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Les Étoiles Filantes Du Parti Républicain

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Les Étoiles Filantes Du Parti Républicain UNIVERSI TÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LES ÉTOILES FILANTES DU PARTI RÉPUBL ICAIN: LES REPRÉSENTANTS GARY A. FRANKS ET JUL IUS CAESAR WATTS FACE AUX POLITIQU ES DE DISCR IMINATION POS ITIVE MÉMO IRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PART IELLE DE LA MAÎTR ISE EN SCIENCE POLIT IQUE PAR AMÉLIE ESCOBAR MAI2017 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.1 0-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire , [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remerci er en premier li eu, mon directeur de mémo ire, Frédérick Gagnon pour sa patience, sa di sponibilité, ses conseils avisés et sa ri gueur académique ; ainsi que mon codirecteur Greg Robinson pour sa préciseuse contribution à ce long processus. Je souhaite également remercier la Chai re Raoul-Dandurand, en particulier: A lexandre Alaoui, Auréli e Allain, Gwenola Appéré, Vin cent Boucher, Francine Chalifoux, Marilyne Choquette-Landry, Chri stophe Cloutier, Charles-Philippe David, Astrid Ellefsen, Caroline Leprince, Véronique Pronovost, Élisabeth Va ll et. Ce fut un véritable privilège et honneur de fa ire partie de cette grande famill e. Mes expériences en tant que chercheure et coordonnatrice de 1'Obse rvatoire sur les États-Uni s ont été déterminantes, tant dans mon parcours académique, que pour mon aventr profession.ne l. Je tiens à souli gner la générosité et le souti en que m ' a témoigné l'équipe tout au long de ces années. Je ti ens également à souligner le souti en indé fectible de mes amis, en particulier Jennifer Landry mais aussi et surtout de mon compagnon de vie depuis presque 10 ans, Cédrick Guilbert qui a su m 'accompagner dans cette épreuve malgré les ann ées m'encourageant à me dépasser touj ours plus. Je remercie également, ma is deux plus beaux cadeaux nés dmant ce long parcom s académique, Lindell 5 ans, fier de dire que sa maman « raconte des hi stoires sur les É tats-Uni s», et Adaell , 8 m ois dont les sourires à répétitio n adoucissent les long ues j ou m ées d 'écriture. Je remerc ie ma famille, mon frère Jérôme Escobar et ma belle sœur Emily Dohler­ Knox, mon beau-père Jean-François Hej l qui ont toujours cru en moi. Roland Denis qui a fo rtement contribué à développer mon intérêt pour les études supéri eures. iii Enfin, j 'accorde une mention toute spéciale à ma maman, qui représent e mon modèle de fo rce, d'amoLLI" et de détermin ation; et qui m· a encouragée à a ll er au bo ut de mes ambiti ons. DÉDICACE À ma mère ,----------------------------·----------------- ------ ------- TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES ET TABLEAUX ......... .................. .. ... .............. viii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ..... ............ ..... .. ix RÉSUMÉ .......... ...... .... ........... .. ... .. ... ..... .. .. .. ...... ............ ...... .. ..... .. x INTRODUCTION ..... ................. ... ..... .............. .... ...... ....... .............. I CHAPITRE 1 CADRE CONCEPTUEL : LES ENTREPRENEURS AU CONGRÈS .. ... ....... 16 1.1 Revue de la littérature ........................................... ....... ............... 16 1.1.1 Le conservatisme aux États-Unis ..... ........... ....... ..... .......... ...... 17 1.1.2 Le conservatisme noir aux États-Unis .... ............. ........ .. .... .. ...... 23 1.1 .2.1Racines historiques .................................................... 23 1.1.2.2 La question raciale au cœur des premières revendications ...... 24 1.1.2.3 L'avènement du néoconservatisme noir. ... ....................... 26 1.2 Les approches analytiques ................ .. ..... .......... .. ........... ... ... ........ 29 1.2.1 L' American Political Deve1opment... .......... ....... ....... .... .. .... ...... 29 1.2.1.1 La question raciale et 1'APD ..... ............ ........ .. ....... ... ... 32 1.2.2 Les entrepreneurs au Congrès .... ...... ..... .... ... ....... .. .. .......... ... .. 35 1.3 Méthodologie ............ .......... ..... ...... ............... ......... .. ...... ......... 38 1.3 .1 Les représentants noirs républicains au Congrès ....... .................... 39 vi 1.4 Présentation de l'enjeu des mesures de discrimination positive (Affirmative Action) .......... ........................................ ..... .................... ... ... 40 1.4.1 Contexte historique ... .. ........................... ....... ..... .... ... ......... 41 1.4.2 Reagan et les mesures de 1' Affinnative Action .................... ... .... 45 1.4.3 Clinton et les mesures de 1'Affi rmative Action .. .. ... ......... ...... ...... 46 CHAPITRE 2 GARY FRANKS: L'ENTREPRENEUR FRUSTRÉ ............ .. ........ .. ......... 49 2.1 Mise en contexte : une éducation construite autour des valeurs conservatrices ...... .......... .... ... .... ............ .................... ... .. ........ 49 2.2 Un agenda politique fidèle à la plateforme du parti .. .... .......... ... ...... ... ... 52 2.3 Être Noir et conservateur: tme aubaine politique? .................. .. ..... ... ...... ..... .. 57 2.3.1 L'espoir de l'establishment républicain ............ .. .... .... .... ... .. .. .... 57 2.3.2 L'enj eu sensible de l'Affi rmative Action .... .. .. ................ ... ........ 60 2.3 .3 Une stratégie entrepreneuriale défaillante ........................ ........... 66 2.4 Conclusion : un bilan mitigé ........ ... .. ... .. ... .......................... .. ........ 73 CHAPITRE 3 JULIUS CAESAR (J.C.) WATTS: L'ENTREPRENEUR PRAGMATIQUE .. .. 78 3.1 Mise en contexte : une éducation construite autour des valeurs conservatrices ..... .. ................... ...... .......... .............. ...... .......... 79 3.1.1 What coloris a conservative ? .......... ... ... ... ..... ... .............................. .... 82 3.2 Un agenda politique fidèle à la plateforme du parti ........... .................. .. 86 3.3 Être Noir et conservateur: une aubaine politique ? ..... ....................... ............. 9 1 3.3. 1 L'espoir de l'establishment républicain ..................... .... ............ 91 3.3.2 L'enjeu sensible de l'Affirmative Action ... ........................ ......... 97 3.3.3 Une stratégie entrepreneuriale pragmatique et efficace ......... .. ... .. 99 3.4 Franks vs. Watts .................... .. ............................ .. ............ .. .... 108 3.5 Conclusion : un bilan positif. ................. .. ............................ .... ... .. 111 CONCLUSION ... ........................................................................ 115 ANNEXE 1 ........................................ .... .... ........ ......................... 123 ANNEXE 2 ...... .. ... ...... .... .. .... .. .. ........ .. .... ...... ......... ........... .......... 126 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ..... ..... ..... .... ....... .............. ............ .. ............. ..... 133 LISTE DES FIGURES ET TABLEAUX Figure Page 1.1 Évolution de l'opinion publique concernant les mesures de préférences rac iales 1970-1994 .................................................................. 68 Tableaux Page 1.1 Activité législative de Gary Franks ................... .... ........... ......... .. ... 52 1.2 Activité législati ve de J.C. Watts ................................. .................. 87 1.3 Nature du vote des Représentants Gary Franks et J.C. Watts sur certains enjeux clefs ............................................. ...... ....... ... .. ....... ... 119 LISTE DES ABRÉVlA Tl ONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AA Affirmative Action AAAED American Association for Access Equity and Diversity APD American Political Development CBC Congressional Black Caucus EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission GOP Grand Old Party JCPES Joint Center for Political and Economie Studies NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People USCCR United States Commission on Civil Rights WASP White Anglo-Saxon Protestant RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux stratégies entrepreneuriales employées par deux élus Noirs conservateurs au Congrès des États-Unis (Gary Franks et J.C. Watts) face à l'enjeu sensible des politiques de discrimination positive. Il vise à démontrer que les leaders du Parti républicain cherchent à instrumentaliser ces élus au statut particulier de « Noir conservateur » afin de les transformer en parfaits soldats de la cause conservatrice, chargés de séduire les minorités. L'objectif de notre recherche est double : démontrer que les conservateurs noirs défendent un agenda politique proche des conservateurs modernes, puis faire ressortir les éléments qui illustrent les stratégies principalement législatives employées par les représentants
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