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Beekeeping in the United States

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BEEKEEPING IN THE UNITED STATES 2r-^-., UNI I Kl) STAU S A(>KK Ul I HI' I'KirAKiDHY "''" DLPARI'MINI () ll\NI»li()()k M IFNl [ AND ACRICULIUKP NlJ^^¡il u ii'. IIJIJCAIKJN m ADMINISIKMKJ^ BEEKEEPING IN THE UNITED STATES ¿^JMlüüiglig??;"''^^''^^^:^^^^ Document Delivery Services Branch USDA. National Agricultural übrary X Ne;l BIdg. Ö 10301 Battimore Blvd. 5 BeHsviUe. MD 20705-2351 O rn p- ^^ fe >> 1 >3D 00 oO W> r-> «'„. > Co ^rn > So o :x> çS o -< Xo xr tn V UNITED STATES AGRICULTURE PREPARED BY i DEPARTMENT OF HANDBOOK SCIENCE AND '^ AGRICULTURE NUMBER 335 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION Revised October 1980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printin^î OíRce Washinírton. D.C. 20402 Trade names are used in this publication solely to provide specific informa- tion. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not signify that the product is ap- proved to the exclusion of other comparable products. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, de- sirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. All programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture are available to every- one without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, or religion. ABSTRACT Martin, E. C, E. Oertel, N. P. Nye, and others. 1980. Beekeeping in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 335 (revised), 193 p., illustrated. In the United States about 200,000 people keep almost 5 million colonies of honey bees and produce 200 million to 250 million pounds of honey annually. Beekeepers derive income from the sale of honey, renting of colonies for crop pollination, production and sale of queen bees and packaged bees, and to a minor extent, from the sale of beeswax, pollen, bee venom, propolis, and royal jelly. This handbook provides readers with a better understanding of beekeepmg in the United States. Some topics discussed are the life history of the honey bee; bee behavior; breeding and genetics of honey bees; queens, packaged bees, and nuclei; managing colonies for high honey yield and crop pollination; dis- eases and pests of honey bees; and effects of pesticides on honey bee mortality. The handbook also lists beekeeping organizations and some statistics on bees and honey. KEYWORDS: bee venom, drones, hives, honey, honey bees, nuclei, packaged bees, pesticides, pollen, pollination, propolis, queen bees, royal jelly, swarrring CONTENTS Page Introduction (E.C.Martin) 1 History of Beekeeping in the United States (Everett Oertel) 2 Beekeeping Regions in the United States (WiUiam P. Nye) 10 Nectar and Pollen Plants (Everett Oertel) 16 Honey Bee Life History (Gordon D. Waller) 24 Seasonal Cycle of Activities in Honey Bee Colonies (Norbert M. Kauífeld) 30 Bee Behavior (Stephen Taber HI) 39 Honey Bee Nutrition and Supplemental Feeding (L. N. Standifer) 33 Types of Hives and Hive Equipment (B. F. Detroy) 46 Breeding and Genetics of Honey Bees (John R. Harbo and Thomas E. Rinderer) 49 Queens, Package Bees, and Nuclei: Production and Demand (Kenneth W. Tucker) 58 Managing Colonies for High-Honey Yields (F. E. Moeller) 64 Managing Colonies for Crop Pollination (Gordon D. Waller) 73 Moving Colonies (B. F. Detroy) 78 Honey Composition and Properties (J. W. White, Jr., and Landis W. Doner) 82 Honey Removal, Processing, and Packing (B. F. Detroy) 92 Showing Honey at Fairs (E. C. Martin) 103 Pollination of Crops (S. E. McGregor) 107 Diseases and Pests of Honey Bees (H. Shimanuki) 118 Pesticides and Honey Bee Mortality (William T. Wilson, Philip E. Son- net, and Adair Stoner) 129 Hymenopterous Insect Stings (Thor Lehnert) 141 Management of Wild Bees (Frank D. Parker and Philip F. Torchio)___ 144 Federal and State Bee Laws and Regulations (A. S. Michael) 161 Federal and State Research, Teaching, and Extension (E. C. Martin) __ 168 Collections of Bee Literature (Julia S. Merrill and Eric M. Erickson) _ _ 170 Beekeeping Organizations (Joseph Moffett) 175 Statistics on Bees and Honey (D. E. Murfield) 180 Honey Price Support Program (Harry A. Sullivan) 182 Honey Marketing Aids (J. S. Miller) 185 World Production and Trade in Honey (Gordon E. Patty) 187 Glossary 188 in INTRODUCTION BY E. C. MARTIN i Beekeeping is an ancient art that has fascinated Pesticides not only kill many bees, but bees also its devotees since earhest times. Honey robbed cannot be kept in areas where pesticides are used from wild colonies in trees or caves was early- on a regular basis—such as near fruit orchards and people's main source of sweet food. Dominance of many cottonfields. The presence of nectar and pol- honey as the major sweetener continued until cane len plants in adequate numbers throughout the and beet