and Environmental management, Madurai Kamarajar university, Madurai pp. 208-209 [19] Ramachandran, A., Jayakumar, S., Haroon, R., Bhaskaran, A., & Arockiasamy, D. (2007). Carbon sequestration: Estimation of carbon stock in natural forests using geospatial technology in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Current Science, 92(3), 323-331. [20] Rashed,T., Weeks, J.R., Stow, D. and Fugate, D. (2005) Measuring temporal compositions of urbanmorphology through spectral mixture analysis: toward a soft approach to change analysis in crowded cities. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26, 699–718. [21] Sahu, R.K., (2015)Hydrological Analysis For Urban Water Management [22] Saleem Khana, A; Ramachandran,A; Usha, N.; Punitha, S.; Selvam V.(2012) Predicted impact of the sea-level rise at Vellar–Coleroon estuarine region of Tamil Nadu coast in India: Mainstreaming adaptation as a coastal zone management option, Ocean & Coastal Management, 69 : 327-339 [23] Santana, L.M. (2007) Landsat ETM+ image applications to extract information for environmental planning in a Colombian city. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, 4225–4242. [24] Santhi Devi, R. and Victor Rajamanickam, G. 2004. Application of Remote sensing and GIS Techniques for land use / land cover change analysis in Vedaranyam, Indian Jour. of Geomorphology, vol,9, (1&2), pp.53-58. [25] Schneider, A. and Woodcock, C.E. (2008) Compact, dispersed, fragmented, extensive? A comparison of urban growth in 25 global cities using remotely sensed data, pattern metrics and census information. Urban Studies, 45, 659–692. [26] Selvam, S., Magesh, N.S., Chidambaram, S. et al. (2015) A GIS based identification of groundwater recharge potential zones using RS and IF technique: a case study in Ottapidaram taluk, Tuticorin district, Tamil Nadu Environ Earth Sci 73: 3785. [27] Selvam, S., Dar, F.A., Magesh, N.S. et al. (2016) Application of remote sensing and GIS for delineating groundwater recharge potential zones of Kovilpatti Municipality, Tamil Nadu using IF technique Earth Sci Inform 9: 137. [28] Sherbinin, A.D., Balk, D., Jaiteh, M. et al. (2002) A CIESIN Thematic Guide to Social Science Applications of Remote Sensing.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 200 [email protected] Sivasamandy. R, Jose Ravindra Raj. B, Aravind. S, Nithin. S, Niraj prabhu. R, Sivabalan. S, Sakthi dharmadurai. S and Ashutosh Das

[29] Small, C. and Nicholls, R.J. (2003) A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones.Journal of Coastal Research, 18, 584–599. [30] Srimathi, S (2012) Economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs through self-help groups: a study with special reference to Thiruvarur & Thanjavur districts of Tamil Nadu State, Ph. D Thesis (Chapter-4), Bharathidasan University. Available at http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9526/8/08_chapter%204.pdf [31] Sumathi, M, et al., 2011. An analysis on land use / land cover using remote sensing Techniques- A case study of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, Iindia, International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 33, Issue, 6, pp.304- 307, June, 2011. [32] S.Tamilenthi et al Detecting land use and land cover changes of Thanjavur block in Thanjavur district, Tamilnadu, India from 1991 to 2009 using geographical information systemAdvances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (2):986-993.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 201 [email protected]