sugar became generally available in season is essential to prosperous beekeeping. In comparatively recent times. Honey with its unique the national interest, beekeeping must survive. If flavors and aromas and natural origin still has it is to do so, it will need greater consideration than wide appeal. World production was estimated at it now receives in land-use planning, in the revege- 1,446 million pounds in 1976 and more than tating of disturbed land, in large-scale weed and 1,415 million pounds in 1977. pest control programs, and in providing beekeeping In the United States about 200,000 people keep sanctuaries on State and Federal lands. almost 5 million colonies and produce 200 million Crop pollination is more essential to agricultural to 250 million pounds of honey annually. Bee- production than is generally realized. To maintain keepers can be classified as full-time, sideline, or an adequate pollinating force of bees in all parts of hobbyist, with the number of colonies operated the country, beekeeping must remain a viable, by individual owners varying from one to 30,000. prosperous industry. Beekeeping will survive in Beekeepers derive income from the sale of honey, strength adequate to our needs only if we can re- renting of colonies for crop pollination, production verse the trend of recent years toward a deterio- and sale of queen bees and packaged bees, and rating environment for bees. to a minor extent, from the sale of beeswax, pollen, The purpose of this handbook is to provide read- bee venom, propolis, and royal jelly. ers with a better understanding of beekeeping in the United States. It is not a beginner's book in the Problems and dangers confront the long-time how-to-do-it sense, but it does provide the beginner survival of beekeeping as a profitable agricultural as well as the experienced beekeeper with a good enterprise, and changing agricultural and land-use insight into the status of this small but essential practices threaten the survival of adequate industry. numbers of bees required to pollinate some 90 Dr. E. F. Phillips, one of the early leaders of crops or more. As human population increases, research in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, houses, factories, and highways replace open said that more had been written about bees than fields of honey and pollen plants. any living thing other than human beings. Books, Clean cultivation of farmland and large-scale bulletins, and bee journals still provide evidence monoculture reduce the sequence of wild plants that our fascination with bees and beekeeping con- needed to provide bee food throughout the season. tinues unabated. Beekeepers of this generation must try to make sure that we bequeath an en- 1 Retired, formerly staff scientist, National Program vironment in which bees may profitably be kept Staff, Science and Education Administration. by future generations. HISTORY OF BEEKEEPING IN THE UNITED STATES By EVERETT OERTEL ' The honey bee {Apis mellifera L.) is not native Mountain States. It seems likely, however, that to the Western Hemisphere. Stingless bees bees moved into these areas the same way they (MeHponids and Trigonids) are native to the did into Oregon and Washington; that is, in nat- West Indies, as well as Central and South America. ural swarms or in hives carried by the early settlers. Wax and small amounts of honey were obtained from stingless bee nests by the early Indians of Development of Modern Equipment these areas. Information available indicates that colonies For thousands of years, colonies of honey bees of honey bees were shipped from England and were kept in wooden boxes, straw skeps, pottery landed in the Colony of Virginia early in 1622. vessels, and other containers. Honeycomb built One or more shipments were made to Massachu- in such hives could not be removed and manipu- setts between 1630 and 1633, others probably lated like the movable combs of today. No doubt between 1633 and 1638. The author was not able the first hives used in the American Colonies were to find any records of importing honey bees into straw skeps (fig. 1). Later the abundance of cheap other Colonies, but it is reasonable to assume that lumber and lack of trained people to make straw they were brought by the colonists to New York, hives caused a fairly rapid shift to box hives made Pennsylvania, Carolina, and Georgia. of wood. Log gums, that is, sections of bee trees Records indicate that honey bees were present containing colonies of bees, occasionally were in the following places on the dates shown: Connecticut, 1644; New York (Long Island), 1670; Pennsylvania, 1698; North Carolina, 1730; Georgia, 1743; Alabama (Mobile), 1773; Missis- sippi (Natchez), 1770; Kentucky, 1780; Ohio, 1788; and Illinois, 1820 (Oertel 1976).
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